Assessing the demographic situation in single-industry cities: The Nizhny Novgorod agglomeration case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-879
Author(s):  
Mariya A. NIKONOVA ◽  
Ekaterina V. AKINFEEVA
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Industry Specialization ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Novgorod Oblast ◽  
Effective Governance ◽  
Agglomeration Effect ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Subject. This article deals with the issues of development of the economy of monocities and creation of agglomerations. Objectives. The article aims to assess the impact of an urban agglomeration on changing the demographic situation in the monocities that make up its membership. Methods. Examining the data of the Federal State Statistics Service, and official websites of the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and monocities under consideration, we used a comparative analysis. Results. Manufacturing and agriculture are the basis of the industry specialization of the monocities under consideration. During the period 2018–2020, the demographic situation in the monocities of the Nizhny Novgorod metropolitan area has not changed much. Conclusions. To include a monocity in the metropolitan area, its various features should be considered. Comprehensive institutional measures to create effective governance models are necessary to heighten an agglomeration effect.

Federation of Malaysia

2019 ◽  
pp. 125-158
Author(s):  
Daniel Pascoe
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Judicial Discretion ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Capital Cases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

As with Chapters 3 and 4, the case study on Malaysia begins with a thorough description of the country’s death penalty laws and practice, and Malaysia’s publicly known clemency practice over the period under analysis (1991–2016). Thereafter, for both the Malaysian (Chapter 5) and Indonesian (Chapter 6) cases, the potential explanatory factors for clemency incidence are more complex than for Thailand and Singapore, given these two jurisdictions’ more moderate rates of capital clemency and fluctuating political policies on capital punishment over time. Available statistics suggest that Malaysia’s clemency rate is moderately high, at between 55 and 63 per cent of finalized capital cases. Malaysia is a federal state where pardons are granted by the hereditary rulers or appointed state governors in state-based cases, or by the Malaysian king (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) in federal and security cases, all on the advice of specially constituted Pardons Boards. Chapter 5 presents the following two explanations for Malaysia’s restrictions on death penalty clemency: prosecutorial/judicial discretion and detention without trial in capital cases, and the Federal Attorney-General’s constitutional role on the State and Federal Pardons Boards. As to why Malaysia’s clemency rate has not then fallen to the miniscule level seen in neighbouring Singapore (with both nations closely comparable, as they were once part of the same Federation of Malaya), Chapter 5 points to the relevant paperwork placed before each Pardons Board, the merciful role played by the Malay monarchy, and the impact of excessively long stays on death row before clemency decisions are reached.

Key vectors for improving the activity of regional bodies of the Federal Treasury given the integrated management of public finance

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2364-2384
Author(s):  
M.L. Nechaeva ◽  
D.A. Kiotova
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Municipal Finance ◽  
Novgorod Oblast ◽  
Finance Management ◽  
Economic Method ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

Subject. The article focuses on a set of financial and budgetary relations existing in regional bodies of the federal treasury, inter alia, in public finance management. Objectives. We search for new tools and available methods to enhance the performance and efficiency of the Federal Treasury bodies, illustrating the operation of the Federal Treasury for the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Methods. The study is based in general methods (the analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization), specific research (special) methods (economic analysis, statistical-economic method). Results. We devised the methodological framework to pinpoint vectors to follow ensuring the development of treasury system. As part of the study, we discovered two main factors to improve the activity of the Department of the Federal Treasury for the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, such as Factor 1 – The Automated Finance Management System, Factor 2 – Financial Forecast. Considering the impact of the factors, we can determine what can be done to strategically manage public and municipal finance. Based on the studies, we can recommend steps to enhance the performance of the treasury system. Conclusions and Relevance. To implement Factor 1, we suggest setting the single identification and authentication system, which will help outline the public and municipal finance management strategy during turbulent times. To implement Factor 2, we propose methodological principles for forecasting of public finance, which will be based on the time series analysis so as to evaluate patters and dependencies and subsequently make up a model for further trend forecast. The findings will be useful for executives of the Federal Treasury offices and professionals delegated to manage public finance. Furthermore, the findings can underlie further research on economics and finance.

Effectiveness of Barriers at Suicide Jumping Sites: A Case Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette L. Beautrais
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Central City ◽  
Young Male ◽  
National Database ◽  
Extreme Caution ◽  
Safety Barriers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Objectives: Suicide safety barriers were removed from a central city bridge in an Australasian metropolitan area in 1996 after having been in place for 60 years. The bridge is a known suicide site and is located adjacent to the region's largest hospital, which includes an acute inpatient psychiatric unit. This paper examines the impact of the removal of these barriers on suicide rates. Method: Data for suicide deaths by jumping from the bridge in question, from 1992to 2000, were obtained from the regional City Police Inquest Office. Data for suicide deaths by jumping from other sites in the metropolitan area in question, from 1992 to 1998, were obtained from the national health statistics database. Case history data about each suicide death by jumping in the metropolitan area in question, from 1994 to 1998, were abstracted from coronial files held by a national database. Results: Removal of safety barriers led to an immediate and substantial increase in both the numbers and rate of suicide by jumping from the bridge in question. In the 4 years following the removal of the barriers (compared with the previous 4 years) the number of suicides increased substantially, from three to 15 (χ2 = 8, df = 1, p < 0.01); the rate of such deaths increased also (χ2 = 6.6, df = 1, p < 0.01). The majority of those who died by jumping from the bridge following the removal of the safety barriers were young male psychiatric patients, with psychotic illnesses. Following the removal of the barriers from the bridge the rate of suicide by jumping in the metropolitan area in question did not change but the pattern of suicides by jumping in the city changed significantly with more suicides from the bridge in question and fewer at other sites. Conclusions: Removal of safety barriers from a known suicide site led to a substantial increase in the numbers of suicide deaths by jumping from that site. These findings appear to strengthen the case for installation of safety barriers at suicide sites in efforts to prevent suicide deaths, and also suggest the need for extreme caution about the removal of barriers from known jumping sites.

scholarly journals Assessing Urban Greenness Fragmentation and Analysis of Its Associated Factors: A Case Study in Wuhan Metropolitan Area, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 760
Author(s):  
Husheng Fang ◽  
Moquan Sha ◽  
Wenjuan Lin ◽  
Dai Qiu ◽  
Zongyao Sha
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Urban Vegetation ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Wuhan Metropolitan Area ◽  
The Impact

Green vegetation plays a vital role in urban ecosystem services. Rapid urbanization often tends to induce urban vegetation cover fragmentation (UVCF) in cities and suburbs. Mapping the changes in the structure (aggregation) and abundance of urban vegetation cover helps to make improved policies for sustainable urban development. In this paper, a new distance-based landscape indicator to UVCF, Frag, was proposed first. Unlike many other landscape indicators, Frag measures UVCF by considering simultaneously both the structure and abundance of vegetation cover at local scales, and thus provides a more comprehensive perspective in understanding the spatial distribution patterns in urban greenness cover. As a case study, the urban greenness fragmentation indicated by Frag was demonstrated in Wuhan metropolitan area (WMA), China in 2015 and 2020. Support vector machine (SVM) was then designed to examine the impact on the Frag changes from the associated factors, including urbanization and terrain characteristics (elevation and slope). The Frag changes were mapped at different scales and modeled by SVM from the selected factors, which reasonably explained the Frag changes. Sensitivity analysis for the SVM model revealed that urbanization showed the most dominant factor for the Frag changes, followed by terrain elevation and slope. We conclude that Frag is an effective scale-dependent indicator to UVCF that can reflect changes in the structure and abundance of urban vegetation cover, and that modeling the impact of the associated factors on UVCF via the Frag indicator can provide essential information for urban planners.

scholarly journals Renewal of small cities in European Russia (case study of Borovichi, Vyksa, Rostov)

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
M. S. Gunko ◽  
G. A. Pivovar ◽  
K. V. Averkieva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Development ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Novgorod Oblast ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
The City ◽  
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast

The current study is aimed at the analysis of local development with a focus on the renewal processes in small cities of European Russia. Renewal refers to the introduction of positive changes trough re-opening and re-imagining existing urban areas. Due to the lack of adequate statistical data, we access renewal using a qualitative approach, through the analysis of the material form the cityscape, which is not only an indicator of the socio-economic situation in the city but also helps to understand the distribution of power relations within it. Empirical data were obtained in three small single-industry towns located remote from major centres Borovichi (Novgorod oblast), Vyksa (Nizhny Novgorod oblast), Rostov (Yaroslavl oblast). The results of the study suggest that the zone of transformation, successful emergence of the new and change of the old in small cities, is each time unique. Transformation occurs since cities are in search of their own way out of the structural crisis, struggling not only to provide the economic minimum but also to change the cityscape and everyday life. The main actors of this process are private from large to small business, as well as the local communities. While the role of the local administration due to the lack of resources is, most often, restricted to creating a functioning communication platform to address the interests of the main actors.

scholarly journals The impact of state taxes on the development and growth of the trucking industry

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Thomas Lambert ◽  
Hokey Min
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Location Decisions ◽  
Trucking Industry ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Vehicle Usage ◽  
State Taxes ◽  
The Impact

The presence of certain state taxes is believed to have a negative impact on truck registration and the location decisions of trucking firms. For example, in a metropolitan area that covers two or more states, a trucking firm might not choose to locate in the county that is in close proximity to the metropolitan area’s business districts, population centers, and largest concentration of customers, if that county is in a state that imposes the taxes. Instead, it might choose to locate in a county that belongs to another state that does not impose such taxes as long as that county is adjacent to the metropolitan area’s most industrialized districts. This paper examines the impact that state taxes have on the very competitive trucking industry. Through a case study of Kentucky, we illustrate how state taxes such as the motor vehicle usage tax and the weight distance tax can adversely affect the trucking firm’s decisions in registering and plating trucks, and in locating its facilities.

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