scholarly journals The role of media in community resilience: Hindsight bias in media narratives after the 2014 Genoa flood

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 128-151
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Bracco ◽  
Cinzia Modafferi ◽  
Luca Ferraris
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Linear Chain ◽  
Hindsight Bias ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
Chain Reactions ◽  
Cognitive Frames ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Media Narratives

Abstract Aim: A massive flood due to exceptional rainfalls devastated the town of Genoa on 9 October 2014. Media reports focused on the disaster, its causes and the political accountabilities. Reading facts after the event is commonly biased by the hindsight perspective and the aim of the paper is to investigate the amount and the potential effects of hindsight bias in terms of citizens risk perception and community resilience. Method: We performed a qualitative analysis of the narratives in the national and local news reports during the aftermath to investigate occurrences of a blaming attitude and cognitive biases. Results: The results showed a considerable amount of sentences that were focused on blaming the forecasters, the Civil Protection System, and the local administration. Many narratives were affected by hindsight bias and described the events as simple and linear chain reactions. This led to counterfactual biases, assuming that a simple intervention on a single factor could have prevented the tragic outcome. Conclusion: We claim that the biased nature of the media narratives could affect the citizens’ risk perception and their attitude towards the institutions, increasing their exposure to future flood-related threats. We propose the appropriate language would generate correct cognitive frames and, therefore, safer behaviour.

An economy of false securities? An analysis of murders inside gated residential developments in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowland Atkinson ◽  
Oliver Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Residential Developments ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Crime ◽  
Media Narratives ◽  
Forms Of Violence

The move to gated communities has been linked to both rising affluence and anxiety. These attempts to withdraw from the perceived dangers of urban areas are also predicated on the pursuit of a neighbourhood ideal, and freedom from danger is usually central to this ideal. This paper critically reconsiders these propositions by examining news reports and media narratives surrounding the nature of homicidal violence occurring within such developments. We have analysed fifty news reports from the last decade that address murder committed inside gated communities. In our analysis of these reports we suggest that attempts to neutralise danger in high crime societies are by no means guaranteed—even via the most strenuous efforts at deploying walls, gates and guards. Building on the arguments of Low (2003) and Zedner (2003), we suggest that demands for security are not only unending but that an outward-facing orientation that positions risk outside gated neighbourhoods is a denial of the continued danger of intimate and other forms of violence within communities and households behind gates. In this context the move to enclosure is more than a pragmatic attempt to defend against threat; it appears to reflect the impotence of efforts associated with addressing deep ontological insecurities. Studies continue to record high levels of fear in gated developments, and highly gendered risks of violence continue to be a part of the social reality of the segregated neighbourhood.

Cognitive Biases, Risk Perception, and Individual's Decision to Start a New Venture

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Zaiane ◽  
Fatma Ben Moussa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Illusion Of Control ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship of overconfidence and illusion of control towards the start of new venture, taking in consideration the mediating role of risk perception in the context of Tunisia. This article examines students' responses to surveys based on a teaching case titled “Optical Distortion, Inc.” The authors tested hypotheses by correlation and regression analysis. The results show that the perception towards risk associated with new venture plays an important role in decision-making. Moreover, they find that overconfidence and illusion of control reduce risk perception associated to the decision to start a venture. While overconfidence directly affects the decision to start a venture and indirectly through its effect on reducing the risk perception, illusion of control has neither a direct nor an indirect impact on that. These results partially confirm those of Simon show that the mediation exists but partially.

Hindsight bias in expert surveys: How democratic crises influence retrospective evaluations

Politics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-509
Author(s):  
Laura Levick ◽  
Mauricio Olavarria-Gambi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Hindsight Bias ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Retrospective Evaluation ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
Crisis Scenarios ◽  
Expert Surveys

Expert surveys provide a standardized way to access and synthesize specialized knowledge, thereby, enabling the analysis of a diverse range of concepts and contexts that might otherwise be difficult to approach systematically. However, while studies of public opinion have long argued that cognitive biases represent potential problems when it comes to the general population, less attention has been paid to similar issues among expert respondents. This study examines one form of cognitive bias, hindsight bias. Hindsight bias refers to the tendency to retrospectively exaggerate one’s foresight of a particular event. We argue that hindsight bias is a potential problem when it comes to retrospective evaluation due to the difficulty involved in separating our assessments of the pre-crisis period from the knowledge that a crisis occurred. Using disaggregated data from the Varieties of Democracy Project, we look for evidence of hindsight bias in coders’ evaluations of the periods that preceded major crises of democracy. We find that coder disagreement is significantly higher in pre-crisis scenarios than in our control group. Concerningly, despite this disagreement, coders remain similarly confident in their assessments. This represents a potential problem for those who seek to use these data to study democratic breakdowns and transitions.

scholarly journals Community resilience elements and community risk perception at Banda Aceh province, Aceh, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 01005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Azan Ridzuan ◽  
Rina Suryani Oktari ◽  
Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol ◽  
Haslinda Abdullah ◽  
Jessica Ong Hai Liaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
Community Knowledge ◽  
Community Attitude ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Community Risk ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
Community Exposure ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Banda Aceh

Issues related to the community resilience became more popular after the earthquake and Tsunami tragedy in the Indian Ocean and Aceh, Indonesia, 2004. The community resilience is the ability of communities to withstand and mitigate the stress of a disaster, there is less clearness on the detailed resilience-building process. The risk perception is concerns how an individual understands and experiences the phenomenon and believed to affect people’s preparedness for, responses to and recovery from natural disasters. Aims of this study are to identify the relationship between the community resilience elements such as community experience, community exposure, community reaction, community attitude, community knowledge and the community risk perception using survey gathered from 542 samples of Banda Aceh Province community, Aceh, Indonesia. Results found out there is a significant relationship between the community resilience elements such as community experience, community exposure, community reaction, community attitude, community knowledge and the community risk perception. Statistically, results confirm that the implementation of the community resilience elements such as community experience, community exposure, community reaction, community attitude, and community knowledge act as an important determinant of community risk perception towards disasters risk management at Banda Aceh Province community.

scholarly journals Fit to Print: A Natural History of Obesity Research in the Canadian News Media

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephannie C Roy ◽  
Guy Faulkner ◽  
Sara-Jane Finlay
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
News Media ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Obesity Research ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
History Approach ◽  
History Of Obesity

Abstract: This natural-history approach to investigating media reports concerning health can reveal the complex process whereby health research becomes news. Using television and newspaper reports of a press event taken from a larger project, this article examines the inception and mediation of obesity research in the Canadian news media. By exploring questionnaire data, a media release, telephone interviews with journalists, and news reports, we can better understand the meaning making that occurs at all levels in the communications process. We conclude that there is an interdependent and possibly problematic relationship between health sources and journalists that shapes the inception and mediation of obesity research and the translation of health research to the public. Résumé : Cette approche, qui a recours à l’histoire naturelle pour investiguer les reportages sur la santé, peut révéler le processus complexe selon lequel la recherche dans le domaine de la santé devient une nouvelle. En utilisant des reportages de télévision et de journaux sur un événement de presse provenant d’un plus grand projet, cet article examine l’origine et la médiation de la recherche sur l’obésité dans les médias canadiens. Au moyen de données de questionnaire, d’un communiqué de presse, d’entrevues téléphoniques avec des journalistes et de rapports de nouvelles, nous pouvons mieux comprendre la création de sens qui a lieu à tous les niveaux du processus de communication. Nous concluons qu’il y a un rapport d’interdépendance peut-être problématique entre les experts en santé et les journalistes qui influence l’orientation et la médiation de la recherche sur l’obésité et la présentation au public de la recherche dans le domaine de la santé.

scholarly journals A study on reported fire incidents in major hospitals of India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3896
Author(s):  
Shyam Siddharth Rao Patharla ◽  
Souri Reddy Pyreddy ◽  
Shilpa N. Panthagani
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Fire Detection ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Media Reports

Background: An uncontrolled fire is dangerous especially in the healthcare establishments as they frequently cater to the sick who often require assistance. We studied the various aspects of fire incidents that occurred in major Indian hospitals through media reports in the past decade (January 2010 to December 2019). It is our intention that this study would act as a reference to prioritize and stimulate research in hospital fire safety.Methods: An extensive internet search was done for news reports/articles on fire incidents in major hospitals by mainstream media outlets. Major hospitals were those with more than 100 in-patient beds.Results: 33 major fire incidents were reported during the defined period. The most common cause of fire was due to electrical short circuit 78% with air conditioners being the most common source. Functional firefighting systems were reported in 19 incidents. Fires originated at or near intensive care units (ICU’s) in 10 instances. 72.72% accidents occurred at night (8:01 p.m. to 7:59 a.m.). Casualties were reported in 39% of the fire accidents.Conclusions: The most common cause of fire accidents is electrical short circuit. Hospitals need to prioritize periodic testing of firefighting systems and regular training of staff on their use. Judicious placement of electrical equipment combined with oxygen monitoring devices in intensive care areas is recommended. Storage of flammable materials and placement of central gas supply points should be away from the vicinity of patient care areas and always in conjunction with robust fire detection and control methods. Hospitals should adhere to their planned capacity.

scholarly journals Investigating the Evaluative Language in Philippine and Chinese News Reports on the South China Sea Disputes

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Rachelle Ballesteros-Lintao
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Appraisal System ◽  
China Sea ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Evaluative Language ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Media Reports

This study examined a cross-cultural perspective on how the top popular press in the Philippines and China portray an evaluative stance as regards the current South China Sea tensions. It set out to reveal the news writers’ positions through examining Martin and White’s (2005) appraisal framework particularly the attitude category. The analysis of the media reports from the two countries culled from a three-year period (January 2013-December 2016) focused on how the news writers construed their attitudinal judgment and positions. Findings reveal that the high occurrences of appreciation resources in both corpora provide subtle or indirect expressions of behavioral judgment in the course of journalistic writing where conventions relating to objectivity are necessary. Even if dominated by appreciation evaluative language that construes value of phenomenon relating to aspects of the disputes, affect (manifesting emotions) and judgment (relating to behavior) evaluative resources are employed to reflect or represent the socio-cultural and political contexts, government policy and even capture the local sentiment in which the news reports are written. As regards the difference between the two, the Chinese news reports lean towards a more diplomatic stance through the noteworthy use of evaluative affect and appreciation resources that underscore enhancement of relationship, partnership and accord while the Philippine news reports are more inclined to express implied negative subjective attitudinal stance on the issue. This paper set out the significance of language in framing positions, sentiments, opinions and policies in which meanings are construed in news reports. Examining media discourse from the lens of the appraisal system or evaluative language underscores how subjectivity occurs where beliefs, notions and values in a society are generated.

scholarly journals Assessing spatio-temporal patterns of human-leopard interactions based on media reports in northwestern India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 18453-18478
Author(s):  
Kaushal Chauhan ◽  
Arjun Srivathsa ◽  
Vidya Athreya
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Northwestern India ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Media Reports

Large carnivores in human-use areas make for sensational print media content.  We used media reports to examine human-leopard interactions in Rajasthan, India.  We extracted news reports on leopard-related incidents from January 2016 to December 2018.  Incidents (n= 338) were categorized, mapped, and analysed to understand their nature and extent.  We found leopard-related news from 26 of 33 districts; a majority of these were in the eastern region of the State.  Most of the reported interactions appeared to be non-negative, despite losses to both leopards and people.  Our results provide a synthesis of spatio-temporal patterns of leopard-related incidents, which could help wildlife managers in better addressing negative interactions.  The study also demonstrates how news reports could be useful for examining human-wildlife interactions across large spatial scales.

scholarly journals Examining factors affecting the failure of Khofifah Indar Parawansa in East Java gubernatorial elections

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Wahidah Zein Br Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Political Aspect ◽  
Gubernatorial Elections ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Online Newspapers ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Reports

Statistics consistently show that women in executive political leadership positions are much lower than men at a global level. Institutional, socio-economic, and socio-cultural factors influence this condition. Some studies also identified that media considered as an essential factor for women’s involvement in politics. This paper examines factors contributing to the failure of Khofifah Indar Parawansa in East Java gubernatorial elections and whether or not gender is a matter in affecting the failure. This research analyzed kompas.com on how media reports the process of exploring this issue, how it frames the factors and the result of the 2008 and 2013. Seventy-nine news reports from online newspapers, 27 from the 2008 election and 52 from the 2013 election, were analyzed. Researchers traced these articles using thematic textual analysis to identify factors inhibiting Khofifah’s participation in the elections. The media reported that political, socio-economic, and socio-cultural aspects inhibited her success in the elections. Interestingly, the media emphasizes the political aspect as the most significant factor in her failures. It implies that the media provides balanced and fair information on female candidates.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document