Morphology, Morphometry and Histogenesis of the Prenatal Dromedary (Camelus Dromedarius) Spleen

Abstract Prenatal gross morphologic, morphometric and histologic developmental features of the dromedary spleen were studied. The dromedary gestation period (13 months) was categorized into four (1-4) phases and ten developing spleens per growth phase were sampled. Splenic topographical anatomy was noted before being eviscerated from each foetus. Morphologic and morphometric features of the eviscerated spleens were immediately documented and 2 – 4 mm thick samples were collected for histological analysis. The developing spleen was dark brown in colour, semilunar shaped and significantly increased (p<0.05) in size and weight across the four phases of prenatal development. The full-term dromedary spleen was observed to have unique histological features. Its capsule had an inner smooth muscle and an outer predominant connective tissue layer. The pumping of stored blood from the muscular capsule and trabeculae was proportionate to the body’s requirement. The splenic venous return was characterized by blood flow from the red pulp (venous sinusoids) to the peritrabecular sinuses, subcapsular sinuses and finally to the splenic veins. The dromedary has a sinusal type of spleen and has both open and closed types of circulation. The presence of closed circulation and absence of marginal sinus could be the reason for dromedary main health problems of blood parasites; Trypanosoma evansi. It was concluded that most of the salient features of the postnatal spleen were already evident in the first growth phase and became developed by the second phase. Other growth phases were mainly characterized by increase in sizes.

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Detection of oil in and under ice

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1857 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (1) ◽

pp. 1857-1876 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

W. Scott Pegau ◽

Jessica Garron ◽

Leonard Zabilansky ◽

Christopher Bassett ◽

Job Bello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Oil Spill ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Fluorescence Polarization ◽

Laser Fluorescence ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Army Corps ◽

Second Phase ◽

Ice Growth ◽

Wave Radar

ABSTRACT (2017-147) In 2014, researchers from ten organizations came to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in New Hampshire to conduct a first of its kind large-scale experiment aimed at determining current sensor capabilities for detecting oil in and under sea ice. This project was the second phase of the Oil Spill Detection in Low Visibility and Ice research project of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP), Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme. The objectives of the project were to:Acquire acoustic, thermal, optical and radar signatures of oil on, within, and underneath a level sheet of laboratory sea ice.Determine the capabilities of various sensors to detect oil in specific ice environments created in a test tank, including freeze-up, growth and melt.Model the potential performance of the sensors under realistic field conditions using the test data for validation.Recommend the most effective sensor suite of existing sensors for detecting oil in the ice environment. The sensor testing spanned a two-month ice growth phase and a one-month decay/melt period. The growth phase produced an 80 centimeter thick level sheet of salt water ice representative of natural sea ice grown under quiescent conditions. Above-ice sensors included frequency modulated continuous wave radar, ground penetrating radar, laser fluorescence polarization sensor, spectral radiometer, visible and infrared cameras. Below-ice sensors included acoustics (broadband, narrowband, and multibeam sonars), spectral radiometers, cameras, and fluorescence polarization. Measurements of physical and electrical properties of the ice and oil within the ice were provided to optical, acoustic, and radar modelers as inputs into their models. The models were then used to extrapolate the sensors’ laboratory performance to potential performance over a range of field conditions. All selected sensors detected oil under some conditions. The radar systems were the only above-ice sensors capable of detecting oil below or trapped within the ice. Cameras below the ice detected oil at all stages of ice growth, and the acoustic and fluorescence systems detected encapsulated oil through limited amounts of new ice growth beneath the oil. No single sensor detected oil in and below ice under all conditions tested. However, we used the test results to identify suites of sensors that could be deployed today both above and below the ice to detect and map an oil spill within ice covered waters.

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The implicit power motive and the facial width-to-height ratio as possible marker of organizational hormone effects during puberty

10.31234/osf.io/eg8hx ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin Janson ◽

Kira Bleck ◽

Martin G. Köllner

Keyword(s):

Prenatal Development ◽

Second Phase ◽

Brain Lateralization ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Total N ◽

Activity Inhibition ◽

Hormone Effects ◽

Power Motive ◽

And Gender

Background: The inhibited power motive is a motivational disposition that is associated with the display and the acquisition of behaviors that allow exerting influence on others. It comprises a high implicit need for power (n Power) and a high activity inhibition, a marker of right-hemispheric brain lateralization under stress. There is evidence that organizational hormone effects during prenatal development are linked to the emerging n Power but it remains unknown whether this is also true for hormonal organization during puberty.Methods: We combined results from two studies that have assessed n Power and activity inhibition via Picture Story Exercise (PSE) and the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), a presumed marker of organizational hormone effects during puberty, via anthropometry in a cross-sectional, correlational design (total N = 213, after exclusions). Results: While controlling for BMI and age, we found an association of n Power and fWHR that was moderated by activity inhibition and gender in a multiple regression. The effect was predominantly driven by a positive effect of the inhibited power motive in females. In females, fWHR was also negatively associated with PSE-word count. Conclusions: Our results provide a first pointer to a second phase of organizational hormone effects on the emerging n Power in females. Limitations arising from the usage of fWHR as a proxy variable and implications for its marker function are discussed.

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Comparison of Antropometry and Physical Abilities between Trained and Untrained Individuals in Second Growth Phase

Folia Medica Indonesiana ◽

10.20473/fmi.v55i4.17323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 280

Author(s):

Idzam Kholid Akbar ◽

Bambang Purwanto ◽

Hari Setijono

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Rapid Growth ◽

Body Height ◽

The Body ◽

Chest Circumference ◽

Second Phase ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adolescent Groups ◽

Physical Abilities

The growth and development of the body goes through two phases of rapid growth. First phase (0-5 years) and second phase (10-17 years). This study aimed to compare anthropometry and physical abilities between trained and untrained individuals in the second rapid growth phase (adolescence). This research method used analytic observational with cross sectional design. The sample study used adolescents aged 14 years old, consisted of trained adolescent groups (n=25) and untrained adolescent groups (n=32), with categorized throught the International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ). Each group measured height, weight, chest circumference, vital lung capacity (VC), oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate resting, heart rate exercise, and VO2Max. The results of the different test between trained and untrained groups with a significance level of p<0.05 showed there were significant differences in body height (p=0.000), VC (p=0.000), SpO2 (p=0,001), heart rate rest (p=0.000), and VO2Max (p=0.000). There were no significant differences in body weight (p=0.053), chest circumference (p=0.226), and heart rate exercise (p=0.242). As a conclusion, anthropometry and physical abilities of trained individuals was greater than the untrained individuals in the second rapid growth phase (adolescence).

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Prenatal Development of Incisors in the Egyptian Buffalo (Bos bubalis)

Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal ◽

10.35943/mvmj.2020.21.314 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 80-84

Author(s):

Mohamed Mostafa ◽

Mesbah El-Sayed ◽

Salah Farag ◽

Galal Youssef

Keyword(s):

Mammalian Species ◽

Prenatal Development ◽

Histological Structure ◽

Three Stages ◽

Developmental Features ◽

First Time ◽

Egyptian Buffalo ◽

Standard Techniques ◽

Selection Of

Objective: The teeth play important roles in food mastication, prehension and defense against predators. Although several studies demonstrated the development of teeth in diﬀerent mammalian species, no data are, to our knowledge, available in Egyptian buffalos. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to study the development of incisor teeth in buffaloe. Design: Descriptive study. Animals: seventeen buffalo embryos and fetuses of both sexes were used. Their crown vertebral rump lengths (CVRL) ranged from 2 to 46 cm (equivalent to 38 - 177 days old). Procedure: Embryos and fetuses were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and decalcified by 14% EDTA solution for several weeks. The samples were dehydrated, cleared and embedded in paraffin wax using standard techniques. Sections were cut on Leitz microtome and mounted on uncoated slides. For general histological structure, a selection of slides was routinely stained with haematoxylin–eosin and examined by the light microscope. Result: The present study reported for the first time that the prenatal development of incisors in buffalo passes through three sequential stages: the bud, cap and bell stages. Although each stage was easily differentiated based on its form and its distinct developmental features, the three stages were overlapped with each other’s. Generally, the bud stage was observed in 11 cm CVRL buffalo fetuses, meanwhile the cap and bell stages were detected in 23 cm and 30 cm CVRL fetuses respectively. Conclusion and clinical relevance: These results can be used as inductive index for determination of the ages of buffalo embryos and fetuses.

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Multiple infection of cells changes the dynamics of basic viral evolutionary processes

10.1101/361766 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Dominik Wodarz ◽

David N. Levy ◽

Natalia L. Komarova

Keyword(s):

Growth Phase ◽

Computational Models ◽

Multiple Infection ◽

Published Data ◽

Second Phase ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Fixation Probability ◽

Cellular Interactions ◽

Short Term ◽

Evolutionary Processes

AbstractThe infection of cells by multiple copies of a given virus can impact virus evolution in a variety of ways, for example through recombination and reassortment, or through intra-cellular interactions among the viruses in a cell, such as complementation or interference. Surprisingly, multiple infection of cells can also influence some of the most basic evolutionary processes, which has not been studied so far. Here, we use computational models to explore how infection multiplicity affects the fixation probability of mutants, the rate of mutant generation, and the timing of mutant invasion. This is investigated for neutral, disadvantageous, and advantageous mutants. Among the results, we note surprising growth dynamics for neutral and disadvantageous mutants: Starting from a single mutant-infected cell, an initial growth phase is observed which is more characteristic of an advantageous mutant and is not observed in the absence of multiple infection. Therefore, in the short term, multiple infection increases the chances that neutral or dis-advantageous mutants are present. Following this initial growth phase, however, the mutant dynamics enter a second phase that is driven by neutral drift or negative selection, respectively, which determines the long-term fixation probability of the mutant. Contrary to the short-term dynamics, the probability of mutant fixation, and thus existence, is lower in the presence compared to the absence of multiple infection, and declines with infection multiplicity. Hence, while infection multiplicity promotes mutant existence in the short term, it makes it less likely in the longer term. Understanding of these dynamics is essential for the investigation of more complex viral evolutionary processes, for which the dynamics described here for the basis. We demonstrate relevance to the interpretation of experiments in the context of published data on phage φ6 evolution at low and high multiplicities.

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Comparison of Antropometry and Physical Abilities between Trained and Untrained Individuals in Second Growth Phase

Folia Medica Indonesiana ◽

10.20473/fmi.v55i4.24412 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 280

Author(s):

Idzam Kholid Akbar ◽

Bambang Purwanto ◽

Hari Setijono

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Rapid Growth ◽

Body Height ◽

The Body ◽

Chest Circumference ◽

Second Phase ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adolescent Groups ◽

Physical Abilities

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Understanding octopus growth: patterns, variability and physiology

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf03155 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 367 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

J. M. Semmens ◽

G. T. Pecl ◽

R. Villanueva ◽

D. Jouffre ◽

I. Sobrino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Phase ◽

Energy Content ◽

Growth Patterns ◽

Maturity Stage ◽

Second Phase ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Food Ration ◽

Growth Increments ◽

Phase Temperature

Octopuses are generally characterised by rapid non-asymptotic growth, with high individual variability. However, in situ octopus growth is not well understood. The lack of an ageing method has resulted in the majority of our understanding of octopus growth coming from laboratory studies. Despite not being applicable to cephalopods, Modal Progression Analysis (MPA) of length–frequency data is the most common method for examining in situ octopus growth. Recently, counting growth increments in beaks and vestigial shells, and quantifying lipofuscin in brain tissue, have all shown promise for the ageing octopus. Octopuses generally demonstrate two-phase growth in the laboratory, with physiological changes possibly associated with the switch between an initial rapid exponential phase and a slower power growth phase. Temperature and food ration and quality are key factors influencing the initial growth phase. Temperature, however, does not appear to affect the second phase in any consistent way, perhaps because maturity stage can influence the growth response. There may be basic differences in the mechanisms of octopus muscle growth compared with that of other cephalopods. Furthermore, higher relative maintenance energy expenditure, along with the low energy content of their prey, may account for the relatively slow growth of deep-sea octopuses compared to littoral species.

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Morphological Characterization of Mycobacteriophage R1

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100051281 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 254-255

Author(s):

B. L. Soloff ◽

T. A. Rado

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Stationary Phase ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Minimal Medium ◽

Morphological Characterization ◽

Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽

Complete Lysis ◽

Lysogenic Culture ◽

Logarithmic Growth

Mycobacteriophage R1 was originally isolated from a lysogenic culture of M. butyricum. The virus was propagated on a leucine-requiring derivative of M. smegmatis, 607 leu−, isolated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of typestrain ATCC 607. Growth was accomplished in a minimal medium containing glycerol and glucose as carbon source and enriched by the addition of 80 μg/ ml L-leucine. Bacteria in early logarithmic growth phase were infected with virus at a multiplicity of 5, and incubated with aeration for 8 hours. The partially lysed suspension was diluted 1:10 in growth medium and incubated for a further 8 hours. This permitted stationary phase cells to re-enter logarithmic growth and resulted in complete lysis of the culture.

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Electron Microscopy of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100065341 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 258-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. S. Boatman ◽

G. E. Kenny

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Hela Cells ◽

Sulfonic Acid ◽

Gamma Globulin ◽

Horse Serum ◽

Morphological Aspects ◽

The Family

Information concerning the morphology and replication of organism of the family Mycoplasmataceae remains, despite over 70 years of study, highly controversial. Due to their small size observations by light microscopy have not been rewarding. Furthermore, not only are these organisms extremely pleomorphic but their morphology also changes according to growth phase. This study deals with the morphological aspects of M. pneumoniae strain 3546 in relation to growth, interaction with HeLa cells and possible mechanisms of replication.The organisms were grown aerobically at 37°C in a soy peptone yeast dialysate medium supplemented with 12% gamma-globulin free horse serum. The medium was buffered at pH 7.3 with TES [N-tris (hyroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid] at 10mM concentration. The inoculum, an actively growing culture, was filtered through a 0.5 μm polycarbonate “nuclepore” filter to prevent transfer of all but the smallest aggregates. Growth was assessed at specific periods by colony counts and 800 ml samples of organisms were fixed in situ with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 3 hrs. at 4°C. Washed cells for sectioning were post-fixed in 0.8% OSO4 in veronal-acetate buffer pH 6.1 for 1 hr. at 21°C. HeLa cells were infected with a filtered inoculum of M. pneumoniae and incubated for 9 days in Leighton tubes with coverslips. The cells were then removed and processed for electron microscopy.

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Grain Refinement in Titanium-Erbium Alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100052626 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 522-523

Author(s):

B. B. Rath ◽

J. E. O'Neal ◽

R. J. Lederich

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Grain Refinement ◽

Grain Growth ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Pure Titanium ◽

Systematic Investigation ◽

Second Phase ◽

Titanium Matrix ◽

Average Size

Addition of small amounts of erbium has a profound effect on recrystallization and grain growth in titanium. Erbium, because of its negligible solubility in titanium, precipitates in the titanium matrix as a finely dispersed second phase. The presence of this phase, depending on its average size, distribution, and volume fraction in titanium, strongly inhibits the migration of grain boundaries during recrystallization and grain growth, and thus produces ultimate grains of sub-micrometer dimensions. A systematic investigation has been conducted to study the isothermal grain growth in electrolytically pure titanium and titanium-erbium alloys (Er concentration ranging from 0-0.3 at.%) over the temperature range of 450 to 850°C by electron microscopy.

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