scholarly journals Henry Felix Woods and the Black Sea/Bosphorus Entrance Maritime Safety System, Then and Now

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-418
Author(s):  
Caroline Finkel
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Safety System ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Maritime Safety ◽  
Leading Role

The perils of sailing in the Black Sea are legendary, and nowhere was more dangerous than the waters where the Sea and the Bosphorus meet. Vessels carrying the valuable products of the Black Sea basin to market foundered here, and in the 1860s a commission was established to look at how to reduce these losses. The article revisits its deliberations and the leading role played in establishing a maritime safety system by Navigating Lieutenant Henry Felix Woods, a Royal Navy navigation specialist. Many surviving structures of the system have been located and photographed by members of Hiking Istanbul hiking group. Les risques associés à la navigation dans la mer Noire étaient bien connus, particulièrement au confluent de la mer et du Bosphore. Des navires qui transportaient les précieux produits du bassin de la mer Noire à leur mise en marché ont sombré dans cette région. Dans les années 1860, une commission a été mise sur pied pour examiner des façons de réduire ces pertes. Le présent article revient sur ses délibérations et sur le rôle de premier plan joué dans l’établissement d’un système de sécurité maritime par le lieutenant de navigation Henry Felix Woods, spécialiste de la navigation de la Marine royale. Bon nombre des structures du système qui subsistent encore aujourd’hui ont été trouvées et photographiées par des membres du groupe de randonnée Hiking Istanbul.

MARINE MAMMALS IN NAVAL OPERATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Ioan MOLDOVAN ◽  
Dan Marian UNGUREANU
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Naval Operations

Abstract: This paper aims to provide an overview how to employ marine mammals in naval operations and also to identify possibilities of involving mammals in support of the Romanian Naval Forces. The article uses domain observation and comparative analysis of how to employ marine mammals in the actions of modern fleets. For this purpose, we set out to identify the possibilities of using mammals for military scopes. Also, we will provide historical aspects of involving mammals in military activities in the Black Sea. In addition, we will offer relevant implications and perspectives regarding the use of marine mammals by the Romanian Naval Forces. The novelty of this article comes from the motivation to bring to the attention of Romanian Naval Forces the approach of employing mammals and developing research in the underwater domain based on training marine mammals. The present article is addressed especially to the master students and the personnel of the Naval Forces, and also to those who contribute to the implementation of feasible ideas at the level of the Romanian Naval Forces and intend to develop the underwater domain in order to discourage actions of a potential adversary

The Berezan Lead Letter

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 35-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
The Black Sea

Private letters written on lead sheets in antiquity are rare, but not unknown; the publication of a new example found on the island of Berezan near Olbia in the Black Sea is remarkable as offering an early specimen of the Ionic dialect. Its Russian editor admitted that all its problems had not been solved, and the present article is an attempt to improve the readings and offer some suggestions for a better interpretation.The document is completely preserved and legible without difficulty; it was found rolled up with the address written on the reverse. As Vinogradov suggests, it seems likely that it never reached its addressee. Vinogradov puts its date as the second half of the sixth century B.C. Dr L. H. Jeffery has kindly confirmed that on grounds of letter-forms the date would appear to be not far from 500 B.C.

scholarly journals Ossidiana e selce nel Caucaso Meridionale

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Amato
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
Sharp Edges ◽  
Southern Caucasus ◽  
Metal Age ◽  
Important Site

Lithic production in the Southern Caucasus continues to flourish even after the diffusion of metals in the 4th-3rd millennia BC. Flint elements and especially those in obsidian, were in fact of considerable importance in the life of metal age communities and are well attested both in living and in funerary contexts. Considered by some scholars as an attribute of celestial deities, obsidian is present in numerous deposits between the Lesser and the Greater Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. It was widely exploited for its naturally sharp edges and ease of processing. Flint, of local origin, is used to made agricultural tools, generally found in the inhabited areas, and arrowheads and spearheads, most commonly preserved in funerary contexts. The present article analyses the main features of the lithic assemblage from Aradetis Orgora, the most important site in the Shida Kartli region of Georgia, and from its Kura-Araxes cemetery.

Stock Assessment of Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus L) in Northern Black Sea and Sea of Azov

2015 ◽  
pp. 209-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Chashchin ◽  
Vladyslav Alekseevich Shlyakhov ◽  
Vladimir E. Dubovik ◽  
Sergey Negoda
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Stock Assessment ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
European Anchovy ◽  
Engraulis Encrasicolus ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Wintering Areas ◽  
Survey Results

European anchovy is most abundant in the Azov and Black Sea Basin ichthyocenosis and plays leading role in the marine fisheries. There are two subspecies of the European anchovy in the Black Sea: the Black Sea anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus Aleksandrov and the Azov anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus maeoticus Pusanov. Wintering areas of both subspecies (stocks) are located in the Black Sea. Basing on the more than 30-years research of anchovy, this chapter summarizes data on catches, catch per unit effort, population parameters, spatial distribution patterns, abundance, and scientific survey results separately for two stocks. Direct methods of stock assessment, based on trawl, lampara and hydroacoustic surveys data, have been applied. Authors recommend to the Black Sea countries authorities to build their anchovy fishery-regulating decisions mainly on the hydroacoustic surveys' results. A major impact of invasive Atlantic ctenophores Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata on anchovy populations is revealed.

Contributions to the Knowledge of Romanian Spider Fauna. Steps Towards an Updated Checklist

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Liviu Aurel Moscaliuc
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Made In

Abstract In the present article, three spider species are presented as new faunistic elements for Romania: Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870, Agelena orientalis C. L. Koch, 1837 and Scotolathys simplex Simon, 1884. Out of the three, O. maculatus, by its presence, also raises the count of the spider families known to occur in this territory to 36. O. maculatus appears to be, in Romania, an anthropicdependent element. A. orientalis is a relatively widespread species, rather difficult to distinguish from its sibling species A. labyrinthica, and because of this frequently mislabeled in collections. S. simplex is a rarer Mediterranean element found in Dobruja, close to the Black Sea coast. A case is made in support of an updated Romanian spider checklist.

scholarly journals Climate change induced a new intermittent regime of convective ventilation that threatens the Black Sea oxygenation status

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Capet ◽  
Luc Vandenbulcke ◽  
Marilaure Grégoire
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Regime Shift ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Oxygen Budget ◽  
Intermediate Layers ◽  
Water Formation ◽  
Oxygenation Status

Abstract. The Black Sea is entirely anoxic, except for a thin (∼ 100 m) ventilated surface layer. Since 1955, the oxygen content of this upper layer has decreased by 44 %. The reasons hypothesized for this decrease are, first, a period of eutrophication from mid 70's to early 90's and, second, a reduction in the ventilation processes, suspected for the recent years. Here we show that the Black Sea convective ventilation regime has been drastically altered by atmospheric warming during the last decade. Since 2008, the prevailing regime is below the range of variability recorded since 1955, and is characterized by consecutive years during which the renewal of intermediate waters does not occur. Oxygen records from the last decade indicate a clear relationship between cold water formation events and oxygenation status at different pycnal levels, suggesting a leading role of convective ventilation in the oxygen budget of the upper intermediate layers. We thus suggest that this regime shift has a significant impact on the oxygenation structure of the Black Sea and on its biogeochemical balance.

Arabismi latino medievali negli atti notarili genovesi del mar Nero

2018 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-547
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Schweickard
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
East And West

AbstractGenoa was involved since the 13th century in the commercial activities in the region around the Black Sea (Caffa, Pera, Kiliya, etc.). Numerous texts of that time written in Latin (especially old notarial records) have survived to our days. As the region was a melting pot of traders and travelers from East and West, the sources also contain some interesting lexical borrowings from Arabic. The present article illustrates this phenomenon on the basis of selected examples from the edition of Gheorghe Ioan Brătianu (Actes des notaires Génois de Péra et de Caffa de la fin du treizième siècle, Bucarest, Cultura naţională, 1927) which so far has not yet been taken into account in linguistic research.

Turko-Tatar Roots of Modern Odessa: Hocabey and Karakermen

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-702
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Northern Shore ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Shed Light

Located on the northern shore of the Black Sea, Odessa is one of Eastern Europe’s great cities. Much has been written about its history. Most of these studies were written from the Russian imperial perspective, and so the city’s Turko-Tatar period has been neglected. The present article attempts to shed light on this period of Odessa’s history, drawing mainly on Ottoman chronicles and archival documents. The predecessor and nucleus of the city was the Karakermen redoubt (palanka), which was built by Mengli Giray Khan I in 1495. Karakermen was destroyed as a result of recurrent Cossack raids in the mid-16th century. Although the Ottomans had intended to revitalise the city by rebuilding the redoubt during the last quarter of the 16th century, this project would be realized only in 1764 with the emergence of the town of Hocabey.

scholarly journals Biotic links in the fouling community of Odessa Bay (Black Sea)

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
A. Y. Varigin
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Ecosystem Engineer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Fouling Community ◽  
The Core ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Sessile Organisms

This paper reveals the character of the biotic links between the various organisms that compose the fouling community of Odessa Bay (Black Sea). The fouling community of solid substrates is formed by 62 species of invertebrates and 12 species of macrophytes. The edificator species of the community is the Black Sea mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819. The environment-forming role of the mussel, which is represents the core of the corresponding consortia, was examined. The leading role of sessile organisms in the formation of a superorganismic structure that significantly modifies the properties of the environment was revealed. Together with the mussel, this structure is formed by the bivalve mollusc Mytilaster lineatus (Gmelin, 1791) and the barnacle crustacean Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854). The proportion of sessile organisms accounts for 24.6% of the total number of species in the community. In this case, they significantly dominate in relative abundance and biomass (78.9% and 98.8%, respectively). The mussels during the process of growth form complexly organized druses, which are peculiar three-dimensional formations, consisting of mussels of different sizes, fastened together with a substrate by an entire network of strong byssus threads. These formations increase the level of heterogeneity of the substrate and increase the variety of available habitats for other animals. The aggregate of these druses is a kind of sedimentary trap in which particles of nutritive detritus accumulate. The availability of accessible habitats, convenient shelters and food reserves attracts various species of invertebrates to the community. Around the core of the consortia a cluster of organisms formed associated with edificator species. An important role is played by trophic links between different mobile organisms and the phyto-component of the community. The ability of the Black Sea mussel to condition the environment, creating favourable conditions for the development of other organisms, characterizes it as an autogenic ecosystem engineer. Trophic and mediopathic links between the organisms that compose the fouling community go beyond it and extend to the inhabitants of the pelagic environment.

Sinope as a Trading and Cultural Agent in Thrace during the Classical and Early Hellenistic Periods

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 405-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Totko Stoyanov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Sea Coast

Abstract Using a range of materials, this article aims to reveal Sinope ‐ the most developed Greek apoikia on the southern Black Sea coast from the Archaic to the early Hellenistic period ‐ as a contributor to the economic and cultural development of Thrace, especially the northeastern part. Mapping the find-spots of axe types with Thracian replicas allows us to outline the route used from the Early Bronze Age onwards from the Black Sea coast in the Sinope-Amisos area through central Anatolia toward Cilicia, Phoenicia and Palestine and confirm the opinion that the direct route across the Black Sea from Sinope to the northwest coast of the Pontus was familiar to local sea-farers before the period of Greek colonization. Sinope developed as a prosperous port of the caravan route between the Euphrates and the Black Sea from the 6th to the 4th century BC, when the polis adopted a leading role as a producer and exporter of olive oil and architectural terracottas to the markets of the northern and northwestern Pontic areas. In addition, Sinope realized the rich mineral resources of its area and was probably also an artistic centre. The economic penetration of Sinope deep into the hinterland of northern Thrace gives grounds to reassess the origins of some of the toreutic items discovered in recent decades, such as the bull-rhyton of the Borovo Treasure. Some iconographic and stylistic novelties in otherwise purely Thracian vases and other types of artefacts could be seen in the context of relations with eastern Anatolia and adjacent areas of the Near East.

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