The Berezan Lead Letter

1973 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 35-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
The Black Sea

Private letters written on lead sheets in antiquity are rare, but not unknown; the publication of a new example found on the island of Berezan near Olbia in the Black Sea is remarkable as offering an early specimen of the Ionic dialect. Its Russian editor admitted that all its problems had not been solved, and the present article is an attempt to improve the readings and offer some suggestions for a better interpretation.The document is completely preserved and legible without difficulty; it was found rolled up with the address written on the reverse. As Vinogradov suggests, it seems likely that it never reached its addressee. Vinogradov puts its date as the second half of the sixth century B.C. Dr L. H. Jeffery has kindly confirmed that on grounds of letter-forms the date would appear to be not far from 500 B.C.

MARINE MAMMALS IN NAVAL OPERATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Ioan MOLDOVAN ◽  
Dan Marian UNGUREANU
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Naval Operations

Abstract: This paper aims to provide an overview how to employ marine mammals in naval operations and also to identify possibilities of involving mammals in support of the Romanian Naval Forces. The article uses domain observation and comparative analysis of how to employ marine mammals in the actions of modern fleets. For this purpose, we set out to identify the possibilities of using mammals for military scopes. Also, we will provide historical aspects of involving mammals in military activities in the Black Sea. In addition, we will offer relevant implications and perspectives regarding the use of marine mammals by the Romanian Naval Forces. The novelty of this article comes from the motivation to bring to the attention of Romanian Naval Forces the approach of employing mammals and developing research in the underwater domain based on training marine mammals. The present article is addressed especially to the master students and the personnel of the Naval Forces, and also to those who contribute to the implementation of feasible ideas at the level of the Romanian Naval Forces and intend to develop the underwater domain in order to discourage actions of a potential adversary

scholarly journals Ossidiana e selce nel Caucaso Meridionale

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Amato
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Lithic Assemblage ◽  
Sharp Edges ◽  
Southern Caucasus ◽  
Metal Age ◽  
Important Site

Lithic production in the Southern Caucasus continues to flourish even after the diffusion of metals in the 4th-3rd millennia BC. Flint elements and especially those in obsidian, were in fact of considerable importance in the life of metal age communities and are well attested both in living and in funerary contexts. Considered by some scholars as an attribute of celestial deities, obsidian is present in numerous deposits between the Lesser and the Greater Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. It was widely exploited for its naturally sharp edges and ease of processing. Flint, of local origin, is used to made agricultural tools, generally found in the inhabited areas, and arrowheads and spearheads, most commonly preserved in funerary contexts. The present article analyses the main features of the lithic assemblage from Aradetis Orgora, the most important site in the Shida Kartli region of Georgia, and from its Kura-Araxes cemetery.

Olbian–Scythian Trade: Exchange Issues in the Sixth to Fourth Centuries bc

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. LEYPUNSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Market Development ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Exchange Relationships ◽  
The North ◽  
Over Time

This chapter focuses on the trade between the Greek and the Scythian worlds on the north coast of the Black Sea. The majority of previous articles and topics on this subject tended to revolve around the issue of the significance for the Scythian society of exchange with Greek cities, ignoring the significance of such exchange and trade for the Greek cities particularly for Olbia. Furthermore, little work has been devoted to the change of such significance for Olbia over time. Hence, this chapter sheds a new and fresh look at the Olbian-Scythian relationships, their beginnings and their developments. Exchange relationships between Olbia and Scythia began in the early sixth century BC and persisted through the fifth and the fourth centuries BC. These trade exchanges resulted in significant economic development and a great deal of exchanges were made during the fourth century. This slowly waned towards the end of the fourth century. The diminished trade exchanges between Olbia and Scythia were caused by a number of complex factors. Although Olbia's economical and market development depended on trade exchanges, its whole economy was not truly defined by the city's exchange, rather it was based on agriculture.

Contributions to the Knowledge of Romanian Spider Fauna. Steps Towards an Updated Checklist

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142
Author(s):  
Liviu Aurel Moscaliuc
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Sibling Species ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Spider Species ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Made In

Abstract In the present article, three spider species are presented as new faunistic elements for Romania: Oecobius maculatus Simon, 1870, Agelena orientalis C. L. Koch, 1837 and Scotolathys simplex Simon, 1884. Out of the three, O. maculatus, by its presence, also raises the count of the spider families known to occur in this territory to 36. O. maculatus appears to be, in Romania, an anthropicdependent element. A. orientalis is a relatively widespread species, rather difficult to distinguish from its sibling species A. labyrinthica, and because of this frequently mislabeled in collections. S. simplex is a rarer Mediterranean element found in Dobruja, close to the Black Sea coast. A case is made in support of an updated Romanian spider checklist.

scholarly journals Henry Felix Woods and the Black Sea/Bosphorus Entrance Maritime Safety System, Then and Now

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-418
Author(s):  
Caroline Finkel
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Safety System ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
Maritime Safety ◽  
Leading Role

The perils of sailing in the Black Sea are legendary, and nowhere was more dangerous than the waters where the Sea and the Bosphorus meet. Vessels carrying the valuable products of the Black Sea basin to market foundered here, and in the 1860s a commission was established to look at how to reduce these losses. The article revisits its deliberations and the leading role played in establishing a maritime safety system by Navigating Lieutenant Henry Felix Woods, a Royal Navy navigation specialist. Many surviving structures of the system have been located and photographed by members of Hiking Istanbul hiking group. Les risques associés à la navigation dans la mer Noire étaient bien connus, particulièrement au confluent de la mer et du Bosphore. Des navires qui transportaient les précieux produits du bassin de la mer Noire à leur mise en marché ont sombré dans cette région. Dans les années 1860, une commission a été mise sur pied pour examiner des façons de réduire ces pertes. Le présent article revient sur ses délibérations et sur le rôle de premier plan joué dans l’établissement d’un système de sécurité maritime par le lieutenant de navigation Henry Felix Woods, spécialiste de la navigation de la Marine royale. Bon nombre des structures du système qui subsistent encore aujourd’hui ont été trouvées et photographiées par des membres du groupe de randonnée Hiking Istanbul.

Arabismi latino medievali negli atti notarili genovesi del mar Nero

2018 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-547
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Schweickard
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
East And West

AbstractGenoa was involved since the 13th century in the commercial activities in the region around the Black Sea (Caffa, Pera, Kiliya, etc.). Numerous texts of that time written in Latin (especially old notarial records) have survived to our days. As the region was a melting pot of traders and travelers from East and West, the sources also contain some interesting lexical borrowings from Arabic. The present article illustrates this phenomenon on the basis of selected examples from the edition of Gheorghe Ioan Brătianu (Actes des notaires Génois de Péra et de Caffa de la fin du treizième siècle, Bucarest, Cultura naţională, 1927) which so far has not yet been taken into account in linguistic research.

Turko-Tatar Roots of Modern Odessa: Hocabey and Karakermen

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-702
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Northern Shore ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town ◽  
Shed Light

Located on the northern shore of the Black Sea, Odessa is one of Eastern Europe’s great cities. Much has been written about its history. Most of these studies were written from the Russian imperial perspective, and so the city’s Turko-Tatar period has been neglected. The present article attempts to shed light on this period of Odessa’s history, drawing mainly on Ottoman chronicles and archival documents. The predecessor and nucleus of the city was the Karakermen redoubt (palanka), which was built by Mengli Giray Khan I in 1495. Karakermen was destroyed as a result of recurrent Cossack raids in the mid-16th century. Although the Ottomans had intended to revitalise the city by rebuilding the redoubt during the last quarter of the 16th century, this project would be realized only in 1764 with the emergence of the town of Hocabey.

Rome and the Tzani in late antiquity: a historical and archaeological review

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 131-150
Author(s):  
Emanuele E. Intagliata
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Written Sources

AbstractCompared to other stretches of the eastern frontier, northeastern Anatolia has rarely attracted the attention of scholars of the Roman and late antique periods. The region is known, through late antique written sources, to have housed a belligerent confederation of tribes, the Tzani, who lived off raids conducted against their neighbours. Until the fifth century AD, the Roman approach to the Tzanic problem was one of quiet co-existence, but, in the early sixth century AD, after war broke out again with Persia, necessity moved the emperor Justinian (r. AD 527–565) to intervene more actively against the Tzani. According to the sixth-century historian Procopius, the Tzani were subdued and a chain of forts was constructed in their lands to protect access to the Black Sea coast. The remains of these forts, as well as those of other sixth-century AD infrastructure allegedly built under Justinian, are still elusive. Nonetheless, evidence on the ground and in the written sources can still help investigate the nature of the Justinianic frontier defensive system.

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