scholarly journals Unrealized Architectural Projects of the 1920s: The Value of Constructivism Ideas

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
Marina V. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
High Tech ◽  
New Production ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Space Organization ◽  
Architecture And Design ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to one of the most interesting topics: the ideological heritage of constructivism and evaluation of its value. The no­velty of the research is determined by the choice of its subject: unrealized projects of Soviet architects of the 1920s (I.I. Leonidov, K.S. Melnikov, V.A. Vesnin, A.A. Vesnin, L.A. Vesnin and N.A. Ladovsky) as a source of promising ideas for the architecture and design of the late 20th—early 21st century. The paper aims to assess the creative and artistic value of the unrealized projects of Soviet constructivists for the modern architectural design. The main result is the attempt to present a historical and conceptual overview of the origin and features of constructivism and rationalism as trends in urban planning. The 1920s, when the principles and trends in constructivist architecture were formed, became the time of development of a new production and architectural model. The combination of rationalist approach with utopian functionality of most of these projects was the reason for rejection of a truly constructivist trend in Soviet architecture in favor of the “Stalin Empire Style”, and later — deconstructivism. The problematics of constructivist solutions of the 1920s in the field of urban planning and environmental management largely determined the methodology of architectural space organization of the USSR cities in the 1930s, when the stan­dard of “industry oriented” socialist society became a priority. The author considers theoretical studies and scientific publications about the works of Soviet constructivist architects, gives examples of explicit translation of the principles of constructivism in the 21st century architecture, and makes an assumption about the relationship between the ideolo­gical heritage of Soviet constructivists and the artistic and creative process of modern architects and desig­ners (founders of high-tech style R. Piano, N. Foster; deconstructivists F. Gehry, Z. Hadid, D. Libeskind).The article concludes that the constructivist ima­ges and stylistics of the analyzed period, though not translated by modern designers and architects “directly”, become the basis for implementation of new conceptual solutions.

scholarly journals The meaning of Moscow: “Non-lethal” weapons and international law in the early 21st century

2005 ◽  
Vol 87 (859) ◽  
pp. 525-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
David P. Fidler
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Early 21St Century

AbstractAt the intersection of new weapon technologies and international humanitarian law, so-called “non-lethal” weapons have become an area of particular interest. This article analyses the relationship between “non-lethal” weapons and international law in the early 21st century by focusing on the most seminal incident to date in the short history of the “non-lethal” weapons debate, the use of an incapacitating chemical to end a terrorist attack on a Moscow theatre in October 2002. This tragic incident has shown that rapid technological change will continue to stress international law on the development and use of weaponry but in ways more politically charged, legally complicated and ethically challenging than the application of international humanitarian law in the past.

The Denial of Paternity: Pregnancy as a Risk to the ‘Pure Relationship’

Sociology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1110-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Turney
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Paternity Testing ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Australian Context ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Discursive Context ◽  
The Early 21St Century

This article draws on a study of the use of genetic paternity testing in the Australian context. It uses data from interviews with women in regular or cohabitating relationships whose partners exited the relationship because of a pregnancy and subsequently denied paternity. At a broader level, it explores the fragility of paternity itself in the early 21st century within the context of unprecedented sexual freedoms and transformative changes to family formation and intimate relationships. It also locates cohabitating paternity in a broader discursive context that has seen an unparalleled demonization of mothers as potential perpetrators of ‘paternity fraud’, a neo-legal exposé of infidelity and extortion of child support that commercial DNA paternity testing purports to be able to uncover.

scholarly journals THE SHIFT IN THE TRADITION OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN INDONESIA FROM THE 19TH CENTURY TO THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Saefudin A Safi'i
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Education System ◽  
Classical System ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Early 21St Century

This paper examines the Indonesian Islamic education tradition from the 19th Century to the early 21st Century. The data in this paper were obtained from written sources as well as several previous studies. The results reveal that the Islamic education tradition begins with religious recitation, which is taught individually (not collectively or in a classical system) in a teacher’s house, langgar, or surau. The relationship pattern between Islamic (pesantren-madrasah) and the regular education system is associated with Indonesia’s Islamic education system development. This pattern occurred in the 19th to the beginning of the 21st Century and is divided into two episodes. During the first two centuries (19th and 20th centuries), the Islamic education system (religious sciences organized by individuals, organizations, or government institutions) was still differentiated (convergence or synthesis) from the ordinary school education system (general sciences). At the beginning of the 21st Century, the relationship between the two education systems has indicated knowledge integration, although it is still minimal. So far, it has been rigidly divided between “religious sciences” on the one hand and “general sciences” on the other, leading to an integrated knowledge discourse. If this pattern is desired, an Islamic boarding school for higher education will be created. In which “general knowledge” is given during the day, and “religious knowledge” (Al-Qur’an and Kitab) is taught in the evening. This tradition has become a model for curriculum synthesis between the religious sciences and the general sciences to form the Islamic higher education institution.

scholarly journals Compositional System of Osvaldas Balakauskas

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-95
Author(s):  
Gražina Daunoravičienė
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Compositional System ◽  
The Relationship

Against the background of the Lithuanian professional music modernisation over the late Soviet period through to the early 21st century, the study focuses on the theoretical-compositional system of dodecatonics by the most consistent Lithuanian modernist Osvaldas Balakauskas (b. 1937). Based on it, the conceptualisation of the composer’s creative process, the modern expression construing specificity, the socio-political and cultural context, and the aesthetic value will be revealed. By interpreting the process of modernisation from the viewpoint of parataxical comparativism, the relationship between the dodecatonics and other 20th century ­stheoretical-compositional systems as well as the theoretical tradition will be examined. The issues of individualisation of the 12-tone technique and the implementation of the principles of the Dodecatonics in Balakauskas’’ compositions will be discussed. The system is contextualised in the milieu of the inculcation of “formalistic” modernist doctrines in Lithuania and the USSR and of the updating of composing systems and the development of new ones.

Online Comments and Journalism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Wolfgang
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Participatory Journalism ◽  
Online Comments ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Constant Growth

Shortly after its emergence as a tool for participatory journalism, online commenting became a popular format for audience public discourse and a subject of controversy for professional journalists. The early 21st century has seen a constant growth in research considering how online comments have influenced journalism by providing new ways to understand the perspective of the audience, by changing the routines and practices of the newsroom, and by encouraging a reconsideration of how content influences readers. News audiences, generally, have been relatively quiet and passive in the past, but online comments have given them the opportunity to speak alongside journalists on professional platforms. This shift in news-mediated public discourse has the potential to reshape the journalist−audience relationship in substantial ways. The research on commenting has provided new evidence on how journalistic practices are changing, how people perceive and process information online, and how journalists negotiate technological change while trying not to upend the profession. However, there is a need for more research that explores critical questions related to comment quality, changing journalistic norms, and the relationship between journalist identity and technology. Online commenting has the potential to help fulfill the journalistic norms of providing a space for public discourse and promoting diverse views from within the community. This potential, however, is reliant upon journalists who uphold the civic function of journalism’s role.

scholarly journals ON THE IMPORTANCE OF DEVELOPING A HISTORY OF THEORETICAL ARCHITECTURAL THOUGHT

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-3
Author(s):  
Irina V. Tarasova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Integral System ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
History Of ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Modern Perspective ◽  
The Early 21St Century

The paper highlights the importance of studying theoretical architectural thought as a cultural phenomenon. The variety of architectural and urban planning theories in the period from the 1st century BC to the early 21st century needs to be reconsidered from the modern perspective using contemporary methodologies and tools. The development of a concept reflecting the evolution of architectural scholarly knowledge and its representation as an integral system are essential steps towards solving major problems faced by the fundamental architectural science and predicting its further development.

scholarly journals STAGES OF FORMATION OF ARCHITECTURE OF CHISINAU ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Oleinic ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Compositional Techniques ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Economic Transformations ◽  
Provincial Administration ◽  
The City ◽  
The Early 21St Century ◽  
Stylistic Changes

This article reveals the stages of formation of the architecture of administrative buildings in the city of Chisinau on the background of historical and economic transformations, that took place in Moldova from the late 19th to the early 21st century. The article reflects the results of analysis, which made it possible to identify nine periods of evolution of the architecture of administrative buildings from the provincial administration buildings to office and business centers. Based on specific examples, the article demonstrates the transformation of compositional techniques not only of this typological group, but also of public buildings in general, as well as stylistic changes in their architecture from eclecticism and neoclassicism, through modernism and postmodernism, to deconstructivism and high-tech.

scholarly journals O Píer Mauá como Terrain Vague Planejamento urbano, mídia e arquitetura

Revista Prumo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
BIANCA MANZON LUPO
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Design Thinking ◽  
Territorial Disputes ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Port Area ◽  
Terrain Vague ◽  
New Millennium

A adesão ao planejamento estratégico e a realização de mega eventos esportivos no Rio de Janeiro contribuíram para a reconstrução da imagem global da cidade no século XXI, configurando novas formas de ocupação do território. Este artigo pretende refletir sobre o conceito de terrain vague, ou terreno vago (SOLÀ-MORALES, 2002), a partir da análise do Píer Mauá, atracadouro originalmente construído em 1948, na região portuária, e que se tornou objeto de disputas urbanas desde os anos 1990 até a construção do Museu do Amanhã, inaugurado em 2015. O presente estudo levanta a hipótese de que planejamento urbano e mídia se tornam fatores essenciais para nortear o pensamento arquitetônico. Investigaremos as principais propostas realizadas para o local (projetos dos anos 1990, Guggenheim Rio e Museu do Amanhã) em conexão com os respectivos planos urbanísticos (Rio Sempre Rio, Porto do Rio e Porto Maravilha) e com as imagens dominantes veiculadas pela mídia (Brasil + 500, Novo Milênio e Sustentabilidade). Palavras-chave: Terreno vago; Píer Mauá; Guggenheim Rio; Museu do Amanhã. ABSTRACT Strategic urban planning and mega sporting events in Rio de Janeiro have contributed to the reconstruction of the city’s global image in the 21st century, configuring new ways of occupying the territory. This article aims to reflect on the concept of terrain vague (SOLÀ-MORALES, 2002) by analyzing the Mauá Pier, a wharf originally built in 1948 at the Rio Port area, and which had become a target of territorial disputes since the 1990s until the construction of the Museum of Tomorrow, inaugurated in 2015. This study will raise the hypothesis that both urban planning and media become fundamental factors for the architectural design thinking for the Maua Pier. Therefore, we will investigate the main architectural designs (including the proposals of the 1990s, Guggenheim Rio, and Museum of Tomorrow) connected to the respective urban plans (Rio Sempre Rio, Porto do Rio, and Porto Maravilha) and to the dominant images broadcasted by media (Brazil + 500, New Millennium and Sustainability). Keywords: Terrain vague; Píer Mauá; Guggenheim Rio; Museu do Amanhã.

6. Religious terror

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
Charles Townshend
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Religious Fundamentalism ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
The West ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrorist Acts ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Early 21St Century

In the early 21st century, the world faced a revival of religious fundamentalism. The liberal assumption that the rise of modern society and the demise of religion came hand in hand was thrown into doubt. In the 1980s, terrorism was restricted to a few radical revolutionaries and familiar nationalists. The next decade saw a shift. It was Islam in particular that captured the attention of the West. ‘Religious terror’ considers the relationship between religion and violence, messianism, suicide and self-sacrifice, and fundamentalism, including the rise of the Islamic State movement. Are the motives for such terrorist acts purely religious or are they political as well?

scholarly journals Emphasising mutual benefit: rethinking the impact agenda through the lens of Share Academy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy Willcocks
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Mutual Benefit ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Uk Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Museum Practice ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter examines the relationship between universities and museums in the UK. By focusing on two case studies, namely, Peckham Cultural Institute and the ‘Local roots/global routes: the legacies of British slave-ownership’ project, it illustrates some of the challenges and opportunities Share Academy has experienced. The early 21st century brought considerable changes to the way museums and universities were constituted and understood. Initiatives like the UK government-funded Renaissance in the Regions programme encouraged museums to broaden their audiences and think of themselves as lifelong educators, situating learning at the centre of museum practice. However, the chapter shows ongoing funding problems within the museum sector continued to contribute to an erosion of curatorial skills as specialist roles were replaced with more general posts.

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