Specific Aspects in Assessing Economic Feasibility of Rare Earth Mining

An important up-to-date feature of the resources sector development is a rapid change of types and raw material sources as well as a wide range of conditions in which the processes of mineral resources development take place. The sources of rare earth elements are not an exception because the innovative nature of their development implies the use of new knowledge, technologies and approaches. Moreover, from an economic perspective, like any investment projects, such sources of raw materials require feasibility assessment and their investment effectiveness. Based on the above, the article analyzes an economic assessment of the development of new source of rare earth elements by the example of the Burann area of the Tomtor deposit in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

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Development of methods for the recovery оf rare-earth elements from the mineral resources of the Arctic

10.37614/978.5.91137.455.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

E. P. Lokshin ◽

◽

O. A. Tareeva ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Rare Earth Elements ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

The Arctic ◽

Resource Saving ◽

Apatite Concentrate ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Wide Range ◽

Rare Earth Mineral

This paper summarizes the findings of the research aimed at the development of a new method for the integrated processing of naturally occurring and anthropogenic rare-earth raw materials based on the decomposition of rare-earth element (REE) concentrates in the presence of sulfocationite. Sorption and desorption of REE cations on a strongly acidic ion exchanger, sorbent regeneration, and REE recovery from eluates are discussed. A virtually zero-waste integrated process for apatite concentrate is proposed. The generalization of the research findings is aimed at demonstrating the prospects and universality of the proposed resource-saving and environmentally safe approach to the processing of various types of naturally occurring and anthropogenic rare-earth mineral feeds. The new methodology made it possible to develop a number of new hydrochemical processes united by a single approach, providing a qualitative increase in the processing performance of various types of rare-earth mineral feeds. The theoretical foundations of a unified approach to the processing of a wide range of minerals can significantly accelerate and cheapen the implementation of specific process circuits, significantly reduce reagent consumption and waste generation, simplify the separation of rare earth elements and impurities, and the separation of rare earth elements from naturally occurring radionuclides, fluorine, and phosphorus. The study was funded by the Kolarctic CBC 2014-2020 program, Project KO1030 SEESIMA — Supporting Environmental Economic and Social Impacts of Mining Activity.

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Środowiskowe i prawne uwarunkowania pozyskiwania pierwiastków ziem rzadkich

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia ◽

10.17951/sil.2020.29.1.197-213 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 197

Author(s):

Hanna Spasowska-Czarny

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Rare Earth Elements ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Limited Resource ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Resource Base ◽

Wind Generators ◽

Essential Components ◽

Organic Resources

<p class="TreA">To run an efficient and well developed economy, it is necessary to procure materials and elements belonging to four main groups, that is energy resources, organic resources, water and mineral resources. Non-energy resources, including critical raw materials, have limited resource base, significant dispersal of minerals and very limited possible substitution. Those resources include rare earth elements, which set directions for contemporary dynamic development of many industries. With the development of innovative technologies, the demand for essential components has grown. The use of rare earth elements to develop energy-efficient technologies is very promising, especially in wind generators and hybrid cars.</p>

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Scarcity and Environmental Impact of Mineral Resources—An Old and Never-Ending Discussion

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources8010002 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mario Schmidt

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Resource Depletion ◽

Raw Material ◽

Environmental Study ◽

World Population ◽

Product Systems ◽

Material Sources ◽

Drying Up

A historical overview shows that mankind has feared the scarcity of mineral resources, especially metals, for many centuries. In the first half of the 20th century, this discussion was marked by the great military demand for raw materials, followed by the growing world population, increasing consumption and environmental awareness. From then on, there was less talk of regional shortages, but more discussion of a global scarcity or even a drying up of raw material sources worldwide. Although these forecasts are still controversially discussed today, the assessment of resource depletion has become an integral element of Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) or Life Cycle Impact Assessments (LCIA) of product systems. A number of methodological approaches are available for this purpose, which are presented and applied in a series of articles as part of a special issue of ”Resources”. The fundamental question is also addressed, namely to what extent the assessment of resource depletion in the context of an environmental study such as LCA is appropriate.

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PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGIES OF COMPREHENSIVEEXPLOITATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES IN WESTERN SIBERIA

Oil and Gas Studies ◽

10.31660/0445-0108-2017-2-19-23 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 19-23

Author(s):

R. M. Bembel ◽

Y. Gao ◽

Yu. F. Miao ◽

I. A. Schetinin

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Natural Gas ◽

Rare Earth Elements ◽

Formation Mechanism ◽

Western Siberia ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Gas Generation ◽

Oil And Natural Gas

In the work the assumption is made that a geosoliton formation mechanism of oil and natural gas generation and accumulation foci is capable of creating radioactive and rare-earth elements, diamonds, various metals and other strategic raw materials in the same geosoliton tubes. It is proposed to begin the design of technologies to develop such complex deposits.

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The potency of rare earth elements and yttrium in Konawe coal ashes, Indonesia

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/882/1/012037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 882 (1) ◽

pp. 012037

Author(s):

Maidatul Farqhi ◽

Dea Anisa Ayu Besari ◽

Ferian Anggara ◽

Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Rare Earth Elements ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Major Elements ◽

Raw Material ◽

Technology Applications ◽

Potential Resource ◽

The Individual ◽

Promising Source

Abstract Fly ash and bottom ash (FABA), which not utilized is considered waste, has been regarded as the promising source of rare earth elements and yttrium (REY). REY has been recognized as critical raw materials to several modern high-technology applications. This research aims to identify the potential resource of REY in FABA, by investigating FABA samples from two different coal-fired power plant (KNW-1 and KNW-2) in Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The geochemical compositions of coal and FABA include major elements and REY determined by ICP-MS and ICP-AES. The major elements in coal and FABA samples showed the highest concentration in SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, and MgO. The individual REY contents in FABA from KNW-1 are about 17-21 times higher than in coal samples while FABA from KNW-2 are about 57-73 times higher than in coal. The total REY concentration in FABA KNW-1 ranged from 227.34-276.41 ppm while the concentration in FABA KNW-2 ranged from 278.49-356.45 ppm. The total REO content of KNW-1 FABA samples ranged from 274.08-333.45 ppm. These values are lower than the REO content of the KNW-2 FABA (335.67-429.80 ppm). The percentage critical REY (30% ≤ REYdef ≤ 51%) and coefficient outlook (0.7 ≤ Cou tl ≤ 1.9%), showed all FABA samples are potential for promising raw material REY.

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Complex processing of titanium-rare metal raw material

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20185603019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 ◽

pp. 03019

Author(s):

Mikhail Medkov ◽

Galina Krysenko ◽

Dantiy Epov ◽

Pavel Sitnik ◽

Valentin Avramenko

Keyword(s):

Rare Earth ◽

Rare Earth Elements ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Rare Metal ◽

Raw Material ◽

Insoluble Residue ◽

Ammonium Hydrodifluoride ◽

Fluoroammonium Salts ◽

Main Components ◽

The Rare Earth

The paper is devoted to investigation of the complex processing of titanium-rare metal raw materials with ammonium hydrodifluoride. It is stated that fluorination of the main components of the mineral raw materials with ammonium hydrodifluoride proceeds with formation of complex ammonium fluorometallates and simple fluorides. It is showed that in the process of aqueous leaching of the fluorinated mineral raw material niobium and tantalum completely pass into solution together with titanium, iron, and silicon fluoroammonium salts while all the rare-earth elements stay in the insoluble residue as complex fluorosodium salts together with CaF2. The method of separation of the fluoroammonium salts with obtaining marketable products and isolation of the rare-earth elements from the insoluble residue is offered.

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Calculation of the Glaze Recipe for Porcelain Feldspar Products Based on their Molecular Formula Rationalization

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.08.2.1719 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 129-134

Author(s):

Ion Teoreanu ◽

Roxana Lucia Dumitrache ◽

Stefania Stoleriu

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Computer Programs ◽

Point Of View ◽

Raw Material ◽

Easy Access ◽

Molecular Formula ◽

Design Equation ◽

Material Sources

Any change of the raw material sources for glazes, economically, ecologically motivated, and also from the glaze quality point of view, is conditioned by the molecular formula rationalization and by the variation limits of the molecular formula, respectively. The proper glaze compositions are placed within their limit variation intervals with optimized processing and utilization properties. For this purpose, the rationalization criteria and procedures of molecular formulas are summarized in the present paper, as well as the results referring to their rationalization obtained in the authors� previous work. Thus, one starts from a base of raw materials that are selected, usable and also accessible for the design and producing of the glazes. On these bases the groundwork and the design equation for the glaze recipes are developed, exemplified for a single glaze. For an easy access to results, computer programs are used for an easy access to results.

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Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12102237 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2237 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

P. R. Sarika ◽

Paul Nancarrow ◽

Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽

Taleb Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Raw Material ◽

Wood Industry ◽

Suitable Material ◽

The Past ◽

Wide Range ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Sustainable Materials ◽

Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

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Feasibility of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota

American Journal of Alternative Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0889189300008407 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 2-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N.C. Wagner ◽

S. Ramaswamy ◽

U. Tschirner

Keyword(s):

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cereal Straw ◽

Industrial Utilization ◽

Industrial Use ◽

On Farm ◽

And Storage

AbstractA pre-economic feasibility study was undertaken to determine the potential of cereal straw for industrial utilization in Minnesota. Specifically, utilizing straw for pulp and paper manufacture was of interest. The availability of cereal straw fiber supplies at various locations across the state of Minnesota, along with pre-processing issues such as transportation, harvesting, handling, and storage, are discussed and priced. The greatest economic advantage of straw for industrial use appears to be the low cost of the raw material compared to traditional raw materials. This also provides an excellent opportunity for additional income for farmers. The methodology and information provided here should be helpful in evaluating the feasibility of utilizing straw for other industrial purposes in other parts of the world. However, in some Third World countries, long-standing on-farm, traditional uses of cereal straws for fuel, fiber, and animal feed may limit their availability for industrial utilization.

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