scholarly journals Trends in Inclusive Education in the USA and Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Maryna Grynova ◽  
Iryna Kalinichenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Team Approach ◽  
Special Educational Needs

Abstract This paper deals with foreign experience of implementing inclusive education for children with special educational needs in the United States and Canada. Legal documents on inclusive education in foreign countries have been analyzed. The most relevant topic of American and Canadian scholars’ researches on reforming special education is related to integration, that is gradual transition from exclusion of children with special educational needs to inclusion in comprehensive schools. Based on the analysis of American and Canadian researches on inclusive education it has been concluded that the changes in legislation and education policies of North American countries aim to achieve the highest level of progress in regular education and special education. It has been found that the development of inclusive education in Canada has undergone and is significantly influenced by the American education system. However, unlike the United States, Canada does not have a single legislative act that would standardize the introduction of inclusive education in the country. Each province has autonomous educational documents that specify the requirements for the inclusive education organization. It has been specified that in American schools, effective educational technology in inclusive education is a team approach when effective partner relationships are formed. A key to the successful integration of a child with special educational needs is the development of an individual curriculum. The Canadian education system, having its own national peculiarities that predetermine the differences in the course of education reforms, has always supported the democratic movement for civil rights and anti-discriminatory attitudes in US education. Foreign law and inclusive practice are an important source of ideas about possible ways to solve the problems of implementing inclusive education in Ukraine.

scholarly journals ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ СТАНДАРТІВ ПІДГОТОВКИ КВАЛІФІКОВАНОГО ВЧИТЕЛЯ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОЇ ОСВІТИ У США

2020 ◽  
pp. 250-263
Author(s):  
Наталія Никоненко ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
Special Education Teachers ◽  
Education System ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Teachers Training

The systemic transformation of educational forms for children with special educational needs in the United States is considered one of the basic categories of the evolution of American education system and the corresponding changes in the system of teacher training for such children. The public awareness of the need to teach all children resulted in changes in the federal and state legislation, which directly affects the development of the education system, especially the availability and quality of education for all children, training teachers to work with them and implemented in various forms of interaction between students and teachers. Educators should be able to interact effectively with students with special educational needs, to self-actualize in the profession, and at the same time to find jobs in the profession easily, as their qualifications meet the requirements of the labor market, so developing corresponding standards becomes extremely important. The study of the American experience in the training of special education teachers provides a historical and comparative analysis of relevant standards. As a result of the analysis, conclusions were made about the dependence of special education teachers’ training standards on social, political, economic and other factors that determined the characteristics of care and education for people with disabilities, and thus directly influenced the formation of special education teachers’ training system in the United States. The analysed standards were adopted in different eras of special education teachers’ preparation: categorical orientation era (until late 1970s), noncategorical (1980-1990), and inclusive ones. The current content and organization of special education teacher training and inclusive education in the United States comply with the special teacher code of ethics, professional standards, and standards for the training, retraining, and certification of special education teachers according to their specialization. The purpose of this work is to study the specifics of standards for preservice special education teachers’ preparation in the USA as well as comparing the experience in Ukraine and formulating proposals for the domestic educational system reformation.

scholarly journals Change in Disability Classification: Redrawing Categorical Boundaries in SpecialEducation in the United States and Germany, 1920‐2005

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin J.W. Powell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Special Educational Needs

AbstractHow do we make sense of considerable cultural differences and change in disability classification? How are disability’s categorical boundaries being redrawn in special education to realign with shifting paradigms of normality? Based in particular on the case of provided services to students “with special educational needs,” this analysis examines classification systems of student disability and their categorical boundaries in the United States and Germany. Sketching the origins and evolution of special education categories from 1920 to 2005, the comparison shows how categorical boundaries have been redrawn, giving rise to new groups of students.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES IN THE USA

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-163
Author(s):  
Svitlana Shumaieva ◽  
Svitlana Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Specific Concept ◽  
Definition Of

The article analyzes the historical stages of inclusive education in the United States: the first – 1960 – the stage of segregation and marginalization of people with special educational needs, the second (from 1968 to 1975) – the stage of normalization, the idea of involving disabled students in the educational environment, the third stage – educational mainstreaming (1975–1983), the fourth stage – (1983–2004) – inclusive education characterized by joint training of people with special needs with peers using typical development, the fifth –mixed educational system – a comprehensive inclusive education system starting in 2004 and until now in the United States.It was determined that the definition of “special educational needs” (learning disability), means developmental delay, disorder of one or more processes related to speaking, reading, pronunciation, writing or arithmetic abilities as a result of possible cerebral dysfunction, but not in the result of mental disorders, loss of sensitivity, cultural, educational or upbringing factors. It has been found that disorder or disability is not one specific concept, but often a mixture of disorders grouped under one broad term, and inclusive education is seen as “the process of addressing and responding to the diverse needs of students by ensuring their participation in learning, cultural activities and community life and reducing exclusion in education and the learning process”. Now intellectual level is determined by using standard intelligence tests, mostly Stanford-Binet, that allows to use individualized curricula as a basis for teaching children with disabilities in inclusive settings. But it is still clear that even in such circumstances, the problems of inclusive education remain to be complex and ambiguous. Keywords: special educational needs, children with disabilities, inclusive environment, inclusion, child with special educational needs, inclusive education, state acts, US general education system.

scholarly journals Legal mechanism for ensuring the right to inclusive education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine and the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
T.V. Shlapko ◽  
O.P Sokolenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
Distance Learning ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
The Right

The article investigates to the study of legal framework securing the right to inclusive education of inclusive education in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors of the article analyze the statistics of the effectiveness of distance learning to study the state of the organization in general secondary education distance learning in quarantine, introduced to prevent the spread of acute respiratory disease COVID-19 in Ukraine and the United States. It is proved that children with special educational needs need an individual approach to the organization of inclusive distance learning. At the same, time it is necessary to consider features of each child. The authors of the article pay considerable attention to the characteristics of the recommendations of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine on the organization of the educational process in general secondary education institutions during quarantine by the way of distance education. From the analysis of the recommendations it can be concluded that the main burden during the organization and use of distance learning technologies will fall on the teacher's assistant and student's assistant. In addition, the article examines the features of the educational process with the help of a team of psychological and pedagogical support of a child with special educational needs during quarantine. The article examines the features of inclusive education in different areas of the epidemic level of danger: green, yellow, orange and red. The authors also pay considerable attention to the study of the implementation of inclusive learning using distance education technologies during the pandemic COVID-19, in particular the problem of involving children with special educational needs in the educational process at home. The article contains recommendations for improving the quality of education during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Stimulating Special Education through Federal Legislation

1964 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
John E. Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Education For All ◽  
Federal Legislation ◽  
Handicapped Children ◽  
The Future

The future strength of the United States rests on the best possible education for all children. In 1963, Congress responded to the educational needs of handicapped children with the passage of significant legislation. As yet, Congress has not determined the role of the federal government in the education of the gifted. The author would welcome proposals for such participation from the profession.

scholarly journals Implementation of an individual educational route in inclusive practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 01019
Author(s):  
Oksana Titova ◽  
Margarita Bratkova ◽  
Olga Karanevskaya ◽  
Elena Gravitskaya ◽  
Irma Barbakadze
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Children With Special Needs ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Educational Organization ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Inclusive Schools

There is currently a trend towards an increase in the number of children with special educational needs enrolled in inclusive schools. Thus, the number of children with special educational needs enrolled in inclusive schools is growing. This is caused both by significant changes in the legal regulatory framework, including the 2012 Federal Law on Education, the adoption of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education for Children with Special Needs, etc. and by the fact that in some regions the number of specialized schools is decreasing, inclusive education becomes a more affordable option for children with special education needs. School specialists, parents, and the public engage in an active dialogue about choosing the most efficient path for an educational route for special needs children, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of inclusive and special education. The design and implementation of an individual educational route, an individual curriculum is essential for children with special needs in terms of improving the quality of education and efficiently entering social life. The relevance of the study is determined by identifying the components that facilitate and complicate, hinder the development and implementation of an individual educational route for these children in an educational organization; the determination of the content of an individual educational route based on the current situation in a practical institution considering the requirements of inclusive education. The purpose of the study is to explore the problems of developing and implementing individual educational routes for children with special needs in the context of inclusion and to determine ways to solve these problems. The key methods of the study are a questionnaire and a structured interview. The empirical data confirms the assumption that the development and implementation of an individual educational route for children with special needs in an educational organization are problematic and inefficient for several reasons. The data obtained is new since similar research results have not been found in the open sources over the past five years.

Inclusive and Special Education in Canada and the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Sokal ◽  
Jennifer Katz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Special Education ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Practices ◽  
Governance Structures ◽  
Educational Programming ◽  
The North ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The development of inclusive educational practices and their current practices differ significantly between the North American nations of Canada and the United States. Although these countries do share similarities in both theoretical underpinnings and educational programming, the current differences in policy oversight nationally and at the provincial and state levels promote a wider range of policy and programmatic differences across Canada than in the United States. Governance structures, the resulting policies, and their similarities and differences between and within these countries serve as foundations that underpin innovative inclusive educational programming in each country. The interplay between legislation and activism has both reflected and provoked the movement away from special education and toward inclusive education to varying degrees in both Canada and the United States.

scholarly journals Teachers’ Attitudes towards Inclusive Education in Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Ruben O. Agavelyan ◽  
Saule D. Aubakirova ◽  
Aisulu D. Zhomartova ◽  
Elena I. Burdina
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Special Training ◽  
Special Education Needs ◽  
Education Needs ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The inclusion of students with special educational needs in regular schools is currently one of the most important issues on the agenda of national and international education communities. A positive attitude of teachers to inclusive education is a factor of its effective implementation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of teachers to inclusive education in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to determine the factors influencing their positive attitude to wards inclusion. Materials and Methods. The sample consisted of 416 teachers of general secondary schools in the Pavlodar region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Sentiments, Attitudes, and Concerns about Inclusive Education Revised scale feedback form was used. For the processing of the results of the survey, nonparametric statistics (Spearman’s correlation coefficient) and multiple regression analysis were used. Results. A general neutral attitude of teachers towards inclusion was revealed. The experience of interaction between teachers and people with special educational needs does not contribute to the formation of their positive attitude towards inclusion. Educators – people who work in rural schools and are confident in teaching children with special education needs – have the most positive attitude toward inclusion. Discussion and Conclusion. A more detailed analysis of the respondents’ answers indicates the disinclination of teachers to implement inclusive education and the need for special training of teachers to work with children with special education needs that will increase their confidence in teaching children with special educational needs and create a positive attitude towards inclusion. Prospects for the study are to further explore attitudes of subject teachers, special education teachers, and providers of psychological and pedagogical support to inclusion in Kazakhstan and the impact of special training on the attitude of teachers to inclusion. The materials of the article will be useful to researchers interested in the problem of inclusive education, especially its condition in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Readiness for pedagogical activity as a criterion for the development of inclusive practice in the education system of the Republic of Tatarstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
М.Р. Osipovskaya ◽  
◽  
О.V. Laukart-Gorbacheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Pedagogical Discourse ◽  
The Republic

An interdisciplinary study examines the problems of implementing the concept of inclusive education in the education system of the Republic of Tatarstan. An urgent problem is the lack of training of teachers of General education organizations to work with children with disabilities who have special educational needs, which makes it necessary to form professional competencies of teachers related to the development of the ability to design and implement innovative technologies of educational and correctional work aimed at achieving educational results. The purpose of the study was to identify the opinions of teachers about the difficulties of implementing the concept of inclusive education in the national educational system and their readiness to be active in the new conditions. The object of the author's research was chosen pedagogical discourse. Written works (essays) of primary school teachers and subject teachers were used as a communication space reflecting pedagogical discourse. Discourse analysis was used as the main research method. The results of the analysis of pedagogical discourse confirmed the research hypothesis about the lack of training of teachers of the General education system to work with children with disabilities and indicate that the common problem of all teachers is the lack of positive motivation to work; lack of special knowledge about the organization of the educational process; practical skills necessary to work with children with special educational needs. The research data presented in the article give grounds to say that the Republican education system should create conditions for the development of inclusive practices using the network interaction of educational organizations, health and social protection institutions, constant methodological support for teachers, innovative teaching experience.

Participation of a specialist doctor in the procedure of evaluating the need for special education on the grounds of being deaf/hard of hearing

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-14
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Zaborniak-Sobczak ◽  
Katarzyna Ita Bieńkowska ◽  
Magdalena Grot-Mrozicka ◽  
Monika Mazurewicz-Rzepka
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Education System ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Education Law ◽  
Special Educational Needs ◽  
Specialist Doctor

The paper discusses the procedure of evaluating the need for special education for pupils with hearing impairment based on the provisions of the education law currently in force in the Polish education system. The latest material on the aforementioned subject appeared in the audiological literature, in a publication edited by Antoni Pruszewicz and Andrzej Obrębowski [17]. The aim of the paper is to update the data on the qualification of children with hearing impairment as pupils with disabilities (more generally: with special educational needs) and to define the role of a specialist doctor – audiologist, laryngologist, otolaryngologist – in evaluation for education purposes.

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