LIFE AVERAGE DAILY DOSE OF RADIUM-226 ON SOME WATER SAMPLES COLLECTED AT GIRI AND KUJE AREA OF ABUJA, NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA

Background:NSAIDs remain the first-line drugs in treatment of AS. During pregnancy, COX-2 non-selective NSAIDs are allowed for intake up to 32 weeks, but the question of the dose-dependent effect of NSAIDs on fetal organogenesis in the 1st trimester and on fetal kidney function and the increased risk of bleeding in childbirth when taken in the second half of pregnancy continues to be discussed. At the same time, data on the effectiveness of NSAIDs, including their low and medium doses, during pregnancy are extremely small.Objectives:to describe the frequency of using NSAIDs during pregnancy, to determine relationship between the dose of NSAIDs, adherence to therapy with the activity of AS.Methods:50 pregnancies were followed in 49 pregnant women with confirmed AS (modified New York criteria, 1984). The average age of the pts was 31.6 ± 4.9 years, the duration of the disease was 134.4 ± 85.8 months. The visits were conducted at 10-11, 20-21, and 31-32 weeks of pregnancy. The BASDAI in the month of conception and in the trimesters (trim.) of pregnancy was: 1,4[0,6; 3,3]; 2,3[1,2; 4,4]; 2,8[1,4; 4,2] and 2,2[1,6; 4,0], respectively. The level of nocturnal back pain according to the NRS in the first, second and third trim. was: 3.2±2.0; 5.4±2.5 and 5.2±2.6, respectively. The drug of choice was ibuprofen at a maximum daily dose of 1200 mg, its withdrawal - no later than 32 weeks of pregnancy.Adherence to NSAID therapy was defined as the ratio of the actual dose taken to the prescribed dose; an indicator of less than 80% was regarded as non-adherence to therapy. The total dose of NSAIDs was determined by the NSAID intake index (M. Dougados, 2001). The” actual daily dose” of ibuprofen was the sum of the doses of ibuprofen taken, divided by the number of actual days of taking the drug. The “average daily dose” was defined as the sum of the ibuprofen doses taken, divided by the number of days in the trimester.Results:At the time of conception and in the first, second and third trim. of pregnancy, NSAIDs were taken 23 (46%), 20 (40%), 30 (60%) and 21 (43.8%) women, respectively. The NSAID intake index, the actual and average daily dose of ibuprofen are shown in the Table 1.month of conceptiontrim. 1trim. 2trim. 3the actual daily dose, mg-700[425; 800]800[400; 1000]750[400; 1200]the average daily dose, mg-158[87,9; 307,7]355,1[138,5; 685,7]580[320; 1200]NSAIDs intake index28,6 [16,7; 50]5,8 [2,9; 11,8]15,5 [4,7; 30,9]24,4 [9,5; 50]The index of NSAID intake in the first trim. was lower than before pregnancy and in the second half of gestation (p<0.05 compared to the month of conception, II and III trim.). The average daily dose of ibuprofen was also lower in the first trim. than in the second and third trim. (p<0.05), while the actual daily dose in the second trim. was higher than in the first and third trim. (p<0.05 in all cases).There was no correlation between BASDAI AS activity, the level of nocturnal pain and the ibuprofen intake index, likewise the fact of NSAID withdrawal throughout pregnancy. In addition, there were no differences in BASDAI levels and back pain in women with a subjective need for NSAIDs, who did and did’t take ibuprofen.50% of women were committed to NSAID therapy in the first trim., 43.5% in the second trim., and 67.4% in the third trim. In pts with non-adherence to NSAID therapy, the BASDAI level was higher than in those who followed the recommendations of the rheumatologist throughout pregnancy: in the first trim. – 3.8[3.4; 4.7] and 1.7[0.8; 2.2]; in the second trim. - 3[2.3; 4.6] and 1.4[0.8; 2.7]; in the third trim. - 3.1[2.1; 4.0] and 1.7[1.1; 4.0], p<0.05 in all cases. However, women with adherence > 80% were initially less active and NSAIDs were prescribed “on demand”, which increased their compliance.Conclusion:intake of ibuprofen in low doses does not affect the activity of AS. Due to the ongoing discussion about the effect of NSAIDs on neonatal outcomes, further international studies are required for development an optimal treatment regimen during pregnancy with a possible extension of the indications for the appointment of TNF inhibitors (BASDAI<4).Disclosure of Interests:None declared.

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Letters to the Editor

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.52.3.469a ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 469-469

Author(s):

Daniel Safer ◽

Richard P. Allen

Keyword(s):

Significant Relationship ◽

Dose Range ◽

Growth Suppression ◽

Average Daily Dose ◽

Letters To The Editor ◽

Daily Dose

You are quite correct; the dose of dextroamphetamine was not included in the paper.1 The daily dose range for dextroamphetamine was 5 to 40 mg. The average daily dose was 12.4 mg. Fifty-four percent of the children received this medication during the summer, and 10% received the medication three times daily. There was no significant relationship between the dose of dextroamphetamine and growth suppression, a finding presented in Table IV of the paper. We do not know if doses less than 5 mg daily are nonsuppressive of growth.

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Abstract 187: Loop Diuretic Therapy in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure among Premier Hospitals

Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes ◽

10.1161/circoutcomes.5.suppl_1.a187 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Behnood Bikdeli ◽

Kelly Strait ◽

Kumar Dharmarajan ◽

Chohreh Partovian ◽

Nancy Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Loop Diuretic ◽

Acute Decompensated Heart Failure ◽

Diuretic Therapy ◽

Loop Diuretics ◽

High Rate ◽

Average Daily Dose ◽

Duration Of Therapy ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Hospital Use

Background: Although loop diuretics are frequently used for patients with heart failure (HF), little is known about the variation in patterns of diuretic therapy in US hospitals. We sought to describe such treatment patterns among a diverse group of hospitals. Methods: We studied HF hospitalizations occurring during 2009-10 in Premier Inc. hospitals participating in a collaborative project to pool administrative and charge data, which includes information about drug types, average daily dose, and duration of therapy. We excluded hospitals with less than 25 HF hospitalizations. For ease of comparison, all diuretic doses were converted to bioequivalent doses of intravenous (IV) furosemide: 40mg IV furosemide ∼ 80mg oral furosemide ∼ 20mg (oral or IV) torsemide ∼ 1mg (oral or IV) bumetanide. Summary statistics were calculated. Results: Among 366 studied hospitals (264,675 HF hospitalizations), use of any loop diuretic had an interquartile range (IQR) from 92% to 96% (median: 94%). At the hospital level, the average daily dose IQR varied from 45mg to 64 mg (median: 55 mg) and the median duration of therapy was 4 days (IQR: 4 to 4; median: 4), as was the median length of stay. The IQR for use of furosemide varied from 89% to 94% (median: 92%), and its median average daily dose had an IQR from 40mg to 60 mg (median: 53 mg). Hospital use of bumetanide had an IQR from 2% to 11%, and hospital use of torsemide had an IQR from 0% to 4% (medians of 5% and 1%, respectively). The variation in median average daily dose for bumetanide and torsemide was greater than for furosemide (bumetanide IQR: 79mg to 127 mg, with median of 89 mg; torsemide IQR: 53mg to 120 mg, with median of 80 mg). Use of IV diuretics on the last day before home discharge had an IQR from 16% to 33% (median: 24%) across hospitals. Conclusion: US hospitals administer loop diuretics, particularly furosemide, to the vast majority of HF inpatients. The duration and daily dosage of therapy was similar across most hospitals. In contrast, a minority of hospitals used bumetanide and torsemide for several patients. The daily dosage of these agents showed more marked variation. We observed a high rate of intravenous diuretic use on the last day of hospitalization, with considerable variation across hospitals.

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Equations for Calculating Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) for Various Routes of Exposure1

Paradigms Lost ◽

10.1016/b978-075067888-9/50022-3 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 535-538

Keyword(s):

Average Daily Dose ◽

Daily Dose

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THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF NEUTRONS AND X-RAYS ON THE WHOLE BODY

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.66.6.667 ◽

1937 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 667-688 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

John H. Lawrence ◽

Robert Tennant

Keyword(s):

Normal Tissue ◽

Whole Body ◽

X Rays ◽

Average Daily Dose ◽

Tissue Destruction ◽

Delayed Effects ◽

Long Period ◽

Tolerance Dose ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Small Doses

Irradiation of the whole bodies of mice with neutron rays in sufficient quantities, leads to a clinical, bacteriological and anatomical picture similar to that following Roentgen irradiation. The mucosa of the small intestine and the lymphoid and hemapoietic tissues are the most radiosensitive. The mechanism of death after both forms of radiation seems to be a combination of tissue destruction and enterogenous infection, the former predominating in the acute deaths after large doses. Aside from any possible delayed effects from exposure to small doses over a long period of time, concerning which we have no information, these changes after relatively large doses make it imperative that workers in laboratories generating neutrons protect themselves from exposure by screening. For the same amount of ionization measured by a small bakelite-walled thimble chamber, neutrons are more biologically destructive than x-rays. The average daily dose to those working with neutrons should not exceed one-fourth of the tolerance dose accepted for x-rays. Whether daily doses of this magnitude, over a long period of time, will result in damage is not known. Also, if neutrons are tried therapeutically normal tissue must be protected from undue irradiation.

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Bioavailability, Average Daily Dose and Risk of Heavy Metals in Soils from Children Playgrounds Within Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Chemistry Africa ◽

10.1007/s42250-020-00124-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 427-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Evelyn Ngozi Verla ◽

Andrew Wirnkor Verla ◽

Christian Ebere Enyoh

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Average Daily Dose ◽

Imo State ◽

Daily Dose ◽

Heavy Metals In Soils

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PERNICIOUS ANEMIA AND RELATED ANEMIAS TREATED WITH VITAMIN B12

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v4.7.827.827 ◽

1949 ◽

Vol 4 (7) ◽

pp. 827-844 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

EDGAR JONES ◽

WILLIAM J. DARBY ◽

JOHN R. TOTTER

Keyword(s):

Vitamin B12 ◽

Pernicious Anemia ◽

Maximum Rate ◽

Reticulocyte Count ◽

Liver Extract ◽

Average Daily Dose ◽

Quantitative Criterion ◽

Adequate Treatment ◽

Neurologic Involvement ◽

Daily Dose

Abstract Eleven cases treated with vitamin B12 have been presented. Eight patients with pernicious anemia in relapse responded hematologically. Two patients with mild neurologic involvement were relieved by therapy with B12 alone. Consideration of the quantities of the crystalline vitamin required to promote maximal erythropoiesis in pernicious anemia indicates that less than about 0.75 µg. daily in doses at intervals of several days will not suffice to establish and maintain blood values as high as does adequate treatment with liver extract. Parenteral daily doses of 1.0 µg. promoted good erythropoiesis in one patient, although it appears that the maximum rate of hemopoiesis may require the initial average daily dose of approximately 3.0 µg. The reticulocyte count is an unreliable quantitative criterion of activity or adequacy of therapy. It is suggested that hemopoietic factors in addition to PGA and B12 may be required by some patients to obtain maximal erythrocyte levels. Vitamin B12, as well as PGA, effects a reduction in the fecal urobilinogen output of patients with pernicious anemia. The significance of this finding is discussed. No change in urinary excretion of pteroylglutamate or of porphyrin was detected in patients treated with vitamin B12.

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