scholarly journals Air Pollution with Asbestos Fibers in Some Heavy Traffic Areas of Baghdad

2021 ◽  
pp. 2143-2152
Author(s):  
Nahla Sh. Ajeel ◽  
Nada A. Fleeh ◽  
Matham A. Sultan
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Cellulose Ester ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Asbestos Fibers ◽  
Health Organization

     This research was conducted to measure the levels of asbestos fibers in the air of some dense sites of Baghdad city, which were monitored in autumn 2019. Samples collection was conducted via directing air flow to a mixed cellulose ester membrane filter mounted on an open‑faced filter holder using sniffer with a low flow sampling pump. Air samples were collected from four studied areas selected in some high traffic areas of Baghdad city, two of them were located in Karkh (Al-Bayaa and Al-Shurta tunnel) and two in Rusafa (Al-Jadriya and Al-Meshin complex), then analyzed to determine concentrations of asbestos. Measuring of levels of asbestos fibers on the filters was carried out via using scanning electron microscope SEM together with  an energy dispersive X‑ray system (EDS). The results showed that the lowest level was recorded in Al-Jadriya intersection (0.0352 fiber/ml), while the maximum concentration was in Al-Bayaa (0.156 f/ml). Asbestos average concentration in the ambient air of the four studied areas was 0.0718 f/ml, which exceeded the standards of world health organization (WHO) for air which is equal to 0.0022 f/ml. This may be due to the presence of crowded traffic and the occurrence of industries near the city. Therefore, plans such as management of traffic, changing locations of industrial sites, and products substitution can be effective in minimizing the concentrations of airborne fibers.

scholarly journals PM2.5 concentration and meteorological characteristics in Dhaka, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Razib ◽  
AA Nayeem ◽  
MS Hossain ◽  
AK Majumder
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Health Organization

Air quality in Dhaka city is gradually deteriorating due to increase of pollutants in air. This study aims to assess the concentration of particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) and its relationship with meteorological parameters in highly polluted Dhaka city. Data for PM2.5 has been collected from the Air Now Department of State (AirNow DOS) and meteorological data from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD). Study observed that 31.9% of hourly Air Quality Index (AQI) category was unhealthy while the percentage of ‘Good’ was very few. The maximum monthly average concentration was found to be 192.97±89.30 μg/m3 in the month of January while minimum average concentration was 29.98±19.37 μg/m3 in July. Besides, it also found that winter season had highest PM2.5concentration among all seasons. Moreover, the annual concentration was found to be 79.94±75.55 μg/m3 in 2017 which exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) standard. A number of meteorological factors are affecting to this variation. It is also found that rainfall is negatively strong and significantly correlated with the concentration of PM2.5, due to ambient dust are being settle down in the lithosphere. Annual concentration of PM2.5 was 5 times higher than standard level. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 89-98, 2020

scholarly journals Chemical and Biological Components of Urban Aerosols in Africa: Current Status and Knowledge Gaps

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egide Kalisa ◽  
Stephen Archer ◽  
Edward Nagato ◽  
Elias Bizuru ◽  
Kevin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Nitro Derivatives ◽  
Health Organization

Aerosolized particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture that has been recognized as the greatest cause of premature human mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Its toxicity arises largely from its chemical and biological components. These include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro-derivatives (NPAHs) as well as microorganisms. In Africa, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning in urban settings are the major sources of human exposure to PM, yet data on the role of aerosols in disease association in Africa remains scarce. This review is the first to examine studies conducted in Africa on both PAHs/NPAHs and airborne microorganisms associated with PM. These studies demonstrate that PM exposure in Africa exceeds World Health Organization (WHO) safety limits and carcinogenic PAHs/NPAHs and pathogenic microorganisms are the major components of PM aerosols. The health impacts of PAHs/NPAHs and airborne microbial loadings in PM are reviewed. This will be important for future epidemiological evaluations and may contribute to the development of effective management strategies to improve ambient air quality in the African continent.

scholarly journals Congener specific distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-p-furans in ambient air particulates (less than PM10) in Delhi, India

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhupander Kumar ◽  
Satish Kumar Singh ◽  
Ram Bharoshey Lal ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Chandra Shekhar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Pollution Control ◽  
National Level ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Stockholm Convention ◽  
World Health ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Central Pollution Control Board ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Health Organization

Polychlorinated dibenzo-<em>p</em>-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-<em>p</em>-furans (PCDFs) are unintentionally formed during inefficient combustions and as a by-product. Due to their resistance to degradation and their toxic effect on health, PCDD/Fs are listed by the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Once released into the atmosphere, most of them are adsorbed to air particles and transported away from sources in atmosphere. India signed the Stockholm Convention India agreeing thereby to reduce and eliminate the use of POPs. The German agency for Technical Cooperation helped develop facilities for monitoring POPs at a national level in Delhi. This paper presents the data generated during a training assignment for Central Pollution Control Board officials at the German laboratory. Air borne particulate matter (&lt;PM<sub>10</sub>) was collected from 6 different locations in Delhi, India and analyzed in a German laboratory for 17 congeners of PCDD/Fs. The concentrations of &Sigma;PCDD/Fs ranged between 1720-9010 fg m<sup>-3</sup> (mean 5559 fg m<sup>-3</sup>) and their toxic equivalency values ranged from 67 to 460 fg I-toxic equivalent quantities (TEQ) m<sup>-3</sup>, with an average of 239 fg I-TEQ m<sup>-3</sup> which was lower than the ambient air standards. The dominant congeners were octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), octachlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (OCDF), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorinated dibenzo- p-furans, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin. The contributions of individual homologs for &Sigma;PCDDs/Fs I-TEQ was in the order of OCDD (31%)&gt;HCDF (21%)&gt;hexachlorodibenzofurans (13%)=OCDF (13%)&gt; HCDF (12%) and other individual congeners contribute less than 5%. High chlorinated congeners contributed with more than 80% for &Sigma;PCDD/Fs I-TEQ. Rough estimates of tolerable daily intake (TDI) shows low health risk of exposure to &Sigma;PCDD/Fs with inhalation of 0.098 pg I-TEQ kg<sup>1</sup>day<sup>1</sup> for adult and 0.152 pg TEQ kg<sup>-1</sup>day<sup>-1</sup> for children, which is much lower than World Health Organization recommended TDI for dioxins.

A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF AIR QUALITY IN MAKASSAR CITY SOUTH SULAWESI INDONESIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
SATTAR A. ◽  
M. RASHID ◽  
R. MAT ◽  
L. PUJI
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Suspended Particle ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Ambient Air Quality Standard ◽  
Health Organization

Makassar has a strategic position as it is located in between the south and north in the provinces of South Sulawesi. Thus, the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization within the area is unavoidable, resulting Makassar to be an area of mixed commercial–residential–industrial along with the problem of air pollution. Hence, it is important to monitor the quality of air in Makassar. This paper presents a preliminary survey of urban air quality in Makassar area based on SO2, CO, NO2, O3, Pb, and TSP (Total Suspended Particle) sampled over ten years period (2001 to 2010), while PM10was monitored for five years (2006 to 2010). The air quality data were obtained from measurements made by the Office of Ministry of Environment Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua and Environment Board of the Province of South Sulawesi as well as Environment agency of Makassar City. The average annual concentrations of SO2, CO, NO2, O3, Pb, TSP and PM10 recorded were 76 μg/m3, 1041 μg/m3, 43.2 μg/m3, 54.5 μg/m3, 0.7 μg/m3, 188 μg/m3, 54.6 μg/m3, respectively. Subsequently, these data are compared to the air quality threshold limits recommended by the Indonesia National Ambient Air Quality Standard (INAAQS) as well as guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO).

scholarly journals Comparison of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cookstoves and Wood Cooking Fires on PM2.5 Trends in Brick Workers’ Homes in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5681
Author(s):  
James D. Johnston ◽  
Megan E. Hawks ◽  
Haley B. Johnston ◽  
Laurel A. Johnson ◽  
John D. Beard
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
World Health ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Prior studies document a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms among brick workers in Nepal, which may be partially caused by non-occupational exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from cooking. In this study, we compared PM2.5 levels and 24 h trends in brick workers’ homes that used wood or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cooking fuel. PM2.5 filter-based and real-time nephelometer data were collected for approximately 24 h in homes and outdoors. PM2.5 was significantly associated with fuel type and location (p < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisons found significant differences between gas, indoor (geometric mean (GM): 79.32 μg/m3), and wood, indoor (GM: 541.14 μg/m3; p = 0.0002), and between wood, indoor, and outdoor (GM: 48.38 μg/m3; p = 0.0006) but not between gas, indoor, and outdoor (p = 0.56). For wood fuel homes, exposure peaks coincided with mealtimes. For LPG fuel homes, indoor levels may be explained by infiltration of ambient air pollution. In both wood and LPG fuel homes, PM2.5 levels exceeded the 24 h limit (25.0 µg/m3) proposed by the World Health Organization. Our findings suggest that increasing the adoption of LPG cookstoves and decreasing ambient air pollution in the Kathmandu valley will significantly lower daily PM2.5 exposures of brick workers and their families.

Environmental Effects of Aluminum Used in Water Treatment Plants of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-580
Author(s):  
Jose M. Azcue ◽  
Olaf Malam ◽  
Wolfgang G. Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
River System ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Alum Sludge ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City ◽  
Janeiro State

Abstract The effect of the extended use of alum on the concentration of aluminum in water treatment was investigated. Water from the Paraiba do Sul-Guandu River (PSR-GR) system, collected after conventional treatment, was analyzed from the six water treatment plants (WTPs). One of the WTPs, the Guandu WTP, supplies water to the city of Rio de Janeiro (11 million inhabitants) with a flow of 40 m3/s. The concentrations of aluminum found were near and sometimes over the values recommended by the World Health Organization (200 µg/L), with an average concentration of 306 µg/L, reaching seasonally maximum values of 877 µg/L at the WTP and 2,100 µg/L in household taps. The discharge of alum sludge back to the river system is the predominant pathway in the aluminum cycling in the study area, followed by sedimentation and enhanced availability to the biota.

Air quality evaluation of some industrial cities of Pakistan using INAA and AAS

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Waheed ◽  
A. Rahman ◽  
M. Daud ◽  
S. Rahman ◽  
Z. Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
World Health ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Health Organization

SummaryInstrumental Neutron Activation Analysis technique (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) have been employed for the characterization of 40 trace elements in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and soil samples from Pakistan's industrially important cities of Gujranwala and Faisalabad. The air particulates, which were collected from five different locations of each city, indicate moderate to unhealthy air quality with SPM levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.Enrichment factors (EF) for all the elements have been calculated with respect to their concentrations in the soils. Some of the areas of Gujranwala show high EF values for Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd and Ca, which may indicate contributions due to heavy traffic with automotive exhaust, tanneries and many other acute anthropogenic activities in this area. The presence of high concentration of Cr is due to chrome plating units and leather industry in the adjoining areas. Similarly few sites from Faisalabad have high Pb, Cd and Sb contents from vehicular aerosols with the contributions from coal combustion, battery manufacturing industries, lead smelters and numerous other industries. IAEA Reference Materials were analyzed for the validation of INAA and AAS procedures employed and to ensure the accuracy and precision of the characterized data.

scholarly journals Heavy metals concentration in different processing operational waste water from tannery industry

1970 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Md Didarul Islam, Ashiqur Rahaman, Aboni Afrose
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tannery Effluent ◽  
Tannery Industry ◽  
Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Wet Ashing ◽  
Aas Method ◽  
Health Organization

An investigation was conducted to assess the concentration of heavy metals from waste water of tannery industry located at Hazaribagh area, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The total contents of Cr, Ca, Na, Zn, Hg, Mn and Ni were determined using Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method which were followed by a wet ashing Digestion process. Average concentration of those heavy metals obtained from different operational section of Samina tannery industry were found 416.89, 628.03, 235.78, 3.912, 0.054, 20.952 and 3.106 mg/l for Cr, Ca, Na, Zn, Hg, Mn and Ni respectively. As recommended by the World Health Organization, the level of those heavy metals in the tannery effluent from different sections have been found highly contaminated and not suitable for irrigation purpose and harmful for environment.       Note: The pdf full paper of this article will be uploaded soon.      

scholarly journals Impact of suspending traffic management plan in Tehran on air quality and COVID-19 mortality and morbidity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoumeh Rahmatinia ◽  
Anooshiravan Mohseni Bandpey ◽  
Abbas Shahsavani ◽  
Mostafa Hadei ◽  
Ahmad Jonidi Jafari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction: The novel coronavirus disease 2019, namely COVID-19, has been known as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). To prevent of COVID-19 spread, most countries including Iran have implemented many preventive measures. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of implementation (Phase-01)/non- implementation (Phase-02) of the traffic plan on confirmed cases, suspected cases, and mortality cases by COVID-19 as well as on air quality in Tehran. Materials and methods: Daily data of confirmed COVID-19 cases, suspected COVID-19 cases, mortality COVID-19 cases, air pollutants concentration and meteorological variables were obtained from 26 February, 2020 to 5August, 2020 in Tehran megacity and data were compared during the period’s implementation /non-implementation of traffic plan in Tehran. Results: Our results showed that the non-implementation of traffic plan has been effective in reducing the number of daily confirmed cases, suspected cases and mortality by COVID-19. Also, the average concentration of PM10, PM2.5, NO2 , O3 , SO2 and CO have reduced significantly during nonimplementation traffic plan phase. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that there is a significant association between non-implementation traffic plan and reduce risk of COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals Ambient Air Quality Monitoring: Impetus, Complexities, Challenges and Solutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-58
Author(s):  
Rao Tatavarti
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
World Health ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The World ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Health Organization

The poor state of air quality all over the world in general, and across India in particular, is a cause for extreme concern as it is directly and indirectly linked to the deterioration of human health and economies of nations The many complexities and challenges posed by ambient air quality monitoring, prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to suggest a road map for all nations for the year 2020 -to arrive at a consensus for effective air quality monitoring by all stakeholders –nations and governments, regulatory and controlling bodies, NGOs, scientists and researchers and private citizens.

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