Mongolia’s Soft Power Tools in Relation to Russian Regions at the Beginning of the 21st Century.

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 92-102
Author(s):  
Innokentii G. Aktamov ◽  
Vladimir A. Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
State Level ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
Sports Events ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

This article discusses the features of international relations in Inner Asia through the prism of the Russian-Mongolian relationship. The specifics of contemporary bilateral relationships is determined by the nature of mutual influence in the economic, political and humanitarian spheres. The aim of this research is to analyze Mongolian implementation of the concept of ‘soft power’ in relation to the regions of Russia, which are culturally and historically defined as a ‘Mongolian world’. It was revealed that the foreign policy of Mongolia in relation to Russian regions such as the Republic of Buryatia, Republic of Tuva, Irkutsk and Trans-Baikal regions is being implemented in several directions. The first one is daily trade and economic contacts between Russian and Mongolian citizens. The second direction is represented by ethno-cultural holidays and festivals, within the framework of which the Mongolian language and traditions are promoted. The existing demand for the preservation and development of national cultures and languages of the indigenous peoples of Russia creates conditions for stimulating interest in all Mongolian language, literature, clothing, cuisine, cultural and sports events. Finally, Mongolia's success in fighting the pandemic during 2020 and its humanitarian assistance to the Russian regions affected by Coronavirus are also tools of ‘soft power’. The result of this policy is the spread of Mongolian influence in the border regions of the Russian Federation. In this regard, Moscow should also pay certain attention to these processes when building a strategy of bilateral relations at state level.

REASONS AND VALUE MOTIVATIONS OF MIGRANTS FROM MOLDOVA TO RUSSIA AND EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-27
Author(s):  
Svetlana V. Rusu ◽  
◽  
Sergey V. Ryazantsev ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
State Level ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Gain Material ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

In the article, the authors consider the main reasons and value motivations of migrants from Moldova to the Russian Federation and European Union countries. It is noted that today in the world, countries are classified into two types: «peripheral states», with an undeveloped economy and culture, to which the Republic of Moldova belongs, and «leading states» or countries where migrants try to move. Among the main causes of migration, the authors highlight such problems in the country as poverty, lack of jobs in the country of origin of migrants, unstable political situation and corruption at the state level, the desire to improve the quality and standard of living, the will of migrants to move to their relatives or to study in another country. The values of people directly depend of the economy of the country in which they live. Only when they gain material wealth, migrants begin to think about spiritual values.

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS OF EVOLUTION OF THE EURASIAN TRACK OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA’S FOREIGN POLICY

2021 ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Nicole BODISHTEANU
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Policy Direction

The author considers main external and internal factors of the formation of the Eurasian track in foreign policy of the Republic of Moldova from 2009 to 2020. Among main internal factors of the development of the Eurasian (as opposed to European) track of foreign policy, the author singles out: 1) coming to power of the pro-Russian president I. Dodon; 2) current orientation of the economy on the market of the CIS countries; 3) pro-Western parliamentary contingent and representatives of the Party of Action and Solidarity led by M. Sandu, who, on the contrary, helps to blur this track. Among external factors, the author does put an accent on: 1) the influence of the Ukrainian crisis on public opinion of Moldovan citizens towards Western institutions, and as a result, the growing popularity of the «pro-Russian» foreign policy direction; 2) «soft power» of the Russian Federation, mostly concentrated on a common language (Russian) and cultural values (literature, historical past, etc.); 3) willingness of Eurasian partners (mainly the Russian Federation) to provide assistance in crisis situations at no cost, unlike European and Western institutions, which traditionally indicate a number of democratic transformations in the recipient country as one of the conditions for providing assistance. The author comes to the conclusion that the Eurasian track of the foreign policy of the Republic of Moldova is still in its «infancy», but it has great potential and promises interesting prospects for a small state with a favorable geographical position, located at the crossroads of the most important transport routes between the West and the East.

scholarly journals Education as an Instrument of Russian “Soft Power” in Russian-Mongolian Relations at the End of XX - Beginning of XXI Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Aktamov
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Academic Mobility ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Southern Neighbour ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article is devoted to the analysis of the development of cooperation in the field of education between Russia and Mongolia in recent history. The transformation of bilateral ties in the educational sphere under the influence of various factors is discussed in the study. Attention is paid to the prerequisites for reducing the intensity of bilateral contacts, as well as the implementation of specific projects that, to one degree or another, stimulate the growth of academic mobility. It is shown that the historical processes of the late twentieth century in Mongolia had an impact on the cooling of relations between countries. It is noted that in the 2000s, Mongolian-Chinese relations, including in the humanitarian sphere were intensified. It is affirmed that China’s “soft power” in the form of various kinds of programs for young people is systemic and influences the formation of public consciousness in relation to the “southern neighbour”. The author considers it necessary to recognize that, for objective reasons, Russia is inferior to China in the field of humanitarian projects. At the same time, the benevolent attitude towards the Russians and to Russia as a whole on the part of the population of Mongolia, especially the older generation is noted. The relevance of the study is to identify trends, factors that determine the nature of the mutual influence of Russia and Mongolia in the field of education in the latest period of historical development. The nature of the interaction of Mongolia and the regions of Russia and their role in the development of bilateral relations are analyzed.

scholarly journals Social Development Forecast for Russian Regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 132-152
Author(s):  
L. G. Cherednichenko ◽  
R. V. Gubarev ◽  
E. I. Dzyuba ◽  
F. S. Fayzullin
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The objective of the article is to offer a proprietary technology for assessment and forecasting of social development of Russian regions. The methodological basis of the study is neural network technology (a Bayesian ensemble of dynamic neural networks of different configurations is formed) that ensure high accuracy of the forecast. The authors developed a methodology for assessing the social potential of the Russian regions. They have also designed a system of private indicators characterising the level of social development of Russian regions. The indicators have been divided into five groups: 1) population (life expectancy); 2) standard of living of the population; 3) education; 4) health care (morbidity); 5) research and innovation. The private indicators have been made comparable by normalizing their values by means of “Pattern” method. This method allows the objective assessment of the interregional “gaps” in the country across the entire system of social indicators. The social development index of the subjects of the Russian Federation has been calculated. Based on neural network technologies (Kohonen self-organizing maps) clustering of regions of Russia regarding social development has been conducted. The forecast of the social development of the Russian regions has been made. Due to the forecast, it has been established that in the leading region of the Russian Federation (Moscow) in 2017-2019 the decrease is expected in the index of social development in comparison with 2014-2016. In another leading region of the Russian Federation (St. Petersburg) the decline in comparison with 2016 is expected in the medium term. At the same time, for the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2017-2019, just a slight decrease in the level of social development is forecasted. However, it is expected that the Republic will still lag significantly behind the leading regions of Russia by social development. The example of the Republic of Bashkortostan helped to discover that the lag in social development can be explained by the “gap” in research and innovations. The authors have concluded that it is necessary to improve the effectiveness of social policy at the regional level. Thus, it is necessary not only to increase financing of the social sphere of the subjects of the Russian Federation, but also to ensure proper control of budget spending. The developed methodology can be an effective tool for forecasting and managing social development of the Russian regions by the relevant ministries and departments.

scholarly journals The Specifics of the Partnership between Russia and the Republic of Korea in the Economic Development of the Arctic

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Ya. V. Leksyutina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Northern Sea Route ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Arctic Policy

Since 2013, when the Republic of Korea (ROK) was admitted in the Arctic Council as an observer and issued its first Arctic policy, Seoul has strengthened its engagement in the Arctic and revealed its strong interest in expanding the economic cooperation in the Arctic with Russia. Seeing Arctic cooperation as mutually beneficial and further advancing the bilateral relations, Russia and the ROK have made a number of policy statements on their intentions to develop cooperation in the Arctic. This paper reveals the specifics and current scale of Russia’s cooperation with the ROK in the development of the resource base of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and the Northern Sea Route.

scholarly journals Russian-Korean Regional Cooperation (the Case of Twinned Regions – Irkutsk Region and Gyeongsangbuk-do Province of the Republic of Korea)

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
E. V. Li ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Interregional Interaction ◽  
Medical Sector ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

The purpose of the article is to study the history of the cooperation between twinned regions – the Irkutsk region and the Gyeongsangbuk-do province, which has lasted for 25 years. The data on the activities and projects organized during this period has been provided. Regional cooperation plays an important role in international relations. One of its purposes is to expand and strengthen interaction between two countries. The article examines the experience of cooperation between twinned regions – the Irkutsk region and the Gyeongsangbuk-do province – and studies the role of interregional interaction in relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea. The regions cooperated actively in 2016–2018 and later the cooperation was suspended due to the spread of COVID 19. Most of bilateral contacts have been in cultural and educational sphere. At the same time, there is a predominance of the events organized by the Korean side, which is along the lines of the “soft power” strategy of the Republic of Korea. And although the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Korea cooperate in economy, tourism, education and other fields, the role of the Gyeongsangbuk-do province is very insignificant in this process. Despite the fact that at each privat meeting the heads of the regions declare their intention to implement joint projects in the economic and medical sector no significant results have been achieved in this direction so far. Thus, the current relations between the regions do not play a significant role in the development of relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea and are mainly aimed at promoting the culture of their own country in the territory of the partner region.

scholarly journals CONSIDERATIONS ON THE POLICIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TO ACHIEVE NATIONAL INTERESTS IN ITS NEAR ABROAD

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (72) ◽  
pp. 312-331
Author(s):  
Sergiu ȘARAMET
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Hard Power ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Near Abroad

The policies of the Russian Federation in its near abroad have been constantly changing. Taking into account this consideration, it is important to know what were thedetermining factors that influenced the policy orientation of the Russian Federation in the pursuit of national interests in those areas. In this context, are analyzed the policies through which the Russian Federation projects national interests in its near abroad such as “hard power”, which include military operations (the involvement of Russian troops as“peacekeeping forces” in the Republic of Moldova, Georgia and Tajikistan; stationing of large units and units on the territory of the former union republics; economic sanctions, etc.). In tandem with “hard power” policies, the Russian Federation also uses “soft power” policies (promoting the Russian language and culture, strengthening the presence of the Russian Federation in the information space, supporting the Russian diaspora).Keywords: policies, national interests, “hard power”, “soft power”, economic sanctions, military operations.

Specificity and efficiency of agriculture in regions of Southern Siberia bordering Mongolia

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1653-1677
Author(s):  
Yurii G. POLULYAKH ◽  
Tana M. OIDUP ◽  
Svetlana A. CHUPIKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
South Siberia ◽  
The Status ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

Subject. The article addresses the influence of the status and place of border territories on the state and efficiency of agriculture in regions of South Siberia bordering Mongolia. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of agriculture in the territories bordering Mongolia in southern Siberia and assess its effectiveness. Methods. The study employs comparison of various characteristics of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which are in specific conditions, among themselves and with the rest of the regions of corresponding federal districts; typification of border territories, taking into account the status of subjects, their location and trans-boundary nature; fiscal equalization of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Results. The paper states that the specifics of border regions of southern Siberia is a high share of agriculture in the output, especially in the Republic of Altai and Tyva. However, these two republics differ significantly in the structure of agricultural production. The economic efficiency of the agrarian sphere is substantially diversified and its level impedes sustainable development. Conclusions. To increase the efficiency of agricultural production in border regions of southern Siberia it is important to increase governmental financial support at the federal level; to improve estimated fiscal capacity of border subjects of the Russian Federation so that they could support agricultural producers from their own budgets.

Migration in the border region of Russia and Kazakhstan: Practical considerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-25
Author(s):  
Mariya A. TROYANSKAYA
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Border Regions ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government

Subject. The article discusses the specifics of migration processes in the border region of Russia and Kazakhstan. Objectives. I analyze practical aspects of migration in the border region of Russia and Kazakhstan and review what can be done to maintain the socio-economic stability and retain human capital in border regions of the Russian Federation. Methods. The study is based on methods of analysis, systematization, comparison and matching. Results. I point out the specifics of the Russian constituent entities that lie on the border with Kazakhstan. I indicate distinctions of outbound and inbound migration processes in the analyzable areas. The article presents the analysis of the migration growth in the Russian regions bordering on the Kazakh areas, monitoring of incoming and outgoing migrants along directions of their movement. The article illustrates the composition of migrants who arrive in and leave the Russian regions bordering on Kazakhstan. The article enlists what can be done to maintain the socio-economic stability and retain human capital in the border regions of respective constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Conclusions and Relevance. Most regions bordering on Kazakhstan see a negative migration growth and considerable numbers of cross-border migrants. There are also significant cross-regional movements in the regions. To maintain the socio-economic stability in the border regions as part of the national policy, the national structure of migration should be taken into consideration. The government should urgently take efforts to set up a versatile model that would help immigrants undergo the social adaptation and integrate into the Russian society.

Foreign Policy of Russia: ‘Soft Power’ of the Regions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-57
Author(s):  
S. P. Arteev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Russian Foreign Policy ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Federal Center

As relations between the Russian Federation and the West continue to deteriorate, traditional diplomatic instruments become less eff ective. Conversely, the role of alternative diplomatic channels is growing. However, the Russian foreign policy still tends to underestimate their potential. In particular, the soft power potential of the Russian regions appears to be largerly under-utilized. The paper starts with a general overview of the specifi c features of sub-state/sub-national actors in the world politics. In particular, the author emphasizes that these actors are synthetic by nature, which predetermines their particular role on the international scene, as they can use policy instruments specifi c to both state and non-state actors. The author provides a model for classifi cation of the Russian regions based on the level of their international activity. The paper examines by what means the international activities of the regions can infl uence the interstate relations and outlines two basic frameworks for joint actions of the federal center and the regions on the international arena: ‘culture and image-building’ and ‘political plus’. The author emphasizes the importance of the federal-regional cooperation in addressing foreign policy issues, particularly, in response to international crises. The paper assesses the capacity of diff erent Russian sub-national actors to actively participate through their soft power potential in normalization of interstate relations. The author concludes that this potential could be successfully integrated into the Russian foreign policy strategy. However, in order to improve the quality of the federal-regional cooperation on the foreign policy issues, it is necessary to develop a new framework for interaction between the federal center and the regions of the Russian Federation, based on greater involvement of regional representatives in the decision-making process (which implies reassessment of the entire system of federal relations).

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