scholarly journals A Method for Energy Consumption Assessment by Operation of BEV’s in Different Road Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-127
Author(s):  
Lech J. Sitnik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Car Use ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
Zero Emission

Abstract For the third time in the history of humankind, it is trying to implement e-mobility. There is a reasonable hope that this attempt will succeed this time. E-mobility is generally regarded as a zero emission. This sentence can only be true in a very small scope, as only in relation to selected parameters and in a very limited its dimension. The situation can change radically. If it will be take into account, the emissions in the production of electricity is necessary for the movement of this type of vehicles Second problem is the energy use amount. We know today that the energy consumption of electric cars, especially in long-term operation is too big. This general knowledge is not confirmed by research results. Both relevant databases and methods of their analysis are missing. This is an unfavourable situation because it is not possible to verify the effects of various changes introduced e.g. in the construction or technology of cars. This publication can be included in those in which it is shown how to change this situation. The analysis of the results of long-term car use can be used as a verification of various development works, especially in e-mobility, which is only just starting. In the future, it will be need to create the appropriate “big data” databases and a number of tools to analyse the data collected there.

The Exponential Nature of Technology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlindo Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Exponential Functions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Nature Of Technology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Third Industrial Revolution ◽  
Industrial Revolutions

This chapter provides a brief review of the history of technology, covering pre-historical technologies, the agricultural revolution, the first two industrial revolutions, and the third industrial revolution, based on information technology. Evidence is provided that technological development tends to follow an exponential curve, leading to technologies that typically were unpredictable just a few years before. An analysis of a number of exponential trends and behaviors is provided, in order to acquaint the reader with the sometimes surprising properties of exponential growth. In general, exponential functions tend to grow slower than expected in the short term, and faster than expected in the long term. It is this property that make technology evolution very hard to predict.

scholarly journals Economics and evolution

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 298-298
Author(s):  
Geerat J. Vermeij
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Economic Interpretation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Random Nature ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Individual organisms compete for resources. Among competitive dominants, per-capita energy use has generally increased through time. This increase has had a ripple effect on all other species by increasing the number of competitive and predatory encounters among individuals. Species unable to cope with such biological rigors have become restricted to environments where resource supply is low and where encounters with enemies are few. Among species that hold their own in biologically rigorous habitats, construction materials that are cheap to produce and that enable individuals to grow and respond quickly have generally been favored over those that exact a high cost in energy and time. Extinction interrupts but does not reverse or fundamentally alter these long-term between-clade evolutionary trends. The availability of resources to organisms, as well as the opportunity for evolutionary change, depends on extrinsic events and factors as well as on the competitive abilities of organisms.Those who have raised methodological and theoretical objections against this economic interpretation of the history of life deny the overriding importance of organisms as agents of natural selection, emphasize the random nature of extinction, deny the existence of long-term trends, favor a larger role for mutualistic as opposed to antagonistic interactions, or accord a larger role to species-level attributes in evolution that are not reducible to the properties of individual organisms. These arguments are either unpersuasive or incorrect. The long-term economics of life may have important lessons for our own use of resources.

Wanted: A Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Edmund Burke
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Third World ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Third World

There is something seriously flawed about models of social change that posit the dominant role of in-built civilizational motors. While “the rise of the West” makes great ideology, it is poor history. Like Jared Diamond, I believe that we need to situate the fate of nations in a long-term ecohistorical context. Unlike Diamond, I believe that the ways (and the sequences) in which things happened mattered deeply to what came next. The Mediterranean is a particularly useful case in this light. No longer a center of progress after the sixteenth century, the decline of the Mediterranean is usually ascribed to its inherent cultural deficiencies. While the specific cultural infirmity varies with the historian (amoral familism, patron/clientalism, and religion are some of the favorites) its civilizationalist presuppositions are clear. In this respect the search for “what went wrong” typifies national histories across the region and prefigures the fate of the Third World.

History of myringotomy and grommets

2007 ◽  
Vol 121 (10) ◽  
pp. 911-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Rimmer ◽  
C E B Giddings ◽  
N Weir
Keyword(s):  
Current Practice ◽  
Gold Foil ◽  
Ventilation Tube ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
The Third ◽  
Underlying Principle ◽  
Vinyl Tube ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
History Of

The first recorded myringotomy was in 1649. Astley Cooper presented two papers to the Royal Society in 1801, based on his observation that myringotomy could improve hearing. Widespread inappropriate use of the procedure followed, with no benefit to patients; this led to it falling from favour for many decades. Hermann Schwartze reintroduced myringotomy later in the nineteenth century. It had been realised earlier that the tympanic membrane heals spontaneously, and much experimentation took place in attempting to keep the perforation open. The first described grommet was made of gold foil. Other materials were tried, including Politzer's attempts with rubber. Armstrong's vinyl tube effectively reintroduced grommets into current practice last century. There have been many eponymous variants, but the underlying principle of creating a perforation and maintaining it with a ventilation tube has remained unchanged. Recent studies have cast doubt over the long-term benefits of grommet insertion; is this the end of the third era?

scholarly journals Operational energy footprint of vehicle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lech Sitnik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Energy Footprint ◽  
Operational Energy ◽  
The Many

One of the many important challenges of the modern world is the greenhouse effect of CO2. It is necessary to implement solutions that will eliminate it. Since the easiest way to eliminate the greenhouse effect is to reduce hydrocarbons fuel consumption, it is important to evaluate the fuel (energy) consumption in long term operation. The article presents a proposal for the use of the so-called vehicle energy footprint. The method of creating such a trace is presented and illustrated with specific results of data analyzes. The data is publicly available, which means that the presented method can be independently verified. It has also been shown that the use of the method not only organizes the analyzes, but also leads to information that cannot be obtained with other methods. It therefore seems that an attractive tool has been developed for future applications.

scholarly journals KILKA UWAG NA TEMAT ROLI III STATUTU LITEWSKIEGO W WYKŁADZIE PRAWA KRAJOWEGO NA PRZEŁOMIE XVIII I XIX WIEKU

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Sławomir Godek
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lecture Courses ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University

Some Remarks on the Role of the Third Statute of Lithuania in Courses on National Law at the Turn of the Nineteenth CenturySummary The long-term validity of the Third Lithuanian Statute of 1588 is a factor often highlighted in the scientific literature devoted to the history of the Lithuanian-Russian lands. The two and a half centuries that the codex operated have left a lasting imprint on the legal relations of these vast territories. In Belarusian lands once belonging the Republic and separated from it by the First Partition, the Statute was abolished as a consequence of the repression after the November Uprising in 1831. In the western and south-western guberniyas, the Statute survived somewhat longer; it was repealed in 1840. In academic circles, both Polish and international, the post-Partition fate of the Lithuanian codex has not yet been clarified. It seems that one aspect which is worth paying attention to in studies on the condition of the Statute after the Partitions is its role in the teaching of law in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Surviving sources, in form of the lecture courses, students’ notes, reports intended for educational authorities and examination tables leave no doubt that the Statute of Lithuania was the very basis of national law lecture courses, both at the University of Vilnius, as well as at the High School and then Lyceum in Kremenets and the Academy of Polotsk. In the lectures of Adam Powstański, Ignacy Danilowicz, Aleksander Korowicki, Józef Jaroszewicz, Ignacy Ołdakowski, and Aleksander Mickiewicz, the Statute was always depicted as one of the most important sources of national law, which maintained its currency, and whose provisions were cited most frequently to illustrate the legal institutions under discussion.

scholarly journals Deep time diversity and the early radiations of birds

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. e2019865118
Author(s):  
Yilun Yu ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Xing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Time Diversity ◽  
History Of

Reconstructing the history of biodiversity has been hindered by often-separate analyses of stem and crown groups of the clades in question that are not easily understood within the same unified evolutionary framework. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history of birds by analyzing three supertrees that combine published phylogenies of both stem and crown birds. Our analyses reveal three distinct large-scale increases in the diversification rate across bird evolutionary history. The first increase, which began between 160 and 170 Ma and reached its peak between 130 and 135 Ma, corresponds to an accelerated morphological evolutionary rate associated with the locomotory systems among early stem birds. This radiation resulted in morphospace occupation that is larger and different from their close dinosaurian relatives, demonstrating the occurrence of a radiation among early stem birds. The second increase, which started ∼90 Ma and reached its peak between 65 and 55 Ma, is associated with rapid evolution of the cranial skeleton among early crown birds, driven differently from the first radiation. The third increase, which occurred after ∼40 to 45 Ma, has yet to be supported by quantitative morphological data but gains some support from the fossil record. Our analyses indicate that the bird biodiversity evolution was influenced mainly by long-term climatic changes and also by major paleobiological events such as the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction.

Nascent Judaism

2018 ◽  
pp. 341-356
Author(s):  
Jon L. Berquist
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
The Third ◽  
Israelite Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Crucial Part ◽  
Pluralistic World

The third and final section of the Hebrew Bible, known as the Writings, is a crucial part of the biblical canon and a key turning point in the history of Israelite religion. The Writings were written and shaped during the time of Persian imperial rule as well as Hellenistic influence, perhaps 450–300 bce. The city of Jerusalem and the province of Yehud existed as a part of the continent-spanning Persian Empire, in which increased scribalism and communications supported the long-term purposes of imperial order, but which also accepted a higher level of pluralism than earlier empires and monarchies. The Writings of this time, expressed in diverse genres and with great variations of affect and theology, formed nascent Judaism in ways that would maximize its relevance to a new imperial, multicultural, and pluralistic world situation as well as enhance the opportunities for Judaism to survive and thrive in future centuries.

Long-Term Assessment Methodology of Building Stock Thermal Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Aleksejs Prozuments
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Building Code ◽  
Space Heating ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
Building Stock

Energy efficiency in the building stock is a substantial contributor to infrastructure sustainability. In Latvia, buildings’ thermal energy use for space heating accounts for 80 % of total building energy use in the cold season. Therefore, reducing thermal energy consumption for space heating needs through the implementation of energy efficiency measures, enforcement of local building codes and regulations can ultimately lead to cost savings for building owners and stakeholders. The present PhD Thesis introduces a methodology for evaluation of thermal energy saving potential in the long run across residential, public, and industrial building stock under various thermal energy consumption compliance scenarios. These scenarios were developed based on three different building code protocols with a 10-year forecast analysis. Evaluation of the proposed building code implementation practices and their feasibility in Latvian building stock is discussed for these buildings with regards to their long-term thermal energy savings potential.

A Transformative Practice? Meaning, Competence, and Material Aspects of Driving Electric Cars in Norway

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Ryghaug ◽  
Marit Toftaker
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Social Practice Theory ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Car Use ◽  
Electric Car ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Car Driving

This article focuses on the introduction of electric vehicles in Norway and how electrical cars are understood culturally in relation to conventional car use. Theoretically, elements of social practice theory and the analysis of processes of domestication are combined to frame practical, cognitive, and symbolic dimensions of electric car use. The empirical data consists of individual and focus group interviews with electric car users. The analysis unpacks the implications of user-designated meaning in driving practices, competencies considered necessary when driving electric cars, and the material aspects regarded as critical features of electric car driving. Preliminary findings suggest that the practice of electric car driving alters user habits by making transportation needs more salient and raises both the technological and energy consumption awareness of users.

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