scholarly journals Effect of Coagulants Variations in the Coagulation Unit on the Efficiency of Raw Water Turbidity Removal Sedimentation Unit Continuous Discharges Flow (CDF) as a New Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ridwan Ridwan ◽  
Reri Afrianita ◽  
Resi Meilinta Danir Danir
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
New Method ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Experimental Reactor ◽  
Discharge Ratio ◽  
Floc Characteristics

Variations in the type of coagulant resulted in different floc characteristics. The sedimentation unit with continuous discharges flow or (CDF) method is a sedimentation unit that applies the leaking tank phenomenon, so it is possible that it will affect the condition of the floc that has been formed and in the end can affect the efficiency of turbidity removal. This study was to determine the effect of the type of coagulant in the coagulation unit on the removal of raw water turbidity in the sedimentation unit using the CDF method with a 6% discharge ratio to the product discharge. The raw water used is Sungai Batang Kuranji water with a turbidity of 27.63 NTU. The experimental reactor consisted of a coagulation-flocculation unit and a sedimentation unit with various coagulants being Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC), Ferric Chloride, and Alum. The results showed that the efficiency of removing turbidity from the Sungai Batang Kuranji by PAC coagulant was 90.12%, Ferric Chloride 86.99%, and Alum 81.72%. The Spearman correlation value of the coagulant variable on the efficiency of the removal of turbidity is 0.948, indicating a unidirectional effect between the two variables. The addition of 6% CDF flow in the settling zone did not break the floc because the flow formed was still laminar.

The Effect of Variation in Cone Position Heigth on Raw Water Turbidity Removal in Sedimentation Unit Continuous Discharge Flow (CDF) Method as a New Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Ridwan Ridwan ◽  
Reri Afrianita ◽  
Yar Gustina
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
New Method ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽  
Optimum Position ◽  
Exhaust Stream ◽  
Laboratory Scale Reactor

Unit sedimentasi metode continuous discharges flow (CDF) adalah metode baru dalam menyisihkan kekeruhan yang menggunakan prinsip tangki bocor secara kontinu dan terkendali. Perubahan ketinggian posisi cone dari dasar zona pengendapan ke bagian atas, dapat memperkecil jarak antara sumber aliran buang akibat bocor yang berasal dari cone sebagai sumber gaya baru yang bekerja terhadap flok, dan pada akhirnya meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan air baku pada 3 variasi ketinggian posisi cone di zona pengendapan. Penelitian menggunakan reaktor skala laboratorium kapasitas 240 L/jam yang terdiri dari unit koagulasi terjunan, flokulasi baffle channel dan sedimentasi metode CDF. Unit sedimentasi metode CDF yang digunakan adalah CDF 6% dengan variasi ketinggian posisi cone 0 m, 0,33 m dan 0,66 m dari dasar zona pengendapan. Air baku yang digunakan adalah Sungai Batang Kuranji Kota Padang dengan kekeruhan 25,876 – 26,012 NTU dan tawas sebagai koagulan dalam proses koagulasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan pada ketinggian posisi cone 0 m, 0,33 m dan 0,66 m secara berurutan adalah sebesar 82,88%, 83,86% dan 84,60%. Ketinggian posisi cone 0,66 m dari dasar zona pengendapan adalah posisi optimum dengan efisiensi penyisihan kekeruhan 1,72% lebih besar dari posisi cone di dasar zona pengendapan, yaitu 0 m. Analisis pengaruh ketinggian posisi cone terhadap penyisihan kekeruhan menggunakan korelasi Rank Spearman, menunjukkan pengaruh yang sangat kuat, semakin tinggi posisi cone semakin besar efisiensi penyisihan. Bilangan Reynolds (NRe)dan bilangan Froude (NFr) pada aliran buang ini secara berurutan adalah 23,83 dan 9,33x10-4. ABSTRACTThe continuous discharges flow (CDF) sedimentation unit is a new method for removing turbidity using the principle of a continuous and controlled leaking tank. Changes in the height of the cone position from the bottom of the settling zone to the top, can reduce the distance between the exhaust flow sources due to leakage from the cone as a new force source acting on the floc, and ultimately increase the efficiency of turbidity removal. This study aims to analyze the efficiency of raw water turbidity removal at 3 variations in the height of the cone position in the settling zone. The study used a laboratory-scale reactor with a capacity of 240 L/hour consisting of a plunge coagulation unit, baffle channel flocculation, and CDF sedimentation method. The sedimentation unit for the CDF method used is 6% CDF with variations in the height of the cone position 0 m, 0.33 m, and 0.66 m from the bottom of the settling zone. The raw water used is Sungai Batang Kuranji, Padang City with a turbidity of 25.875 – 26.012 NTU and alum as a coagulant in the coagulation process. The results showed that the efficiency of removal of turbidity at the height of the cone 0 m, 0.33 m, and 0.66 m respectively was 82.88%, 83.86%, and 84.60%. The height of the cone position 0.66 m from the bottom of the settling zone is the optimum position with a turbidity removal efficiency of 1.72% greater than the cone position at the bottom of the settling zone, which is 0 m. Analysis of the effect of the height of the cone position on the removal of turbidity using Spearman's Rank correlation showed a very strong influence, the higher the cone position the greater the removal efficiency. Reynolds number (NRe) and Froude number (NFr) in this exhaust stream are 23.83 and 9.33x10-4, respectively.

Removal of particulates, natural organic matters, and microorganisms in a surface amended slow sand filter

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
H.-B. Jun ◽  
Y.-J. Lee ◽  
S.-S. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Surface Treatment ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Organic Matters ◽  
Slow Sand Filter ◽  
Natural Organic Matters ◽  
Filter Bed

Removal characteristics of particulates, natural organic matters, and microorganisms with six slow sand filter units were measured with a diameter of 50 mm and packed with sand to a depth of 50, 150, 300, 600, and two 700 mm, respectively. One of the 700 mm depth filters was amended by covering the surface of the filter bed with a prefilter. The raw water turbidity and pH was in the range of 1.5-2.0 NTU, and 7.0-7.7, respectively. Turbidity in each filter effluent was decreased as the depth of filter medium increased. However, a greater part of influent turbidity was removed within the top layer of the slow sand filters. Turbidity removal in the 700 mm depth filter with prefilter was similar to that without the prefilter, however, the removal of particles smaller than 2 mm was improved with the prefilter. The particles greater than 10 mm could be removed within the upper 50 mm depth in the slow sand filter. A greater fraction of the particles smaller than 2 mm was removed within the upper 50 mm, however, they were also removed in the deeper sand bed. The removal efficiency of DBP precursors represented by DOC and UV-254 absorbance was 9.2-31% and 2-31%, respectively. pH drop in the 50 mm depth filter was 0.12, while that in the 700 mm depth filter was 0.19. The effects of surface treatment with prefilter on UVA and DOC were not apparent.

Synthesis and Application of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Flocculant

2011 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 1940-1943
Author(s):  
Lei Li ◽  
Guang Hua Wang ◽  
Wen Bing Li ◽  
Wen Min Liu ◽  
Qi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Coking Wastewater ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Organic Hybrid ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

A series of inorganic-organic hybrid flocculants were synthesized by using aluminum chloride, ferric chloride, polyacrylamide (neutral & cationic) and polydimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride as raw materials. Effect of mass ratio of inorganic and organic polymeric flocculant, basicity, categories of inorganic and organic polymeric flocculant on the regeneration of coking wastewater was investigated. The results showed that the optimum conditions of preparation the title hybrid flocculant were: mass ratio 100, basicity 1.5, inorganic polymeric flocculant PAFC and organic polymeric flocculant CPAM. The removals of CODCr and chroma were 43.48% and 71.88%, respectively, when the pH of raw water was approximately 7 and the dose of flocculant was 360 mg•L–1.

Research on Treatment Process for Chemical Agent VX Polluted Water by Enhanced Coagulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 785-788
Author(s):  
Xiao Jie Wang ◽  
Xiao Jing Li ◽  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Yun Zhe Ji
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Enhanced Coagulation ◽  
Better Than

The influences of coagulant species, dose, water turbidity, and pollution situation of raw water on the results of enhanced coagulation have been investigated targeted at water contaminated by chemical agent. Ferric trichloride and polymeric aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) acted as coagulant, poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (HCA) worked as coagulant aid and paraoxon acted as simulation agent of chemical agent VX in this process. The results show that: enhanced coagulation process cannot remove effectively chemical agent (paraoxon) in raw water; the result of treatment by PAFC and PAFC+HCA is better than that by FeCl3 and FeCl3+HCA; the addition of certain amount of HCA based on the condition that coagulant has been added will improve removal rate of both chemical agent and turbidity; the bigger the turbidity of raw water is, the higher the removal rate of paraoxon will be.

scholarly journals Modification of the Sedimentation Unit with Continuous Discharges Flow (CDF) as a New Method to Increase Turbidity Removal in Raw Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ridwan Ridwan ◽  
Reri Afrianita ◽  
Yogi Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
New Method ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Detention Time ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Laboratory Scale Reactor ◽  
Scale Reactor

This study applies a new method to remove the turbidity of raw water in the sedimentation unit called CDF sedimentation using the working principle of a leaky tank at the bottom of the tank. The test was carried out on a laboratory scale reactor of 240 L/hour for 6 hours consisting of a waterfall coagulation unit for 5 seconds and alum as a coagulant. perforated wall flocculation unit with 30 minutes detention time and 1 hour CDF sedimentation unit. The study was conducted with 4 variations of CDF, namely 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% with turbidity of 75.25 NTU. The results showed the greater the CDF value, the greater the decrease in turbidity that occurred. The highest level of turbidity removal occurred at 5% CDF value with an efficiency of 91,09%, a correlation value -0,927, and a significance value of 0,00 < 0,05. CDF value gives an influence on Reynolds numbers and Froude numbers in sedimentation units where Reynolds numbers are in the range 65,71-76,75 and Froude numbers 1,96x10-4-2,29x10-4. This shows the Reynolds number and the Froude number will get bigger as the value of the CDF and still matches the design criteria of the laminar. Keywords: The CDF sedimentation, Efficiency, and Turbidity.

scholarly journals Comparison of Water Turbidity Removal Efficiencies of Descurainia Sophia Seed Extract and Ferric Chloride

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tooran Yarahmadi ◽  
Mazyar Peyda ◽  
Mehran Mohammadian Fazli ◽  
Rizan Rezaeian ◽  
Negin Soleimani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Descurainia Sophia ◽  
Removal Efficiencies

Effect Factors of Air Flotation Treating Micropolluted Source Water in South China

2011 ◽  
Vol 99-100 ◽  
pp. 1063-1066
Author(s):  
Gui Qing Gao
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
South China ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Effect Factors ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Aluminum Sulphate

The Southern source water carries such characteristics as high algae, low turbidity and micro-polluted. In order to make flotation better applied to the source water, the following factors are researched to find out the influence on the flotation from type and dosage of coagulant, dissol- ved air pressure, air inflow. Aluminum sulphate, ferric chloride, poly aluminum chloride (PAC) are selected. With less PAC, scum generated less, the coagulant dose is 1.25mg/L.Dissolved gas pressure is directly related to bubble size.When the pressure is greater than 0.42Mpa,the effluent quality deteriorates as the pressure increases.The volume of inflow gas into the raw water is related to turbidity and capacity.The higher the turbidity of the water is, the greater the capacity will be, so the higher feed rate can be chosen.

Rehabilitation of water treatment plants with operational constrains: a study on turbidity removal

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaveh Sookhak Lari ◽  
Morteza Kargar
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Long Term Effect

High-rate lamella settlers in clarifiers and triple media filters have been implemented in Isfahan water treatment plant (known as ‘Baba-Sheikh-Ali’) in Iran to upgrade existing clarification/filtration processes during the recent years. The applied technologies are mainly used to reduce finished water turbidity as the primary regional criterion on water quality. However, application of both technologies faced some operational limitations since they began to work. These problems are due to the existing layout of the process units and available materials. The current study focuses on performance of restricted application of the two technologies with respect to turbidity removal. Online measured turbidity data from a two-year field observation (since March 2010) are used. In particular, results show a more promising and long-term effect on turbidity removal due to tripling filter media rather than application of the lamella settlers in clarifiers. The reasons for these observations are discussed.

scholarly journals Use of Aloe vera as an Organic Coagulant for Improving Drinking Water Quality

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2024
Author(s):  
Abderrezzaq Benalia ◽  
Kerroum Derbal ◽  
Amel Khalfaoui ◽  
Raouf Bouchareb ◽  
Antonio Panico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Maximum Turbidity ◽  
Optimal Ph

The coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation process is widely used for removal of suspended solids and water turbidity reduction. The most common coagulants used to conduct this process are aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate. In this paper, the use of Aloe vera as a natural-based coagulant for drinking water treatment was tested. The bio-coagulant was used in two different forms: powder as well as liquid; the latter was extracted with distilled water used as a solvent. The obtained results showed that the use of the natural coagulant (Aloe vera) in both powder (AV-Powder) and liquid (AV-H2O) forms reduced the water turbidity at natural pH by 28.23% and 87.84%, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the use of the two previous forms of bio-coagulant for drinking water treatment had no significant influence on the following three parameters: pH, alkalinity, and hardness. The study of the effect of pH on the process performance using Aloe vera as a bio-coagulant demonstrated that the maximum turbidity removal efficiency accounted for 53.53% and 88.23% using AV-Powder and AV-H2O, respectively, at optimal pH 6.

Observations of blanket characteristics in full-scale floc blanket clarifiers

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.C. Chen ◽  
S.S. Sung ◽  
W.W. Lin ◽  
D.J. Lee ◽  
C. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Capillary Suction ◽  
Zeta Potentials ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
Water Supply Company ◽  
Clarified Water

We monitored the changes in concentrations, zeta potentials, sizes and capillary suction times of the solids flocs in the clarified water from eight floc blanket clarifiers of PingTsan Water Works of Taiwan Water Supply Company with low (&lt;10 NTU) and high (&gt;100 NTU) turbidity raw water. For the former, one-stage coagulation-sedimentation treatment was adopted which yielded a rather unstable blanket. Complete washout was noticeable when the PACl dosage was insufficient. On the treatment of high-turbidity raw water, on the other hand, the Works adopted the combined treatment process, that is, the raw water was first coagulated and settled in a pre-sedimentation tank, afterwards, its effluent was coagulated again and clarified in the clarifiers. The resulting flocs could form a networked blanket that was relatively stable to the shock load in raw water turbidity.

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