Commissariats of Military Industry during the Great Patriotic War

The Soviet Union ◽

Great Patriotic War ◽

Strengthening national defense by building up military and economic potential was the most important vital task of the Soviet Union during the whole period of its existence. The price of enormous effort of labor, research and design teams, huge material and financial costs in the course of the prewar five-year plans in the Soviet Union was paid and incurred to create the military-industrial complex (MIC) - sector of social production, designed to provide security for the state in armed struggle. The core of the DIC were four industry: Commissariat of Aviation Industry (NCAP), the People’s Commissariat of ammunition (NBC) weapons Commissariat (IEC) and the People's Commissariat of the shipbuilding industry (NCSP), formed in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet on January 11, 1939 by separation of the People's Commissariat of Defense Industry of the USSR. They became a separate group of central government, designed to provide measures for the implementation of strategic decisions of the military and political leadership of the country. Objective assessment of commissariats effectiveness were the results of their operations in wartime. From this point of view it is necessary to ascertain performance of its mission - to supply front with modern means of warfare. Largely due to this fact, the Soviet Union won in serious confrontation with the military-industrial complex military industry of Nazi Germany and its satellites. On the basis of archival documents and testimony of contemporaries the article shows the contribution of the defense industry in the Soviet Union's victory in the Great Patriotic War.

PRC’S MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX UNDER XI JINPING

Outlines of global transformations politics economics law ◽

10.23932/2542-0240-2017-10-5-135-151 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 135-151

Author(s):

P. B. Kamennov

Keyword(s):

Driving Forces ◽

Aviation Industry ◽

Chinese Government ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Xi Jinping ◽

Military Industry ◽

Shipbuilding Industry ◽

Chinese Military ◽

The article is dedicated to the achievements and problems of the Chinese military-industrial complex and its role in the economy building during the Xi Jinping` s term (2012–2017). The evolution of the problem is particularly interesting in the context of the realization of the National Security modernization Program of China 2050. The author provides a description of the current state of military-industrial complex fields. Chinese atomic industry has been growing rapidly during the last years. There are significant achievements in the field of the rocket and space industry. Aviation industry, and in particular the aviation engine construction, has been traditionally considered as underdeveloped in comparison with the American, Western European and Russian aviation. In this sense, the Chinese government endeavors to improve the situation. Microelectronics, which has also been rather underdeveloped, is expected to obtain a new quality. The shipbuilding industry in China nowadays gives positive examples of design and building heavy-tonnage vessels, such as nuclear-powered submarines. Apart from the military and technological achievements, many efforts are put in order to reduce the level of the Chinese dependence on the import of foreign technologies. The author stresses the significance of the military industry conversion practices, which used to be one of the main driving forces of the China`s economic growth in 1980–1990s. The so-called military civil integration is one of the most effective strategies aimed at overcoming the technological backwardness of the military- industrial complex. It contributes to the technological growth in the fields of security due to the practices of redirection the civil technologies into the military field. Such an approach allows China to avoid the Western military embargo.

New War, Old Law: Can the Geneva Paradigm Comprehend Computers?

Leiden Journal of International Law ◽

10.1017/s0922156500000030 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 33-51

Author(s):

Jason Beckett

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

The United States ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Information Warfare ◽

Humanitarian Law ◽

The West ◽

Service Employees ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Strategic Information Warfare (SIW) has recently begun to garner significant interest among the military and strategic defence communities. While nebulous and difficult to define, the basic object of SIW is to render an adversary's information systems inoperative or to cause them to malfunction. While information is the key, the means, and the target of SIW, real world damage is the intention and effect. It is, nonetheless, an area which has been almost completely ignored by positive international law. The purpose of the present article is to begin to resolve this lacuna by analysing the applicability to, and effect of, international humanitarian law (IHL) on SIW. The author makes recommendations as to possible alterations and improvements to IHL to resolve this lacuna. [In] 1956 when Khrushchev said: “We will bury the West.” What he was really saying was that the military industrial complex of the Soviet Union would win out over the military industrial complex of the West – and note that it's industrial. What Khrushchev didn't understand was that 1956 was the first year in the United States that white-collar and service employees outnumbered blue-collar workers. […] The industrial complex, military or not, was at its end point.Alvin Toffler, Novelist and Social Theorist

The August 1991 Coup and Its Impact on Soviet Politics

Journal of Cold War Studies ◽

10.1162/152039703320996731 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 94-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

John B. Dunlop

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Communist Party ◽

The State ◽

Direct Result ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Secret Police ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

The Military ◽

Coup Attempt

A book published by the author in 1993 contained a lengthy chapter on the August 1991 coup attempt in the Soviet Union. This article builds on and updates that chapter, making use of a trove of newly available documents and memoirs. The article discusses many aspects of the coup attempt, but it particularly seeks to explain why the coup failed and what the implications were for the Soviet Union. The events of December 1991 that culminated in the dissolution of the Soviet Union were the direct result of changes set in motion by the failed coup. The major state and party institutions that might ordinarily have tried to hold the country together—the Communist Party apparatus, the secret police, the military-industrial complex, the Ministry of Defense, and the state administrative organs—all were compromised by their participation in the coup. As a result, when events pushed the Soviet Union toward collapse there was no way of staving off that outcome.

Why the Soviets Buy the Weapons They Do

World Politics ◽

10.2307/2010188 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 597-618 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Matthew A. Evangelista

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Bureaucratic Politics ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Internal Factors ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Wide Range ◽

Nuclear Policy ◽

Weapons Procurement ◽

The authors of three recent books attempt to account for Soviet military developments by exploring a wide range of possible explanations. In Soviet Strategic Forces, Berman and Baker adopt a“requirements“approach; they argue that the Soviet strategic posture has developed mainly in response to threats generated by the West. Andrew Cockburn, in The Threat, maintains that internal factors—in particular, bureaucratic politics and the workings of the military-industrial complex—are responsible for Soviet weapons decisions. David Holloway's more eclectic explanation, in The Soviet Union and the Arms Race, describes both the internal and external determinants of Soviet military policy. The evolution of Soviet regional nuclear policy, and particularly the deployment of the SS-20 missile, can be accounted for by several different explanations—indicating a problem of overdetermination of causes. One way to resolve this problem is by adopting a framework developed by James Kurth to explain U.S. weapons procurement. It suggests that the“modes of causation” for Soviet weapons decisions are generally the opposite of those for American decisions. This generalization is consistent with what an analysis based on the relative strengths of state and societal forces in the two countries would predict.

Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society ◽

Zmiany w funkcjonowaniu rosyjskich parków naukowo-technologicznych

10.24917/20801653.12.12 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 145-152

Author(s):

Urszula Grzyb

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Science Park ◽

Industrial Enterprises ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Scientific Institutions ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Industrial Crisis ◽

Science and technology was thought to be one of the main assets of the Russian Federation, the basis for an economic recovery once it was no longer submitted to central planning. It was expected that this wealth of knowledge bequeathed from the Soviet Union would give rise to a boom in the creation of innovation companies and that foreign investment would flow in large amounts into the science sector, but both these expectations did not materialise.In Russia the first science park (science parks created by universities are called by the Russian name technoparks) was established in Tomsk in 1990 by higher education, scientific institutions and industrial enterprises jointly. Federal programmes provide support to the existing technoparks, but this support is rather meagre. Due to the industrial crisis and to the severe cutbacks in federal financing, the scientific institutions, more than 70% of which were in 1990 still connected with the military industrial complex, are nowadays experiencing a serious crisis. The number of scientific workers decreased more than twofold between 1989 and 1994 and continues to fall. Nowadays the innovation centres have a more commercial profile and, therefore, are more selective in the choice of the tenants as they have to become self-sufficient and repay the debts arising from re-construction of their premises.

≪Non-discoverable-spaces≫ of full-fledged socialism’s technological parks

Ekonomicheskie i sotsial’no-gumanitarnye issledovaniya ◽

10.24151/2409-1073-2021-2-70-76 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 70-76

Author(s):

N.P. Knekht ◽

Keyword(s):

Soviet Union ◽

Dynamic Interaction ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

Late Socialism ◽

Nature And Society ◽

Human Actors ◽

The author tries to outline the ways to build a new, deeper ontology of the Soviet Union as a dynamic interaction of human and «non-human» actors that create the specifics of the «natureculture » of late socialism. The article examines the influence of the military-industrial complex on the geography and life of people. Starting from the concept of «performative shift» (Alexey Yurchak), the author shows that the Soviet map reflects a specific changing technoscientific object located on the border of Nature and Society.

The aspects of the innovation of the military-industrial complex and its significance for the national security of Russia

Sociopolitical sciences ◽

10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-1-15-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 15-20

Author(s):

Irina Orlova ◽

Artem Sukharev ◽

Maria Sukhareva ◽

Mikhail Deikun

Keyword(s):

National Security ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Defense Industry ◽

World Market ◽

Modern World ◽

High Tech ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

The main objective of the article is to substantiate a systematic approach to the introduction of all types of innovations in the development of the military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the modern world it is especially important to ensure the national security of the country and the defense industry plays a crucial role in this. At the same time, one cannot but note the importance of the defense industry in the production of high-tech civilian products and dual-use products, which enhances the country's competitiveness in the world market. In addition, the relevance of the topic is due to the presence of rather serious problems in the Russian defense industry, which require immediate resolution. The article uses the methodology of structurally functional analysis, the institutional approach and the method of comparative assessments. The authors conclude that technological innovation alone will not be able to achieve strategic results for ensuring national security, only in conjunction with organizational, product, social and marketing innovations, the domestic defense industry is able to solve its tasks.

Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences ◽

Olonets Metal Works as a Centre of Military Production in Russian Historiography

10.37482/2687-1505-v070 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 5-20

Author(s):

Timofey V. Alekseev ◽

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Of Innovations ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Military Industry ◽

Organizational Experience ◽

Production Experience ◽

History Of ◽

The Military ◽

Military Production

The paper deals with the history of the Olonets metal works – one of the centres of military industry in pre-revolutionary Russia. It aimed to analyse the views of Russian researchers on the problems of military production at these plants and their role in providing the army and navy with weapons in the 18th – еarly 20th centuries. The works of the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods were studied. The relevance of this research is substantiated by the need for an in-depth examination of such a phenomenon in Russian history as the military-industrial complex and its prototype represented by the military industry of pre-revolutionary Russia. The article is focused on the way Russian historiography presents the organization of military production at the Olonets metal works, their technical reconstruction in order to master the production of brand new types of weapons, as well as the role of foreign specialists and foreign technical, technological and organizational experience in this process. The study revealed some important features of the Olonets metal works operation: the use of the economy’s mobilization mechanisms for their creation, their role as a transmitter of military production experience to other Russian regions, the influence of non-economic factors on the existence of military industry enterprises, as well as the effect and significance of diffusion of innovations in military industry. It is concluded that the final period in the history of the Olonets metal works (late 19th – early 20th centuries) is poorly reflected in Russian historiography. In addition, the research points out the need for a comprehensive work on the history of military production at the Olonets metal works in general.

The effectiveness of the project management application analysis in the Kazakhstani defense industrial complex holding

Problems and Perspectives in Management ◽

10.21511/ppm.18(3).2020.12 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 141-149

Author(s):

Alizhan Tulembayev ◽

Aliya Adilova ◽

Askhat Serikbekuly ◽

Dina Seidaliyeva ◽

Yerlan Shildibekov

Keyword(s):

Project Management ◽

Defense Industry ◽

Project Planning ◽

Average Score ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Management Planning ◽

Planning Processes ◽

The Republic ◽

Nowadays, leading world companies widely use methodology, standards, and project management tools in many areas of project-oriented activities, including investment, innovation, and information projects. Last years the implementation and functioning of the country’s enterprises’ project management system have been actively discussed in Kazakhstan.This work aims to identify critical processes of project management planning that affect the effectiveness of projects at the enterprise of the military-industrial complex of Kazakhstan. For this purpose, a survey of top managers of defense industry companies was conducted. A total of 28 respondents were interviewed, working at 18 enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan and directly participating in the implementation of projects. Data were personally collected by a questionnaire survey conducted during 2019. To verify the formulated model’s assumptions and success, correlation analysis, and other relevant tests were used. Using the model of project management planning quality (PMPQ), process efficiency has been assessed, and critical factors for the effectiveness of defense industry projects have also been identified. The results show that the Republic of Kazakhstan’s defense industry complex projects has a low level of efficiency and an average score for the use of project planning processes. Project efficiency evaluation has also revealed critical knowledge areas for defense projects like human resource management, schedule development, and define scope. The research expands knowledge in PM, revealing the importance of planning processes for the defense industry that need more focus to achieve top-level success and effectiveness of projects. AcknowledgmentThis study is the second part of grant AP05134488 that has been funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Research on Stable Forming of Titanium Alloy Bar Using Three-Roll Skew Rolling

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.837 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1095 ◽

pp. 837-841 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Guang Xing Huang ◽

Bao Shou Sun ◽

Wen Fei Peng ◽

Xue Dao Shu ◽

Wang Lu

Keyword(s):

Titanium Alloy ◽

High Strength ◽

Aviation Industry ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Market Demand ◽

Current Production ◽

Volume Production ◽

Skew Rolling ◽

Titanium alloy with high strength, corrosion resistance, heat resistance and many other advantages has widely applications in aviation industry and the military-industrial complex. The market demand for titanium alloy increases year by year. However, the rolling technology for small size titanium rod is not mature due to its poor plasticity and difficult processing. In addition, current titanium alloy bar can not meet the high-end market requirements, it still largely dependents on imports now. Developing high-quality titanium bars is a major aim of titanium industry in our country in the future. Three-roll rolling is one of mature methods in current production of titanium alloy bars. Using this processing method for rolling titanium alloy bars, multi-standard, low-volume production requirements can be achieved.