INVESTIGATING LIGHT AND CRIME USING AMBIENT LIGHT LEVEL

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fotios ◽  
C.J. Robbins ◽  
S. Farrall
Keyword(s):  
Potential Benefit ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Crime Reduction ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Ambient Light Level ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Crime Counts ◽  
Us Cities

A recent study investigated the influence of lighting on crime by considering the effect of change in ambient light level on crimes recorded in three US cities for the ten-year period 2010 to 2019. The results suggested a significant increase in robbery after dark, but did not suggest significant change in for any other type of crime. The current study was conducted to validate this by considering crimes recorded in three different US cities. This analysis confirmed the statistically significant increase in robbery after dark. These data do not suggest that change in ambient light level has a practically relevant effect on overall crime counts: in other words, the potential benefit of lighting for crime reduction is limited.

scholarly journals The Effect of Lighting on Crime Counts

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4099
Author(s):  
Steve A. Fotios ◽  
Chloe J. Robbins ◽  
Stephen Farrall
Keyword(s):  
Abrupt Change ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Road Lighting ◽  
Ambient Light Level ◽  
Disorderly Conduct ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Crime Counts ◽  
Us Cities

The influence of lighting on crime was investigated by considering the effect of ambient light level on crimes recorded in three US cities for the ten-year period 2010 to 2019. Crime counts were compared for similar times of day, before and after the biannual clock change, therefore employing an abrupt change of light level but without an obvious intervention such as improving road lighting in an area. The results suggest a significant increase in robbery during darkness, confirming previous studies. The results also suggest darkness leads to an increase in arson and curfew loitering offenses, and to a decrease in disorderly conduct, family offences (non-violent) and prostitution. Future research investigating the effectiveness of improved street lighting should consider that this may not be beneficial for all types of crime.

scholarly journals Ambient light level varies with different locations and environmental conditions: Potential to impact myopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254027
Author(s):  
Shashank Kishore Bhandary ◽  
Rohit Dhakal ◽  
Vishwa Sanghavi ◽  
Pavan Kumar Verkicharla
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Sun Protection ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Ambient Light Level ◽  
Sensor Position ◽  
Illuminance Level ◽  
Location Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Outdoor Location

Purpose Considering that time spent outdoors is protective for myopia, we investigated how ambient light levels reaching the eye varies across 9 outdoor and 4 indoor locations in 5 different environmental conditions. Methods Illuminance (lux) was recorded using a lux meter under conditions of weather (sunny/cloudy), time of a day (7:00,10:00,13:00, and 16:00 hours), seasons (summer/winter), and sun protection (hat and cap) in outdoor and indoor locations. Nine outdoor locations were “open playground”, “under a translucent artificial-shade”, “under a porch facing east”, “under a porch facing south”, “under a big tree”, “between three buildings”, “within 4 buildings”, and “canopy”. As a ninth outdoor location, “Under a glass bowl” in the outdoor location was used as a simulation for “glass classroom model” and measurement was taken at the floor level only to determine in overall the illuminance conditions with glass covered on all sides. The 4 indoor locations included “room with multiple large windows”, “room with combination light source”, “room with multiple artificial lights”, and “room with single artificial light”. Results The overall median illuminance level (median; Q1-Q3) recorded in 9 outdoor locations was 8 times higher than that of all indoor locations (1175;197–5400 lux vs. 179;50–333 lux). Highest illuminance in outdoor locations was recorded in “open playground” (9300;4100–16825 lux), followed by “under a translucent artificial shade (8180;4200–13300 lux) and the lowest in “within 4 buildings” (11;6–20 lux). Illuminance under ‘Canopy’, ‘between three buildings’ and ‘within four buildings’ was similar to that of indoor locations (<1000 lux). Time of the day, weather, season, sensor position and using sun protection did not alter illuminance to change from high to low level (>1000 to <1000 lux). Among indoor locations, illuminance in “room with multiple large windows” crossed 1000 lux at a specific time points on both sunny and cloudy days. Conclusions Illuminance levels in outdoors and indoors varied with location type, but not with other conditions. Given the variation in illuminance in different locations, and the impact it may have on myopia control, appropriate detailed recommendations seems necessary while suggesting time outdoors as an anti-myopia strategy to ensure desired outcomes.

Pilot Study of the Effects of Ambient Light Level Variation on Spectral Domain Anterior Segment OCT-Derived Angle Metrics in Caucasians versus Asians

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 955-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Dastiridou ◽  
Kenneth Marion ◽  
Moritz Niemeyer ◽  
Brian Francis ◽  
Srinivas Sadda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Spectral Domain ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Level Variation ◽  
Anterior Segment Oct ◽  
Ambient Light Level

scholarly journals Plastic responses in the coral Pocillopora acuta to extreme low-light conditions with and without food provision

2021 ◽  
Vol 168 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Fong ◽  
Rosa Celia Poquita-Du ◽  
Peter A. Todd
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Reef Environment ◽  
Ambient Light Level ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Plastic Responses

AbstractThis study examines phenotypically plastic responses in Pocillopora acuta collected from a highly urbanized reef environment to extreme low-light conditions. While among-species differences in how corals cope with low light are well documented, much less is known about within-species responses. It also remains unclear how extreme low light and provision of food may interact and influence coral physiology. Clonal fragments from six colonies (genotypes) of P. acuta were subjected to two light treatments with mean midday irradiances of 4 and 40 μmol photons m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), representing just 0.5 and 5% ambient light level, and were either fed with zooplankton or not fed for nine days. Corals maintained in 4 PAR had lower endosymbiont density but higher cellular chlorophyll a concentration than those in 40 PAR. Feeding rates were similar in both light treatments and had no significant effects on endosymbiont density and chlorophyll a concentrations. While genotypes varied in the level of phenotypic plasticity expressed for both photoacclimation and heterotrophy, most displayed similar directions in their responses, indicating photoacclimation in P. acuta is broadly predictable. Our study demonstrates that P. acuta from Singapore is able to acclimate to very low-light conditions by adjusting their photophysiology, providing additional evidence that this species is resilient to urbanization-related stress.

scholarly journals Visual Comfort of Tablet Devices under a Wide Range of Ambient Light Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8679
Author(s):  
Hsin-Pou Huang ◽  
Minchen Wei ◽  
Hung-Chung Li ◽  
Li-Chen Ou
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Light Level ◽  
White Background ◽  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Viewing Condition ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Ambient Light Level ◽  
Wide Range

E-reading devices are becoming more and more common in our daily life, and they are used under a wide range of ambient light levels, from completely dark to extremely bright conditions. In this study, a psychophysical experiment is carried out to investigate how ambient light level affects the visual comfort of an e-reading device. Human observers compare the visual comfort of pairs of different text-background lightness combinations on a tablet device under three ambient light levels (i.e., 150, 1500, and 15,000 lx). With our previous work, the experimental results show that the trend of visual comfort interval scales below 1500 lx (i.e., Dark, 150, 300, and 1500 lx) are similar to each other but not for those under illuminance above the 1500 lx (i.e., 3000 and 15,000 lx). For the same lightness difference between text and background, the observers tend to read the text with a white background compared to a black background, especially for 3000 and 15,000 lx. Moreover, a black text on a light-gray background is the most comfortable combination under these two illuminance levels. An evaluation model is proposed based on ambient illuminance, screen parameters, and visual estimation to design an optimal viewing condition when reading on the tablet display.

scholarly journals A whole-year approach showing that ambient light level influences walking and cycling

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Fotios ◽  
J Uttley ◽  
S Fox
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Travel Choice ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Ambient Light Level ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Ratio Approach ◽  
Transition Approach

Many studies have used surveys to investigate the reactions to changes in lighting from people who walk or cycle. An alternative approach is to use objective data, specifically the number of pedestrians and cyclists present under different lighting conditions. Such data have been reported previously using a daylight savings transition approach. This paper presents a different method for analysing the effect of ambient light conditions in which data from the whole year are examined, rather than only the two weeks either side of the biannual daylight savings clock changes. The results confirm that ambient light has a significant impact: For a given time of day, more people walk or cycle when it is daylight than after dark and more people cycle on cycle trails and walk on foot paths after dark when they are lit than when they are unlit. While both methods use an odds ratio approach, which should account for environmental changes other than lighting, the results suggest the daylight savings method of analysis better isolates changes in weather from the effects of ambient light on travel choice than does the whole-year method.

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