scholarly journals Key Stages of Ethno-Political History of the Saka Haumavarga

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
S. S. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Mountainous Areas ◽  
Political Union ◽  
Achaemenid Empire ◽  
Political Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nomadic People ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Military Activity

In the beginning of the I Millennium BC on the territory of ancient Central Asia a special ethnopolitical union of nomadic people was formed, known in ancient Persian sources as the Saka haumavarga. They are most often referred to as Sakas, who worshiped or prepared the sacred drink of haoma. This article systematically investigates the process of formation and historical development of the ethno-political union of the Saka haumavarga as one of the most powerful associations of ancient nomads in Central Asia. Special attention is also paid to the issue of various features which formed this group of nomads. In addition, the aim of the study was to examine the influence of external factors on the integration of pastoral populations in isolated mountainous areas of PamirAlay as this phenomenon is poorly understood. The process of formation of ethno-political education of the Saka haumavarga was rather lengthy - supposedly having been completed at the turn of the 7th – 6th centuries BC. In the second half of the 6th century BC the Saka haumavarga are occupied by the Achaemenid Empire and forced to pay taxes and supply military contingents of the Persian kings. Around the turn of the 5th and 4th centuries BC they are freed of their subordination. After the conquest of Central Asia by Alexander the Great, they establish a variety of relations with the Hellenistic states. Despite cool relations with the Greco-Bactria, there is evidence of the presence of mercenaries from the Saka haumavarga within the troops of this Hellenistic kingdom. At the turn of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC as a result of military activity of the Greco-Bactrian kings, a reduction of territory of this Saka haumavarga union commences its gradual decline. The final collapse of this ethno-political group occurs towards the end of the 2nd century BC, as small independent tribes of local nomads are known to be the only inhabitants of the Pamir-Alay territory at this point in time.

Introduction

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGINA HERRMANN ◽  
JOE CRIBB
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Cultural Continuity ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Iconography

This introductory chapter discusses the coverage of this book, which is about the history of Central Asia after its conquest by Alexander the Great and before the introduction of Islam. It explores the role of the nomads in the shaping of Central Asia, describes major cities and the arrangement of buildings, and explores the region's experience with a series of invasions. The chapter analyses the role of money as a marker of cultural continuity and change and discusses religious iconography and temples.

scholarly journals Kalmak and oirats: toponym in the religious history of the peoples of Central Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-281
Author(s):  
Baatr Uchaevich Kitinov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Religious Orientation ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
Western Mongolia ◽  
Almost Everywhere ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nomadic People ◽  
Historical Tradition ◽  
Political Economic

The word Kalmak is spread in a number of medieval Muslim sources. In research of the scholars this word is understood as an indicator of development or separatism (“piece”, “backward”), or religious orientation (not Muslims) for Oirats or some kind of nomadic people. To define the origin and development of its meaning, it is important to draw data from a number of important sources; for example, according to “Tarikh-i Rashidi”, Kalmak means the territory of Western and South-Western Mongolia, whose inhabitants were called, respectively, as Kalmaks, and mainly were not Muslims. In the context of the struggle of different Islam traditions during the process of Islamization of the uluses of Juchi and Chaghatay, this word began to denote all those who remained pagan or Buddhist, and since such “refuseniks” had been found in all the Genghisid uluses, the sources recorded the presence of Kalmaks almost everywhere. Besides, the historical tradition relates the Buddhist Oirats to Kalmaks, but initially Oirats had nothing common with that nation, and only with Oirats’ movement in Genghis Khan’s times to the named territories (Kalmak), this word was transferred to them, already, as an ethnonym. Oirats became Buddhists at the end of the fourteenth - beginning of the fifteenth centuries, facilitated by political, economic, ideological and other reasons. A study of the sources leads to conclusion, that the Kalmak’s first meaning was the region’s name, where peoples were known as not Muslims, and therefore this word acquired a religious context and for this reason was finally entrenched to the Oirats.

scholarly journals Development of Statehood in Central Asia during the Achaemenid Period (6th — 4th centuries BC )

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
I. I. Aminov
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Political Consolidation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The paper examines the progressive significance of the entry of Parthia, Margiana, Khorezm and other regions of Central Asia into the structure of the Achaemenid State, the political regime of which had no obvious features of the occupation order based on the brutal exploitation of the conquered peoples, but rather flexible and adapted to the specificities of each area. The unification of the Central Asian peoples under the authority of the Achaemenid dynasty was also facilitated by their national, linguistic and mental similarities, since the Persians, on the one hand, the Saks, the Dahs, the Parthian, the Caspian, Khorezmians — on the other, were in previous epochs related to peoples and, most likely showed a tendency to political consolidation.On this basis it is concluded that the power of the Persian kings among the peoples of Central Asia, despite separatist tendencies and a number of anti-government speeches, was legitimate. Mutual cooperation and strong ties between the center and the provinces led to stability, peace, the creation of favorable conditions for the development of economic and trade relations, the establishment of regular monetary treatment, respect for the cultural, religious and linguistic identity of peoples and the balance of interests of social communities. The Achaemenid rule introduced in the history of legal thought the idea of fighting between the good and the evil, the proportionality of personal and State interests, the codification of the laws of the conquering peoples, their legal customs and religious norms in accordance with the general imperial law.This historical and legal experience was not only creatively perceived and applied by geopolitical successors of the Achaemenid state — Alexander the Great, Seleucids, Arshakid and Sassanid, but also in the context of modern national and state interests may be relevant for the Russian Federation, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan — leaders of the modern integration, defining the foreign policy and geopolitical orientations of the Central Asian region.

THE MILITARY-POLITICAL UNION OF SOVIET REPUBLICS DURING THE PERIOD OF CIVIL WAR AND FOREIGN INTERVENTION (SUMMERS 1918- 1920)

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T.О. Abdikhalyk ◽  
◽  
M.S. Kassymov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Political Union ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

The history of the USSR is full of numerous events. This state lasted for more than half a century. Numerous events occurred during this period. The USSR was founded on territory that had previously included a large number of peoples. They represented the outskirts of the former Russian Empire. For the first time since the revolution, the union of the peoples of the Soviet republics was formed in the difficult years of civil war and foreign military intervention. The establishment of Soviet power in the territory of the former Tsar 's colonies (Belarus, Transcaucasia, Ukraine, Central Asia, etc.) experienced enormous difficulties. The most important milestones of the formation of the military-political union of the brotherly republics are considered in this article

1. Before Alexander

2014 ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
Hugh Bowden
Keyword(s):  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Persian Empire ◽  
Achaemenid Empire ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Effective Organization

‘Before Alexander’ gives a brief history of the Achaemenid Persian Empire and the kingdom of Macedon before they came into conflict, to set the scene for Alexander the Great's era. The Achaemenid Empire was the creation of Cyrus the Great (c.559–530). To maintain hold over such a large and disparate empire required effective organization. Central to the Achaemenid system was the person of the king himself. The Persians established in power the family that would, 180 years on from that point, bring down their own empire. Alexander III (Alexander the Great) was the great-great-great grandson of Alexander I, the son of Amyntas, a Macedonian.

After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
City Life ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

This is a study of the history, archaeology, and numismatics of Central Asia, an area of great significance for our understanding of the ancient and early medieval world. This vast, land-locked region, with its extreme continental climate, was a centre of civilization with great metropolises. Its cosmopolitan population followed different religions (Zoroastrianism, Christianity, Buddhism), and traded extensively with China, India, the Middle East, and Europe. The millennium from the overthrow of the first world empire of Achaemenian Persians by Alexander the Great to the arrival of the Arabs and Islam was a period of considerable change and conflict. The book focuses on investigations in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, providing a complex analysis of the symbiosis between the city life based on oases, and the nomadic peoples grazing their animals in the surrounding semi-deserts. Other topics include the influence of the Greek colonists on military architecture, and the major impact of the Great Kushans on the spread of Buddhism and on the development of the Central Asian metropolis. Although written documents rarely survive, coinage has provided essential evidence for the political and cultural history of the region.

From the History of the Public Library in the Village Tagai of Simbirsk District in Simbirsk Province

2010 ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Valentina M. Patutkina
Keyword(s):  
Public Library ◽  
Library History ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ulyanovsk Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Village

The article is dedicated to unknown page in the library history of Ulyanovsk region. The author writes about the role of Trusteeship on people temperance in opening of libraries. The history of public library organized in the beginning of XX century in the Tagai village of Simbirsk district in Simbirsk province is renewed.

RISHTAN SCHOOL OF CERAMICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Akmal Marozikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The World ◽  
Ferghana Valley ◽  
History Of ◽  
Made In ◽  
National Style

Ceramics is an area that has a long history of making clay bowls, bowls, plates,pitchers, bowls, bowls, bowls, pots, pans, toys, building materials and much more.Pottery developed in Central Asia in the XII-XIII centuries. Rishtan school, one of the oldest cities in the Ferghana Valley, is one of the largest centers of glazed ceramics inCentral Asia. Rishtan ceramics and miniatures are widely recognized among the peoples of the world and are considered one of the oldest cities in the Ferghana Valley. The article discusses the popularity of Rishtan masters, their products made in the national style,and works of art unique to any region

The Indian Invasion of Alexander and the Emergence of Hybrid Cultures

2021 ◽  
pp. 037698362110096
Author(s):  
Chandima S. M. Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Indian Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Achaemenid Empire ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Cultural Features

Alexander the Great usurped the Achaemenid Empire in 331 bc, captured Swat and Punjab in 327 bc, and subdued the region to the west of the Indus and fought with Porus at the Hydaspes in 326 bc. But he was forced to return home when the army refused to proceed. Some of his soldiers remained in India and its periphery while some joined Alexander in his homeward journey. When Alexander died in 323 bc his successors ( diodochoi) fought to divide the empire among themselves and established separate kingdoms. Though Alexander the Great and related matters were well expounded by scholars the hybrid communities that emerged or revived as a result of Alexander’s Indian invasions have attracted less or no attention. Accordingly, the present study intends to examine contribution of Alexander’s Indian invasion to the emergence of Greco-Indian hybrid communities in India and how Hellenic or Greek cultural features blended with the Indian culture through numismatic, epigraphic, architectural and any other archaeological evidence. This will also enable us to observe the hybridity that resulted from Alexander’s Indian invasion to understand the reception the Greeks received from the locals and the survival strategies of Greeks in these remote lands.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document