scholarly journals Biomechanics of Rotational Movement in Off-Ice Figure Skating Jumps: Applications to Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Anna Mazurkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Body Movement ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensor ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Sensor Platform ◽  
Jumping Exercise ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
Vertical Jumps

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to characterize kinematic parameters of the rotational body movement during the office figure skating multi-revolution jumping exercise and to propose applications to training. Material and Methods Six elite Polish female junior singles figure skaters were examined performing single and their respective maximum total rotation vertical jumps in off-ice conditions. Measurements of the ground reaction force were performed with a KISTLER (500 Hz) piezoelectric sensor platform with BioWare Software, synchronized with the cinematographic analysis using the Vicon T-Series motion capture system. Results The analysis revealed positive linear relations between selected jump parameters of the pre-take-off phase and after the landing. Two moments of countering torque were also noticed: the first in the landing phase, and the second before reaching the stabilized position. Conclusions Applications of the findings for off-ice training were discussed.

Women, men, and five Olympic rings: An examination of Chinese Central Television’s broadcast of the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 747-766
Author(s):  
Qingru Xu ◽  
Andrew Billings ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
Rui Jin ◽  
Sitong Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Clock Time ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Winter Olympics ◽  
Biological Sex

This study conducts a content analysis on Chinese Central Television’s broadcasting of figure skating, short track speed skating, and freestyle skiing—the three most popular winter sports in the People’s Republic of China—at the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics from the perspective of biological sex. A full examination of 100% (over 37 h) of Chinese Central Television’s broadcast coverage was analyzed in terms of clock-time, name-mentions, and descriptors. In each sport examined, female athletes received less clock-time and fewer name-mentions compared to their male counterparts. However, in the analysis of 7765 descriptors, relatively few significant differences between depictions of male and female athletes were uncovered, potentially explained by the Communist legacy of erasing women’s feminine characteristics and the relatively equal number of male and female commentators in Chinese Central Television’s sports newsrooms. Also, compared to many Western countries, male figure skaters in the People’s Republic of China received more clock-time and name-mentions, possibly attributed to cultural differences in defining ideal masculinity across East Asia and the West.

An In-depth Study of Former Elite Figure Skaters: II. Sources of Enjoyment

1989 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara K. Scanlan ◽  
Gary L. Stein ◽  
Kenneth Ravizza
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Social Recognition ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Question Asking ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Depth Study

This study investigated the sources of sport enjoyment for elite figure skaters. These elite athletes were 26 former national championship competitors who currently coach figure skating. The skaters were interviewed and answered an open-ended question asking them for their sources of enjoyment during the most competitive phase of their skating careers. Each source of enjoyment mentioned was probed to obtain an in-depth understanding of the source. The data, 418 quotes, were drawn from verbatim transcriptions of the interviews and were inductively content analyzed. Content analysis organizes the quotes into increasingly more complex themes and categories representing sources of enjoyment. Four major sources of enjoyment emerged from the data—social and life opportunities, perceived competence, social recognition of competence, and the act of skating. The findings (a) demonstrated that elite figure skaters derive enjoyment from numerous and diverse sources reflecting the achievement, social, and movement aspects of sport, (b) provided greater depth of understanding for new and previously indicated sources of enjoyment, and (c) uncovered new psychological constructs.

Performing Triple and Quadruple Figure Skating Jumps: Implications for Training

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 743-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. King
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Vertical Velocity ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Training Exercises ◽  
Propulsion Phase ◽  
Muscle Actions

The purpose of this paper is to review the biomechanics of triple and quadruple figure skating jumps, focusing on information that has implications for strength and conditioning programs. At a minimum, to complete the required revolutions in a jump, a skater must balance the average angular velocity with the time in the air. Vertical velocity at takeoff is similar in high revolution jumps to that in low revolution jumps; however, when comparing skaters of different abilities, those with higher abilities generate greater vertical velocities at takeoff for the same type of jump. Powerful extension of the legs is the primary factor in generating vertical velocity. Some jumps use asymmetrical extension of both legs, while other jumps involve extension of only one leg. Angular velocity is controlled primarily by the skater's moment of inertia, which means skaters must forcefully arrest the motion of the arms and legs after the propulsion phase and then quickly position the arms and legs close to the axis of rotation during flight. Training exercises that emphasize eccentric and concentric muscle actions and which are adaptable to asymmetrical or unilateral motions, such as box jumps and medicine ball throws, are a crucial component to off-ice training programs for figure skaters. Key words: ice skating, biomechanics, power, technique, strength, conditioning

Mechanism Analysis Using Implicit Constraints

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
George H. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Joint Reaction Force ◽  
Dynamic Mechanisms ◽  
Joint Reaction Forces ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
Mechanism Kinematic ◽  
Joint Reaction

This paper introduces an approach to kinematic and dynamic mechanisms analysis where one or more joints are modeled using joint component relative displacements that approximate real joint behavior. This approach allows for the simultaneous nonrecursive solution for both mechanism kinematic parameters and selected dynamic joint reaction forces. Also, for closed loop mechanisms, the approach eliminates the need for forming explicit loop closure constraint equations, so that the dynamic equations of motion, derived using either the Newtonian or Lagrangian method, have a simplified unconstrained form. The key element underlying the approach is the formation of axioms for the standard mechanism joint types that describe the form of the joint reaction force and/or moment in terms of a virtual (or real) displacement between the joint components.

Pelvic Kinematic Method for Determining Vertical Jump Height

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren Z.F. Chiu ◽  
George J. Salem
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Impulse Method ◽  
Vertical Jump Height ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Kinematic Method ◽  
Mass Displacement ◽  
Vertical Jumps

Sacral marker and pelvis reconstruction methods have been proposed to approximate total body center of mass during relatively low intensity gait and hopping tasks, but not during a maximum effort vertical jumping task. In this study, center of mass displacement was calculated using the pelvic kinematic method and compared with center of mass displacement using the ground-reaction force-impulse method, in experienced athletes (n= 13) performing restricted countermovement vertical jumps. Maximal vertical jumps were performed in a biomechanics laboratory, with data collected using an 8-camera motion analysis system and two force platforms. The pelvis center of mass was reconstructed from retro-reflective markers placed on the pelvis. Jump height was determined from the peak height of the pelvis center of mass minus the standing height. Strong linear relationships were observed between the pelvic kinematic and impulse methods (R2= .86;p< .01). The pelvic kinematic method underestimated jump height versus the impulse method, however, the difference was small (CV = 4.34%). This investigation demonstrates concurrent validity for the pelvic kinematic method to determine vertical jump height.

Body Physique and Composition in Premenarchal Ballerinas and Female Athletes in Aesthetic Sports

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Marjeta Misigoj-Durakovic ◽  
Vlatko Vucetic ◽  
Zijad Durakovic ◽  
Jasenka Wolf-Cvitak ◽  
Branka Matkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnastics ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnasts

Ballet, rhythmic gymnastics, and figure skating are disciplines that are begun early in childhood and pose high demands on the performers’ functional and energy capacities, which may influence the development of the body's physique and composition. This study investigated whether differences in the body's physique and composition were preexistent in young, premenarchal ballerinas and female athletes in aesthetic sport disciplines before training was started. Twenty-four anthropometric measurements were made of body physique and composition, and body mass index (BMI) and fat percentage were calculated. The groups of premenarchal dancers and athletes did not differ significantly in body height, body mass, or BMI. They also showed similarities in skeletal measurements, with the exception of ankle diameter. In measurements sensitive to specific training loads, significant differences were found, most notably in figure skaters, who had markedly greater arm circumferences than did ballerinas and rhythmic gymnasts. Ballerinas and rhythmic gymnasts did not have significant differences in soft tissues measurements, with the exception of the calf skinfold thickness, which was significantly greater in ballerinas. Skinfold thickness and body fat percentage were higher in skaters than in rhythmic gymnasts and ballerinas. Young ballerinas and rhythmic gymnasts were more slender with lower skinfold values and limb circumferences than skaters.

Single-Subject Evaluation of a Self-Talk Package for Improving Figure Skating Performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siri Ming ◽  
Garry L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Behavioral Assessment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Self Talk

A self-talk package was used to improve performance of compulsory figures by prenovice- and novice-level figure skaters. The study included ongoing objective behavioral assessment across practices of the figure skating performance as well as the extent to which the skaters actually utilized the self-talk. A multi-element design with multiple baseline replications across 4 participants demonstrated that improvements were due to the treatment. Self-report follow-up at 1 year indicated that the participants continued to utilize the selftalk during practices and that they believed that it enhanced their test and/or competitive performance. The results support the view that planned self-talk can aid skill acquisition. Results are conceptualized in terms of rule-governed control over behavior, which may provide a useful framework for enabling sport psychologists to increase the efficacy of self-talk interventions.

Effects of Selected Mental Practice on Performance, Self-Efficacy, and Competition Confidence of Figure Skaters

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. Garza ◽  
Deborah L. Feltz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Practice ◽  
Performance Ratings ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Figure Skating ◽  
Figure Skaters ◽  
Practice Group ◽  
Self Confidence

This study examined the effectiveness of mental practice techniques for improving figure skating performance, self-efficacy, and self-confidence for competition. Two interventions, paper freestyle drawing (PFD) and walk through on floor (WTF), were compared to a stretching control group. Participants (n = 27), ages 10 to 18 years, were members of the United States Figure Skating Association and were randomly assigned to one of the three groups. The study included procedural reliability checks such as pre- and post-manipulation checks; structured seminars; and homework workbooks. Results indicated that the two mental practice groups significantly improved their performance ratings in jumps and spins, and their competition confidence compared to the stretching control group. Results also indicated that the WTF mental practice group increased their spinning self-efficacy beliefs compared to the PFD mental practice treatment and the stretching control group.

NEUROMECHANICAL STRATEGY IN VISUALLY IMPAIRED STUDENT DURING DOWNWARD STEPPING

2005 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 261-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUN-CHING HUANG ◽  
WEN-JIE HUANG ◽  
FENG-JEN TSAI ◽  
YU LIU
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Peak Performance ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
High Speed Camera ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Neuromuscular Activation ◽  
Visually Impaired Students

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate leg muscular regulation and neuromuscular activation by investigating the stiffness and EMG amplitude between normal vision students and visually impaired students. Ten normal vision (age: 24.3 ± 2 years; 171.5 ± 4.6; mass: 65.9 ± 8.0) and 10 visually impaired students (age: 23.2 ± 2.4 years; 163.4 ± 9.6; mass: 62.8 ± 15.0) served as subjects. An AMTI force platform (1200 Hz) and a Peak Performance high speed camera (60 Hz) were used synchronously to record the ground reaction force, the kinematic parameters and EMG signals of lower extremity during the subjects stepped down from height 20, 30 and 40 cm. After treating the data and discussion, the conclusions were obtained. The regulation of neuromusclar system of the impaired is less efficient compared to the normal one because of softer stiffness and lower EMG activity.

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