Vitamin A repletion in thoroughbred mares with retinyl palmitate or beta-carotene.

Vitamin A is present in multivitamin products mainly in the form of retinol esters: retinyl acetate, retinyl palmitate, and beta carotene—retinol precursor (dimer) found in plants, which is capable of converting into retinol in liver cells. Retinol is determined in medicinal products primarily by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with preliminary purification and vitamin isolation by liquid-liquid extraction. However, scientific literature also describes other methods of sample preparation and analysis of such compounds. An important issue is differentiation of vitamin A from other fat-soluble vitamins often included as components in multivitamin products. The aim of the study was to analyse and summarise data on current methods used for determination of vitamin A and its derivatives in medicinal products. The authors analysed the range of vitamin A products authorised in the Russian Federation, and the test methods described in their product specification files. The study demonstrated that the test method most often used for determination of retinol esters was HPLC with isocratic elution mode using octadecylsilyl packing in the reverse-phase mode, and, less frequently, aminopropylsilyl packing in the normal phase mode. Determination of beta carotene in medicinal products is most often performed using spectrophotometry.

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A randomised controlled trial to test equivalence between retinyl palmitate and beta carotene for vitamin A deficiency.

BMJ ◽

10.1136/bmj.307.6912.1106 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 307 (6912) ◽

pp. 1106-1110 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

C Carlier ◽

J Coste ◽

M Etchepare ◽

B Periquet ◽

O Amedee-Manesme

Keyword(s):

Randomised Controlled Trial ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Vitamin A Deficiency ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Retinyl Palmitate ◽

Randomised Controlled

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Effect of Citric Pectin on beta-Carotene Bioavailability in Rats

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.72.4.199 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

pp. 199-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Márcia Zanutto ◽

Alceu Jordão Júnior ◽

Mônica Meirelles ◽

Rosa Fávaro ◽

Hélio Vannucchi

Keyword(s):

High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Vitamin A ◽

High Performance ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Retinyl Palmitate ◽

Control Group ◽

Plasma Retinol ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Retinol Concentration

The effect of citric pectin on the bioavailability of synthetic beta-carotene was studied. Thirty Wistar rats were used, ten animals were sacrificed at the beginning of the experiment and remaining animals were divided into two groups and received the following diets for 30 days: control group (CG) – 24 mg beta-carotene/g diet + 0% citric pectin; experimental group (EG) – 24 mugbeta-carotene/g diet + 7% citric pectin. Plasma and liver beta-carotene, vitamin A, and retinyl palmitate concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plasma retinol concentration was 1.42 ± 0.36 mumol/L for CG and 1.10 ± 0.24 mumol/L for EG (p = 0.1), and plasma beta-carotene concentration was 0.20 ± 2.51 mumol/L for CG and 0.07 ± 0.04 µumol/L for EG (p = 0.01). Only traces of retinyl palmitate were detected in CG and none in EG. Retinol did not differ significantly between groups CG and EG, while a significantly higher beta-carotene concentration was observed for CG. Liver concentrations of retinol (CG: 4.90 ± 2.51 µug/g; EG: 2.68 ± 1.12 µug/g), beta-carotene (CG: 0.98 ± 0.28 µug/g; EG: 0.11 ± 0.06 µug/g), and retinyl palmitate (CG: 95.47 ± 45.13 µug/g, EG: 37.01 ± 17.20 µug/g) differed significantly between groups (p < 0.05), with a lower concentration being observed for EG. We conclude that 7% citric pectin in the rat diet decreases the bioavailability of synthetic beta-carotene, reducing the liver reserves of vitamin A and beta-carotene.

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Absorption and Conversion of a Single Oral Dose of beta-Carotene in Corn Oil to Vitamin A in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Low Reserve of Vitamin A

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.73.4.267 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 267-273 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Barua

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Oral Dose ◽

Single Oral Dose ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Absorbed Dose ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Retinyl Palmitate ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Deficient Diet

This study was carried out to determine how much of a single oral dose of beta-carotene in oil is absorbed and how much of the absorbed dose is converted to retinoids in rats having a vitamin A reserve at the lowest end of adequate status. Weanling rats raised on a vitamin A-deficient diet for four weeks were given a single oral dose of either corn oil or beta-carotene dissolved in corn oil (1.86 mumol). Serum, liver, and the entire digestive tract of the rats were analyzed for carotenoids and retinoids. Results showed that 4 hours after dosing, 1.64 mumol (88%) of the dose of beta-carotene was found intact, with 17.6% found in the stomach, 21% in the small intestine, and 49.3% in the large intestine. A total of 0.28 mumol of newly formed retinoids (expressed as retinyl palmitate) was present in serum, liver, and mucosa of small intestine. The results suggest that a single oral dose of beta-carotene might not be an effective way of raising vitamin A status in rats.

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STORAGE OF RETINOIDS AND BETA-CAROTENE IN THE GENITAL ORGANS OF JAPANESE QUAIL

Acta Veterinaria Hungarica ◽

10.1556/avet.47.1999.1.9 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 95-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Annamária Kerti ◽

L. Bárdos

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Ovarian Follicles ◽

Retinyl Palmitate ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Retinyl Acetate ◽

Maturation Period ◽

Japanese Quails

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of a one-month feeding of retinyl acetate (RA) on the retinol (ROL), retinyl palmitate (RP) and (-carotene (BC) levels in the blood, testicles and ovarian follicles of adult Japanese quails. The basal diet (containing vitamin A at 10 × 103IU/kg) was supplemented with 100 ×, 500 × and 1000 × 103IU/kg RA in Groups I, II and III in both sexes. Plasma vitamin A levels rose in all groups. The elevations were caused basically by the RP fraction. The ROL concentration increased only slightly, indicating saturation of the blood binding/transport system. Plasma BC was depressed in both sexes. RA feeding resulted in high RP concentration in the genital organs (testicles and ovarian follicles), indicating subclinical hypervitaminosis, while the BC content of genital organs decreased considerably. The retinoid and BC concentration of ovarian follicles (F1-F5) was in the same range, indicating continuous retinoid and carotene transport during the fast maturation period. Retinoid content of the genital organs was higher in layers than in roosters. BC deposition was decreased both in the testicles and in the follicles, indicating a competition between RP and BC for the storage capacity of organs.

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Teknologi Esktrasi dan Cara Pemisahannya untuk Mendapatkan Kembali Karotenoid dari Minyak Sawit : Suatu Tinjauan

Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri ◽

10.26578/jrti.v9i1.1707 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 80-95

Author(s):

Agus Sudibyo ◽

Sardjono Sardjono

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction And Separation ◽

Molecular Product ◽

Industrial Use ◽

Palm Oil Mill ◽

Selection Of

Crude palm oil (CPO)is the richest natural plant source of carotenoids in terms of retinol (pro-vitamin A) equivalent, whereas palm oil mill effluent (POME) is generated from palm oil industry that contains oil and carotenes that used to be treated before discharge. Carotenoids are importance in animals and humans for the purpose of the enhancement of immune response, conversion of vitamin A and scavenging of oxygen radicals. This component has different nutritional functions and benefits to humaan health. The growing interest in the other natural sources of beta-carotene and growing awareness to prevent pollution has stimulated the industrial use of CPO and POME as a raw material for carotenoids extraction. Various technologies of extraction and separation have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids.This article reports on various technologies that have been developed in order to recover of carotenoids from being destroyed in commercial refining of palm oil and effects of some various treatments on the extraction end separation for carotenoid from palm oil and carotenoids concentration. Principally, there are different technologies, and there is one some future which is the use of solvent. Solvent plays important role in the most technologiest, however the problem of solvents which are used is that they posses potentiaal fire health and environmental hazards. Hence selection of the most safe, environmentally friendly and cost effective solvent is important to design of alternative extraction methods.Chemical molecular product design is one of the methods that are becoming more popular nowadays for finding solvent with the desired properties prior to experimental testing.ABSTRAKMinyak sawit kasar merupakan sumber karotenoid terkaya yang berasal dari tanaman sawit sebagai senyawa yang sama dengan retinol atau pro-vitamin A; sedangkan limbah pengolahan minyak sawit dihasilkan dari industri pengolahan minyak sawit yang berisi minyak dan karotene yang perlu diberi perlakuan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang. Karotenoid merupakan bahan penting yang diperlukan pada hewan dan manusia guna memperkuat tanggapan terhadap kekebalan, konversi ke vitamin A dan penangkapan gugus oksigen radikal. Dengan berkembangnya ketertarikan dalam mencari beta-karotene yang bersumber dari alam lain dan meningkatnya kesadaran untuk mencegah adanya pencemaran lingkungan, maka mendorong suatu industri untuk menggunakan CPO dan POME sebagai bahan baku untuk diekstrak karotenoidnya. Berbagai macam teknologi guna mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid telah dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan kembali karotenoidnya. Makalah ini melaporkan dan membahas berbagai jenis teknologi yang telah dikembangkan guna mendapatkan kembali senyawa karotenoid dari kerusakan di dalam proses pemurnian minyak sawit secara komersial dan pengaruh beberapa perlakuan terhadap ekstrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid dari minyak sawit dan konsentrasi karotenoidnya. Pada prinsipnya, berbagai teknologi yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak dan memisahkan karotenoid terdapat perbedaan, dan terdapat salah satu teknologi yang digunakan untuk esktrasi dan pemisahan karotenoid adalah menggunakan bahan pelarut. Pelarut yang digunakan mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam teknologi ekstrasi; namun pelarut yang digunakan untuk mengekstrak tersebut mempunyai persoalan karena berpotensi mengganggu kesehatan dan membahayakan cemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pemilihan jenis teknologi yang aman, ramah terhadap lingkungan dan biaya yang efektif untuk penggunaan pelarut merupakan hal penting sebelum dilakukan desain metode/teknologi alternatif untuk esktrasi karotenoid. Pola produk molekuler kimia merupakan salah satu metode yang saat ini menjadi lebih populer untuk mencari pelarut dengan sifat-sifat yang dikehendaki sebelum diujicobakan. Kata kunci : karotenoid, ekstrasi, pemisahan, teknologi, minyak sawit kasar, limbah industri pengolahan sawit.

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Vitamin Analysis, Trace Elements Content, and Their Extractabilities in Tetrapleura tetraptera

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2020/1608341 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Prince Oteng ◽

John K. Otchere ◽

Stephen Adusei ◽

Richard Q. Mensah ◽

Emmanuel Tei-Mensah

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Trace Element ◽

Trace Element Content ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Flame Atomic Absorption ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tetrapleura Tetraptera ◽

Vitamin Analysis

Tetrapleura tetraptera is widely cherished in African traditional homes because of its alleged therapeutic and nutritional properties. This present study aimed at determining the levels of vitamin A, C, E, and beta-carotene and trace element (Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Se, and Zn) concentrations and their extractabilities in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit (mixture of pulp and seeds) of T. tetraptera. The total trace element concentration of Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, and Zn and their extractabilities (%) were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS), whereas UV-VIS spectrophotometer was used to determine selenium concentration. The trace element content (mg/kg) based on dry weight in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit was Fe (162.00 ± 7.14, 115.00 ± 12.00, and 154.00 ± 25.20, respectively), Zn (31.60 ± 4.77, 43.40 ± 5.29, and 41.50 ± 8.97, respectively), Cu (16.10 ± 4.98, 11.90 ± 8.40, and 17.20 ± 14.50, respectively), Mn (55.30 ± 2.41, 156.00 ± 10.20, and 122.00 ± 5.29, respectively), Co (38.10 ± 6.40, 21.10 ± 7.15, and 44.00 ± 14.90, respectively), and Se (1.49 ± 0.17, 2.43 ± 0.28, and 2.97 ± 0.27 μg/g, respectively). The mineral extractabilities (%) in the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit of T. tetraptera were established to be in the order Co > Zn > Fe > Cu > Se > Mn. Also, the chromatographic method (HPLC) was used to evaluate vitamin E concentration, and vitamin C and concentration of beta-carotene were calculated from the obtained concentration of vitamin A using a conversion factor by the titrimetric method. From the results of vitamin analysis, a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed among the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit for vitamin C and E. However, no significant difference (p>0.05) was perceived among these plant parts for vitamin A and beta-carotene. This study has therefore revealed that the pulp, seeds, and whole fruit of T. tetraptera contain varying concentrations of vitamins and trace elements and has given many vital insights on which part of T. tetraptera to consume, as concentrations of these nutrients differ in the discrete parts of the fruit.

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Effect of beta-Carotene Supplementation on Plasma and Yolk IgY Levels Induced by NDV Vaccination in Japanese Quail

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831.73.4.285 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 285-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kiss ◽

Bárdos ◽

Szabó ◽

Lengyel ◽

Szabó

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Japanese Quail ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Beta Carotene ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Commercial Diet ◽

Coturnix Coturnix ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Group A ◽

Higher Doses

Newly hatched Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks were fed diets containing different levels of retinoids (vitamin A) or beta-carotene. Group A received a commercial diet containing 10000 IU vitamin A per kilogram. The diets of Groups B, C, and D contained no vitamin A but were supplemented with 1-, 2.5-, and 5-fold retinol equivalents of beta-carotene. Each group contained 16 quails in a 1:1 sex ratio. At 8 weeks of age the quails were immunized orally with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Boosters were given three times at two-week intervals. Blood samples were taken at two-week intervals until 14 weeks of age. The anti-NDV IgY titre was determined by a locally developed direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Groups A and B showed nearly the same antibody response. This indicates that the preformed vitamin A and the equivalent beta-carotene have the same immunomodulatory effect. Groups receiving higher doses of beta-carotene (Groups C and D) exhibited significantly higher plasma IgY levels compared to Groups A and B. The results indicate that elevated doses of beta-carotene have a slight effect on the adaptive immune response in Japanese quail.

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Vitamin A physiology in the precocious harbour seal (Phoca vitulina): a tissue-based biomarker approach

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z02-152 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 80 (9) ◽

pp. 1511-1519 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Lizzy Mos ◽

Peter S Ross

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Marine Mammals ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Phoca Vitulina ◽

Retinyl Palmitate ◽

Harbour Seal ◽

Natural Processes ◽

Reproductive Endocrine ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Free Ranging

Vitamin A is a nutrient essential to all mammals for growth and development, as well as for the maintenance of reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems. Environmental contaminant-related disruption of vitamin A has been observed in many wildlife species and can therefore be used as a biomarker of toxic effects. However, the natural processes regulating vitamin A uptake, storage, and distribution among compartments are poorly understood in marine mammals. In this study, 20 young healthy harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) were captured to establish a compartment-based model providing a foundation for a mechanistic understanding of vitamin A physiology and disruption. Vitamin A (retinol, retinyl palmitate, and (or) retinoic acid) was quantified in blood plasma and in biopsy samples of liver, blubber, and skin. Although the highest concentrations of vitamin A were found in liver, blubber represents a more important storage depot, with an estimated 66% of the total retinoid content of the compartments measured. We suggest that vitamin A physiology in the precocious harbour seal has evolved to deal with high vitamin A availability during a short nursing period and to sustain growth during the postweaning fast. Positive correlations in vitamin A concentrations among liver, blubber, and skin support the use of less invasive biopsy sampling of just blubber or skin, which can provide physiologically relevant information in biomarker studies of free-ranging marine mammals.

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