scholarly journals Prototype of Rainfall Intensity Measurement Using CCD TSL1401CL Linear Sensor Array

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25
Author(s):  
Sixtinah Deswilan ◽  
Aldo Novaznursyah Costrada ◽  
Harmadi Harmadi
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Sensor Array ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Convex Lens ◽  
Direct Testing ◽  
Beam Expander ◽  
Prototype Measurement

A prototype measurement of rainfall intensity was developed using a CCD TSL1401CL linear sensor array. The prototype consists of a He-Ne laser that functions as a light source, which later is focused by the beam expander and conditioned by a convex lens. Each pixel will receive the same voltage depending on the light intensity so that it produces a decimal value of ADC. This ADC decimal value determines rainfall intensity based on the diameter and velocity of the raindrops. The diameter variations used ranges from 1 mm to 10 mm, while for variations in the height of rainfall are 50 cm, 100 cm, and 150 cm. The test results proved that the greater the decimal value of the ADC is, the smaller the diameter of the raindrops detected will be, and vice versa. The values of the diameter and velocity of were used to obtain the value of rainfall intensity. The percentage value of error measuring rainfall intensity is 3.11% when compared to the rain gauge module is still considered rather accurate. However, direct testing is still needed when rain falls with various types and intensities.  

Inter-Method Reliability of Pulse Volume Related Measures Derived Using Finger-Photoplethysmography

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Matsumura ◽  
Koichi Shimizu ◽  
Peter Rolfe ◽  
Masanori Kakimoto ◽  
Takehiro Yamakoshi
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Current Component ◽  
Psychophysiological Measures ◽  
Pulse Volume ◽  
Optical Paths ◽  
Sensor Positions

Abstract. Pulse volume (PV) and its related measures, such as modified normalized pulse volume (mNPV), direct-current component (DC), and pulse rate (PR), derived from the finger-photoplethysmogram (FPPG), are useful psychophysiological measures. Although considerable uncertainties exist in finger-photoplethysmography, little is known about the extent of the adverse effects on the measures. In this study, we therefore examined the inter-method reliability of each index across sensor positions and light intensities, which are major disturbance factors of FPPG. From the tips of the index fingers of 12 participants in a resting state, three simultaneous FPPGs having overlapping optical paths were recorded, with their light intensity being changed in three steps. The analysis revealed that the minimum values of three coefficients of Cronbach’s α for ln PV, ln mNPV, ln DC, and PR across positions were .948, .850, .922, and 1.000, respectively, and that those across intensities were .774, .985, .485, and .998, respectively. These findings suggest that ln mNPV and PR can be used for psychophysiological studies irrespective of minor differences in sensor attachment positions and light source intensity, whereas and ln DC can also be used for such studies but under the condition of light intensity being fixed.

scholarly journals Impact of Topography and Rainfall Intensity on the Accuracy of IMERG Precipitation Estimates in an Arid Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Mohammed T. Mahmoud ◽  
Safa A. Mohammed ◽  
Mohamed A. Hamouda ◽  
Mohamed M. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Rain Gauge Data ◽  
Light Rain ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Precipitation Estimates ◽  
Evaluation Techniques

The influence of topographical characteristics and rainfall intensity on the accuracy of satellite precipitation estimates is of importance to the adoption of satellite data for hydrological applications. This study evaluates the three GPM IMERG V05B products over the arid country of Saudi Arabia. Statistical indices quantifying the performance of IMERG products were calculated under three evaluation techniques: seasonal-based, topographical, and rainfall intensity-based. Results indicated that IMERG products have the capability to detect seasons with the highest precipitation values (spring) and seasons with the lowest precipitation (summer). Moreover, results showed that IMERG products performed well under various rainfall intensities, particularly under light rain, which is the most common rainfall in arid regions. Furthermore, IMERG products exhibited high detection accuracy over moderate elevations, whereas it had poor performance over coastal and mountainous regions. Overall, the results confirmed that the performance of the final-run product surpassed the near-real-time products in terms of consistency and errors. IMERG products can improve temporal resolution and play a significant role in filling data gaps in poorly gauged regions. However, due to the errors in IMERG products, it is recommended to use sub-daily rain gauge data in satellite calibration for better rainfall estimation over arid and semiarid regions.

scholarly journals Cyanobacteria use micro-optics to sense light direction

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Schuergers ◽  
Tchern Lenn ◽  
Ronald Kampmann ◽  
Markus V Meissner ◽  
Tiago Esteves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Type Iv Pili ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Unicellular Cyanobacterium ◽  
Light Sensing ◽  
High Resolution Image ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Micro Optics ◽  
Synechocystis Sp

Bacterial phototaxis was first recognized over a century ago, but the method by which such small cells can sense the direction of illumination has remained puzzling. The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 moves with Type IV pili and measures light intensity and color with a range of photoreceptors. Here, we show that individual Synechocystis cells do not respond to a spatiotemporal gradient in light intensity, but rather they directly and accurately sense the position of a light source. We show that directional light sensing is possible because Synechocystis cells act as spherical microlenses, allowing the cell to see a light source and move towards it. A high-resolution image of the light source is focused on the edge of the cell opposite to the source, triggering movement away from the focused spot. Spherical cyanobacteria are probably the world’s smallest and oldest example of a camera eye.

scholarly journals The Effects of Day Length and Light Intensity on Tile Growth of Barley

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Aspinall
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Blue Light ◽  
Floral Development ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Day Length

The acceleration of flowering in barley due to the inclusion of incandescent illumination in the light source has been shown to be due to the far�red content of the light. A linear relationship between floral development and intensity of far�red light in a 16�hr photoperiod has been established with the cultivar CI5611. Barley appears to be relatively unresponsive to blue light, however.

scholarly journals Prevalence of resistance to three fluoroquinolones: assessment of levofloxacin disk test error rates and surrogate predictors of levofloxacin susceptibility. AST Surveillance Group.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1633-1639 ◽  
Author(s):  
P C Fuchs ◽  
A L Barry ◽  
S D Brown
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Control Parameters ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Direct Testing ◽  
Quality Control Parameters ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
Disk Test

More than 3,000 consecutive clinical bacterial isolates from 10 U.S. medical centers were subjected to standard broth microdilution and disk diffusion tests to determine their susceptibilities to levofloxacin, ofloxacin, D-ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Levofloxacin was confirmed to be twice as active as ofloxacin and to have activity comparable to that of ciprofloxacin, with minor variations in activity against some species. The prevalence of resistant isolates was 7.1% to levofloxacin, 9.3% to ciprofloxacin, and 11.2% to ofloxacin. The susceptibilities of some species to the quinolones were less than those reported in previous studies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates had the greatest variability in their susceptibilities to the three drugs between the participating centers. Two proposed zone size breakpoints for levofloxacin disk tests yielded similar low error rates. Ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin susceptibility test results correlated reasonably well with those of levofloxacin and could be used as surrogate indicators of levofloxacin susceptibility, but that resulted in some serious errors, and thus, direct testing of levofloxacin susceptibility is preferable. Replicate testing of standard quality control strains confirmed the established and proposed quality control parameters for all three quinolones tested.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Estimates over Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Weng Chua ◽  
Yuriy Kuleshov ◽  
Andrew Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Reference Dataset ◽  
Rain Gauge Data ◽  
Satellite Precipitation ◽  
Gauge Data ◽  
Precipitation Estimates ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Climate Prediction Center

This study evaluates the U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) satellite precipitation estimates over Australia across an 18 year period from 2001 to 2018. The evaluation was performed on a monthly time scale and used both point and gridded rain gauge data as the reference dataset. Overall statistics demonstrated that satellite precipitation estimates did exhibit skill over Australia and that gauge-blending yielded a notable increase in performance. Dependencies of performance on geography, season, and rainfall intensity were also investigated. The skill of satellite precipitation detection was reduced in areas of elevated topography and where cold frontal rainfall was the main precipitation source. Areas where rain gauge coverage was sparse also exhibited reduced skill. In terms of seasons, the performance was relatively similar across the year, with austral summer (DJF) exhibiting slightly better performance. The skill of the satellite precipitation estimates was highly dependent on rainfall intensity. The highest skill was obtained for moderate rainfall amounts (2–4 mm/day). There was an overestimation of low-end rainfall amounts and an underestimation in both the frequency and amount for high-end rainfall. Overall, CMORPH and GSMaP datasets were evaluated as useful sources of satellite precipitation estimates over Australia.

Sensitive Detection of Ambient Formaldehyde by Incoherent Broadband Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingwei Liu ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Yiming Yang ◽  
Haichao Wang ◽  
Cailing Kuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Fiber Bundle ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Optical Path ◽  
Enhanced Absorption ◽  
Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Ultraviolet ◽  
Type Fiber

<p>Formaldehyde (HCHO) is the most abundant atmospheric carbonyl compound and plays an important role in the troposphere. However, HCHO detection via traditional incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS) is limited by short optical path lengths and weak light intensity. Thus, a new light-emitting diode (LED)-based IBBCEAS was developed herein to measure HCHO in ambient air. Two LEDs (325 and 340 nm) coupled by a Y-type fiber bundle were used as an IBBCEAS light source, which provided both high light intensity and a wide spectral fitting range. The reflectivity of the two cavity mirrors used herein was 0.99965 (1 – reflectivity = 350 ppm loss) at 350 nm, which corresponded with an effective optical path length of 2.15 km within a 0.84 m cavity. At an integration time of 30 s, the measurement precision (1σ) for HCHO was 380 parts per trillion volume (pptv) and the corresponding uncertainty was 8.3%. The instrument was successfully deployed for the first time in a field campaign and delivered results that correlated well with those of a commercial wet-chemical instrument based on Hantzsch fluorimetry (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.769). The combined light source based on Y-type fiber bundle overcomes the difficulty of measuring ambient HCHO via IBBCEAS in near-ultraviolet range, which may extend IBBCEAS technology to measure other atmospheric trace gases with high precision.</p>

A Study on the Multi-Wavelength Drop Analysis Technology

2005 ◽  
Vol 295-296 ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Hao ◽  
Zu Rong Qiu ◽  
Guo Xiong Zhang ◽  
A.P. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Liquid Drop ◽  
Instrumental Method ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Light Wavelength ◽  
Drop Volume ◽  
Signal Process ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
Resolution Capability ◽  
Multi Wavelength

An instrumental method for measuring the properties of liquids has been developed. The instrument, called the fiber-capacitive drop analyzer (FCDA), is based on a specially designed drop sensor by means of the fiber drop analyzing technology and the capacitive drop analyzing technology, and produces a volume-based fiber drop trace (VFDT), which shows the relation between the light intensity passing through the liquid drop and the instant drop volume. Preliminary experiments have been carried out and these prove that VFDT externalizes the overall properties of tested liquids and is suitable for fine discrimination among different kinds of liquids. In this paper, a multi-wavelength drop analysis (MWDA) method is described. In this case, the light source of the FCDA is developed from a single wavelength to a multi-wavelength. A special filter is employed to sort out the signals from the mixed multi-wavelength signals and it becomes possible to get two or three VFDT with different light wavelength at the same time. As one knows, a material will absorb the light on certain wavelengths. It means that, for a mixed liquid, one can get different VFDTs by MWDA at the same time. By this way, the resolution capability of a FCDA is enhanced very much due to more information including in those VFDTs. A special signal process circuit, the key technology of the MWDA, is described in this paper. The test results show that the new circuit had satisfied the MWDA method well and will be very useful to an instrument of the FCDA with MWDA.

scholarly journals Changes in Characteristics of Late-Summer Precipitation over Eastern China in the Past 40 Years Revealed by Hourly Precipitation Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3390-3396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rucong Yu ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Weihua Yuan ◽  
Haoming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Yangtze River ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Yangtze River Valley ◽  
River Valley ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Hourly Rainfall

Abstract Using hourly station rain gauge data during 1966–2005, the authors studied changes in the characteristics of the late-summer (July–August) rainfall, which has exhibited a so-called southern flooding and northern drought (SFND) pattern over eastern China in recent decades. Although the rainfall amount and frequency have significantly increased (decreased) in the mid–lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (North China) during this period, the rainfall intensity has decreased (increased). This finding differs from previous results based on daily data, which showed that the rainfall intensity has increased in the mid–lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley. In this region, the mean rainfall hours on rainy days have increased because of the prolonged rainfall duration, which has led to an increased daily rainfall amount and to a decreased hourly rainfall intensity. Results also show that the SFND pattern is mostly attributed to changes in precipitation with moderate and low intensity (≤10 mm h−1), which contributes 65% (96%) of rainfall amount to the “flooding” (“drought”) in the mid–lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley. Neither frequency nor amount of strong intensity (>20 mm h−1) rainfall exhibits the SFND pattern.

Photoinduced desorption in ferrocene-ethanol vapor system using polychromatic light source: dependence on light intensity

1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23
Author(s):  
Aloke Kumar Chakraborty ◽  
Raghu Nath Bera ◽  
Biswanath Mallik
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Ethanol Vapor ◽  
Polychromatic Light
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