scholarly journals Metaphorisation and Metonimisation as Tools of Semantic Derivation (Based on English Coursebooks on Economics)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-82
Author(s):  
S. P. Anokhina
Keyword(s):  
Field Structure ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Context Analysis ◽  
Economic Discourse ◽  
Cognitive Metaphor ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given ◽  
Mixed Types

The paper studies two types of indirect (secondary) nomination: simulative and indicative ones, exemplified by extracts from English coursebooks on economics. The similative nomination is actualised through functional transfer, which is interpreted as a separate kind of metaphor termed “actional metaphor”. The analysis of indicative nomination is focused on metonymy and synecdoche (as its closely related device), which is conditioned by the same transfer principle on the basis of an essential attribute. The semantic derivates are considered in sentences representing such logic thought form as definition, which allows to reveal the metaphoric and metonymic processes in the field of English economic terminology.The research discloses the interrelations between the analysed term models and their functions as designators for target and source domains on the one hand, and cognitive metaphor types (ontological and conceptual), on the other hand. The author comes to the conclusion that both types can have either simple or complicated structure. Similarly, there are simple and complicated metonymies. These phenomena make the peculiarities of the given economic discourse when considered from the angle of semantic derivation. The tendency to the uniform secondary semiotic code in term metaphor description can be viewed as another valid peculiarity of economic discourse.With regard to the indicative secondary nomination, the main findings are as follows: the metonymic lexis is organized as a chain opposition: terms and nomens – terms – terms and common lexis – common lexis. The mechanism of forming “mixed” kinds of the indirect nomination, i.e. metaphtonymy and synecdoche-metonymy, is revealed in the course of the context analysis. This leads the author to a hypothetical argument that it is the actional metaphor that underlies these mixed types of semantic derivatives.Both types of the secondary nomination have a systemic nature: metaphor is described in other system units; metonymies have field structure and are actualised through specific oppositions.

scholarly journals Modalization of Speech Actions as the Basis of the Metaphoric Transfer (on the Example of German Economic Discourse)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-136
Author(s):  
I. A. Shipova ◽  
N. V. Badaeva
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Economic Discourse ◽  
Cognitive Metaphor ◽  
Modal Frame ◽  
Traditional Grammar ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Empirical Material ◽  
Broad Understanding

The question of the nature of speech modalization has been repeatedly considered in linguistics from various positions, which is partially reflected in the text of the article. The authors of the publication propose to look at the points of intersection of the process of metaphorization of statements within the framework of one type of discourse with the expression of the author's attitude to and/or assessment of its content. To substantiate the validity of this approach, the authors refer to the methodology of logical analysis of language, the theory of intersubjectivity and the theory of evaluativity, linking cognitive methods of analyzing the process of metaphorization with a broad understanding of the category of modality. This formulation of the problem fits into the modern scientific paradigm of interdisciplinarity and the actualization of interdisciplinary relations, which reflects the relevance of the proposed text. The scientific novelty of the topic is an attempt to determine the correlation of the category of modality in its axiological and ideological aspects with metaphorization as a means of actualizing evaluativity in economic discourse. Commonly, denoting phenomena, processes or results is not limited to their nomination, but the producer of the utterance gives them a modal assessment. The empirical material containing fragments of texts of the German-language mass media on economic topics reflects the validity of the proposed interpretation of the issue, shows the potential relationship of phenomena in the intersection of various connotative meanings of a cognitive metaphor, potentially serving to express the attitude to the proposition of an utterance at the level of intersubjective assessments that create a modal frame of the text. The given examples clearly demonstrate that cognitive metaphors in various forms of their implementation could serve to express ideological modality from the standpoint of intersubjectivity, since the producer of the text relies on the reflection of a fragment of reality in the communicative and cognitive activity of subjects of the national-cultural community of people. The article recognizes a certain ambiguity of the proposed interpretation of the category of modality, which is considered in the traditional grammar as an expression of possibility, ought and desirability, or as a confidence, doubt and assertion that the action is carried out at different time levels using phrases with modal verbs, modal words or adverbs, particles, etc. Thus, the article can be considered as an indirect invitation to a discussion on the issue.

THE EU SUGAR MARKET PROFILE AND ITS MAIN DRIVERS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubos SMUTKA ◽  
Irena BENEŠOVÁ ◽  
Patrik ROVNÝ ◽  
Renata MATYSIK-PEJAS
Keyword(s):  
Market Failure ◽  
Current System ◽  
Quota System ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Sugar Market ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Production Capacities ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Eu

Sugar is one of the most important elements in human nutrition. The Common Market Organisation for sugar has been a subject of considerable debate since its establishment in 1968. The European agricultural market has been criticized for its heavy regulations and subsidization. The sugar market is one of the most regulated ones; however, this will change radically in 2017 when the current system of production quotas will end. The current EU sugar market changed is structure during the last several decades. The significant number of companies left the market and EU internal sugar market became more concentrated. The aim of this paper is presentation characteristics of sugar market with respect to the supposed market failure – reduction in competition. The analysis also identifies the main drivers and determinants of the EU especially quota sugar market. In relation to paper’s aim the following results are important. The present conditions of the European sugar market have led to market failure when nearly 75 % (10 million tonnes) of the quota is controlled by five multinational companies only. These multinational alliances (especially German and French one) are also taking control over the production capacities of their subsidiaries. In most countries, this causes serious problems as the given quota is controlled by one or two producers only. This is a significant indicator of market imperfection. The quota system cannot overcome the problem of production quotas on the one hand and the demand on the other; furthermore, it also leads to economic inefficiency. The current EU sugar market is under the control of only Sudzucker, Nordzucker, Pfeifer and Langen, Tereos and ABF.

Quasi-Periodic Control Technique for Minimizing Fuel Consumption During Record Vehicle Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Sulikowski ◽  
Ryszard Maronski
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Optimal Control Theory ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Aeronautical Engineering ◽  
The One ◽  
Optimal Driving ◽  
The Given ◽  
Engine Power

The problem of the optimal driving technique during the fuel economy competition is reconsidered. The vehicle is regarded as a particle moving on a trace with a variable slope angle. The fuel consumption is minimized as the vehicle covers the given distance in a given time. It is assumed that the run consists of two recurrent phases: acceleration with a full available engine power and coasting down with the engine turned off. The most fuel-efficient technique for shifting gears during acceleration is found. The decision variables are: the vehicle velocities at which the gears should be shifted, on the one hand, and the vehicle velocities when the engine should be turned on and off, on the other hand. For the data of students’ vehicle representing the Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering it has been found that such driving strategy is more effective in comparison with a constant speed strategy with the engine partly throttled, as well as a strategy resulting from optimal control theory when the engine is still active.

scholarly journals Emulating the local Kuramoto model with an injection-locked photonic crystal laser array

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naotomo Takemura ◽  
Kenta Takata ◽  
Masato Takiguchi ◽  
Masaya Notomi
Keyword(s):  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Multiple Quantum Well ◽  
Kuramoto Model ◽  
Multiple Quantum ◽  
Laser Array ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The One ◽  
The Kuramoto Model

AbstractThe Kuramoto model is a mathematical model for describing the collective synchronization phenomena of coupled oscillators. We theoretically demonstrate that an array of coupled photonic crystal lasers emulates the Kuramoto model with non-delayed nearest-neighbor coupling (the local Kuramoto model). Our novel strategy employs indirect coupling between lasers via additional cold cavities. By installing cold cavities between laser cavities, we avoid the strong coupling of lasers and realize ideal mutual injection-locking with effective non-delayed dissipative coupling. First, after discussing the limit cycle interpretation of laser oscillation, we demonstrate the synchronization of two indirectly coupled lasers by numerically simulating coupled-mode equations. Second, by performing a phase reduction analysis, we show that laser dynamics in the proposed device can be mapped to the local Kuramoto model. Finally, we briefly demonstrate that a chain of indirectly coupled photonic crystal lasers actually emulates the one-dimensional local Kuramoto chain. We also argue that our proposed structure, which consists of periodically aligned cold cavities and laser cavities, will best be realized by using state-of-the-art buried multiple quantum well photonic crystals.

scholarly journals XXIII.—On the Disruptive Discharge of Electricity: An Experimental Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Science, Department A

1878 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 633-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Copper Wire ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Summer Session ◽  
The Difference ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The One ◽  
Metallic Parts ◽  
The University

The experiments to which I shall refer were carried out in the physical laboratory of the University during the late summer session. I was ably assisted in conducting the experiments by three students of the laboratory,—Messrs H. A. Salvesen, G. M. Connor, and D. E. Stewart. The method which was used of measuring the difference of potential required to produce a disruptive discharge of electricity under given conditions, is that described in a paper communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1876 in the names of Mr J. A. Paton, M. A., and myself, and was suggested to me by Professor Tait as a means of attacking the experimental problems mentioned below.The above sketch which I took of the apparatus in situ may facilitate tha description of the method. The receiver of an air-pump, having a rod capable of being moved air-tight up and down through the neck, was attached to one of the conductors of a Holtz machine in such a manner that the conductor of the machine and the rod formed one conducting system. Projecting from the bottom of the receiver was a short metallic rod, forming one conductor with the metallic parts of the air-pump, and by means of a chain with the uninsulated conductor of the Holtz machine. Brass balls and discs of various sizes were made to order, capable of being screwed on to the ends of the rods. On the table, and at a distance of about six feet from the receiver, was a stand supporting two insulated brass balls, the one fixed, the other having one degree of freedom, viz., of moving in a straight line in the plane of the table. The fixed insulated ball A was made one conductor with the insulated conductor of the Holtz and the rod of the receiver, by means of a copper wire insulated with gutta percha, having one end stuck firmly into a hole in the collar of the receiver, and having the other fitted in between the glass stem and the hollow in the ball, by which it fitted on to the stem tightly. A thin wire similarly fitted in between the ball B and its insulating stem connected the ball with the insulated half ring of a divided ring reflecting electrometer.

"THE SYNTHESIS OF WAR AND THEATRE": SOCIO-HUMANITARIAN DISCOURSE ON THE ESSENCE OF TERRORISM

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Irina V Malygina ◽  
◽  
Anna V Malygina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Terrorism ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
The Status ◽  
World Cultural Heritage ◽  
The One ◽  
Strategic Object ◽  
The Given

The article reveals the heuristic potential of social and humanitarian knowledge in understanding the complex nature of terrorism. The given research optics allows to expand traditional frameworks of considering terrorism as a phenomenon caused by political, ideological and economic factors; to reveal and substantiate deep cultural and mental reasons of the given phenomenon; make sense of terrorism as a destructive form of cultural identity. The cultural and historical origins of modern terrorism, which is closely connected with radical Islam, are analyzed in the civilizational system of coordinates “West–East”. The system of argumentation is based on scientific concepts and current artistic practices that interpret the causes of inter-civilizational tension resulting in international terrorism. The change of the status of the artist in the “epoch of terrorism” is analyzed; the theme of theatricalization and aestheticization of terrorist actions and the role of media in these processes are problematized. As a newest trend, which has not received any serious theoretical reflection, the text considers the phenomenon conditionally designated as “sublimation of terrorist activity into a symbolic sphere”, which is manifested in the destruction of monuments of world cultural heritage, in the orientation to culture as a new strategic object of terrorist attacks, on the one hand, and the use of cultural resources for self-presentation and promotion of their ideology by terrorist organizations, on the other

scholarly journals Dietary fat intake in healthy adolescents: inverse relationships between the estimated intake of saturated fatty acids and serum cholesterol

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gösta Samuelson ◽  
Lars-Erik Bratteby ◽  
Rawya Mohsen ◽  
Bengt Vessby
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Esters ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The One

The objective of the present study was to describe the intake of dietary fatty acids among healthy 15-year-old boys and girls and to relate the intake of specific fatty acids and the fatty acid composition of the serum cholesterol esters to serum lipid, apolipoprotein (Apo) and insulin concentrations respectively. Fifty-two girls and forty-two boys were randomly selected from the official population register. Unexpectedly, significant inverse associations were found between the dietary content of saturated fatty acids with a chain length of four to fifteen C atoms, mainly derived from milk fat, as well as the corresponding fatty acids in the serum cholesterol esters, on the one hand and the serum concentrations of cholesterol and ApoB on the other. The estimated dietary intake of 4:0–10:0, 12:0 and 14:0 respectively, were all significantly inversely related to the serum cholesterol (r-0.32,r-0.31,r-0.30, all P<0.05) and ApoB (r-0.42,r-0.42, andr-0.40, all P<0.05) concentrations in girls and 12:0 to the ApoB concentration (r-0.55, P<0.01) in boys. The proportions of 12:0 and 15:0 in the serum cholesterol esters were negatively correlated with the serum cholesterol concentrations in both girls (r-0.34,r-0.32, P<0.05) and boys (r-0.53, P<0.01;r-0.32, P<0.05) and with the ApoB concentrations among boys (r-0.61, P<0.01;r-0.43, P<0.05). It is conceivable that milk fat contains or is associated with some component in the diet, or some other characteristics of the food intake, which counterbalances the expected positive relationships between saturated fat intake and lipid levels.

Influence of Food and Larval Age on the Defensive Chemistry of Satumia pyri

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhold Deml
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Larval Instars ◽  
Defensive Chemistry ◽  
Crataegus Monogyna ◽  
Secondary Compound ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given

Abstract Scolus secretions and hemolymph of caterpillars of Satumia pyri fed with two different foodplants (Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa) were chemically analyzed and their chemical similarities determined. The secondary-compound patterns obtained for the two body fluids showed no significant differences when compared between the two groups of alterna­ tively fed last-instar larvae. Thus, the composition of these fluids of full-grown caterpillars is not influenced by the larval diet. However, younger larvae on P. spinosa revealed a diversity of compounds differing significantly from that of larger caterpillars fed with either C. mono­gyna (both body fluids) or P. spinosa (hemolymph only). This indicates that, on the one hand, the hemolymph composition is adapted to the changing physiological requirements of the given instars whereas, on the other hand, the defensive mixtures remain unaltered in the late larval instars due to a constant spectrum of potential enemies.

Multidimensional regular C-fraction with independent variables corresponding to formal multiple power series

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 1853-1870 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Dmytryshyn
Keyword(s):  
Power Series ◽  
Continued Fractions ◽  
Numerical Experiments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Classical Algorithm ◽  
Multiple Power ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given ◽  
Multiple Power Series

AbstractIn the paper the correspondence between a formal multiple power series and a special type of branched continued fractions, the so-called ‘multidimensional regular C-fractions with independent variables’ is analysed providing with an algorithm based upon the classical algorithm and that enables us to compute from the coefficients of the given formal multiple power series, the coefficients of the corresponding multidimensional regular C-fraction with independent variables. A few numerical experiments show, on the one hand, the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and, on the other, the power and feasibility of the method in order to numerically approximate certain multivariable functions from their formal multiple power series.

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