scholarly journals Frequency of Dental Fluorosis in Population Drinking Water with High Fluoride Level in Thar

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (04) ◽  
pp. 259-263
Author(s):  
Iftekhar Ahmed ◽  
◽  
Anwar Ali ◽  
Marium Zaheer ◽  
Ibraj Fatima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
National Level ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Exposed Area ◽  
High Fluoride ◽  
High Level ◽  
Water Fluoride

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to see the frequency of dental fluorosis in exposed area (Sammo Rind village of Thar District) and in unexposed area of Gadap town of Karachi and to find the association of fluoride level with dental fluorosis in both groups. METHODOLOGY: The water samples were taken from both the sites and fluoride estimation in water and geometrical, was determined using Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode (FISE) method. By random selection 121 subjects from Sammo Rind village and 121 controls from Gadap Town Karachi were included in study after informed consent. The participants were clinically examined by an expert university teacher dentist in proper dental setups in examination lights. RESULTS: A frequency of dental fluorosis of 100% was found among the study subjects with fluoride content as high as 6- 8 mg/dl as compared to prevalence of dental fluorosis 17.4% in unexposed group with water fluoride content as low as 0.30mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of underground water fluoride level and cent per cent dental fluorosis in Thar area is an alarming situation that should be addressed immediately at national level. KEYWORDS: Exposed area, Dental Flurosis, Fluoride Level, Water Sample HOW TO CITE: Ahmed I, Ali A, Zaheer M, Fatima I, Khan N. Frequency of dental fluorosis in population drinking water with high fluoride level in Thar. J Pak Dent Assoc 2020;29(4):259-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25301/JPDA.294.259

scholarly journals Investigations of Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water Samples from Selected Villages in Eritrea

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-346
Author(s):  
Beamlak Haile ◽  
Aron Hailemichael ◽  
Tesfamichael Haile ◽  
Arumugam Manohar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Essential Chemical ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Fluoride is one of the few chemical contaminants in drinking water, even though; it is known as an essential chemical component in water due to its beneficial effect at a very low concentration. However, when present excessively in drinking water it has detrimental effects on human health in terms of the prevalence of dental caries, skeletal fluorosis and bone fractures. Endemic fluorosis, especially dental mottling and discoloration has been prevalent in many parts of Eritrea. However, no well-established study has been carried out to ascertain the fluoride content in the groundwater of the affected villages, except a couple of researches conducted to estimate fluoride level in drinking water of the villages around Keren and Elabered, where dental mottling and fluorosis is prevalent. According to the researches the fluoride level in the underground water was found to be higher than the maximum WHO limit of 1.5 mg/L. Butthe fluoride content of other places (villages) with endemic dental fluorosis has not been determined and documented, and therefore it is necessary to conduct this research in the affected areas to ascertain the fluoride level in the drinking water of the community and compare it with the WHO standards.

scholarly journals Defluoridation Potential of Rice Husk, Groundnut Shell as a Conventional Alternative for Fluoride Removal – A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
A. Ashwatha Pratha ◽  
Jayashri Prabakar
Keyword(s):  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Fluoride Removal ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Groundnut Shell ◽  
Conventional Alternative ◽  
Water Fluoride ◽  
Poor Communities

Fluoride occurs naturally in our environment but we consume it in small amounts. Exposure can occur through dietary intake, respiration and fluoride supplements. The most important factor for fluoride presence in alimentation is fluoridated water. Fluoride content in groundwater has become a national issue affecting the entire India. When the recommended limit of fluoride by WHO is 1.5 mg/L, in some particular parts of India fluoride levels are as high as 35 mg/l. Increased fluoride intake causes dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis and neurological problems. Major problems associated with fluoride remediation are lack of cheap adsorbent to remove fluoride content in water for poor communities of India. Hence, development of community-based defluoridation unit is needed with a technique which is cost-effective, technologically simple in operation while being able to keep the fluoride level in permissible limits. On the basis of extensive investigations, different researchers have developed simple and economical domestic defluoridation processes. The present review gives a brief account of prevalence, sources of fluoride toxicity and cost effective defluoridation method carried out on effects of fluoride in the last few decades. Thus cost effective absorbent which has high efficacy in fluoride removal from water can be provided to poor communities thereby preventing fluorosis.

scholarly journals Tendürek Sönmüş Yanardağının Florotoksik Kaynak Suları Örneğinde Doğal Florozisin Çiftlik Hayvanı Kemiklerinin Flor Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisi

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-338
Author(s):  
Evren Koç ◽  
Başaran Karademir
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Fluoride Toxicity ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Fluoride Accumulation ◽  
Bone Water ◽  
High Fluoride ◽  
Water Fluoride

It is known that the level of Fluoride in the spring waters from some volcanic lands is high and these waters cause Fluoride toxicity. Scientific studies have shown that in Doğubayazıt there is high amount of fluoride in some spring waters originating from the foothills of Tendürek volcano and normal level in Iğdır and Cappadocia volcanic lands. In this study, it was revealed comparatively how the spring waters in these regions affect the bone Fluoride levels of farm animals that are given as drinking water. Fluoride analyses in bone, water and urine samples were performed by means of an ion meter equipped with an iron selective electrode (ISE). The urine and bone fluoride levels of farm animals followed a similar course to water samples. Fluoride levels in bone and urine samples of Doğubayazıt were detected to be significantly higher in compared to Igdır and Cappadocia regions. Bone Fluoride analysis results were also supported by external bone and dental examination findings. The presence of a strong relationship between the analysed water, urine and bone Fluoride levels was determined in this study. It was found that drinking water has a very strong effect on urine and bone in terms of fluoride level. Consequently, Fluorine levels in the bones of farm animals drinking water with high Fluorine levels originating from Tendürek Mountain in Doğubayazıt were found to be higher than normal. Fluoride levels in the bones of farm animals that drank high-fluoride waters originating from Tendurek mountain in Doğubayazıt were found to be higher than normal. This situation can be evaluated as evidence that natural Fluoride toxicity formed by drinking water causes Fluoride accumulation on bones.

scholarly journals Dental caries and its association with increasing water fluoride concentration in district Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 4005
Author(s):  
Nidhi Sharma ◽  
Vartika Saxena ◽  
Manisha Naithani
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Water Fluoride

Background: Evidence from scientific literature confirms both beneficial and detrimental effects of fluoride on human health with only a narrow range between intakes associated with these effects. The limits of this range have been controversial among researchers since the 1930s. Considering this, the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limit of fluoride in India has been reduced from 1.5 to 1.0 mg/l in 1998. This study aimed to evaluate the association between increasing water fluoride levels and dental caries prevention on permanent teeth.Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 1400 children (aged 6–19 years). Caries experience and dental fluorosis were recorded using DMFT/deft and Dean's index respectively. Also, fluoride concentration in drinking water was analyzed. Around 14.4% of children had dental caries with maximum frequency among 9-10 years of age. A significant negative correlation between caries experience and water fluoride level was found (p<0.05), with the lowest DMFT scores at the fluoride level of 0.61–2 mg/l and the highest at 0.0–0.3 mg/l. Whereas, high prevalence of dental fluorosis was observed above 0.7 mg/l.Results: The study revealed that the presence of 0.3-0.7 mg/l fluoride in drinking water reduces dental caries, without an objectionable rise in dental fluorosis.Conclusions: It can be suggested that fluoride has anticaries property but due to a ‘narrow therapeutic window’ of 0.3-0.7 mg/l, in a country like India where endemic fluorosis is prevalent, its topical application should be encouraged which is almost equally effective with less systemic adverse effects.

scholarly journals Endemic dental fluorosis associated with relatively low fluoride concentrations in the southern Free State, South Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
S. Zietsman
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Free State ◽  
Variation Pattern ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Concentration Interval ◽  
High Fluoride

Isolated high fluoride concentrations in the groundwater out of the rocks of the Tarkastad Formation were reported many years ago. The endemicity of dental fluorosis in the region underlain by these rocks, however, was not studied. This article reports on the first fluorosis study in this region. The pupils of 10 farm schools in the southern Free State constituted the sample. The teeth of 594 children of all ages were clinically and photographically examined. The drinking water was sampled at 245 sources on 203 farms. Ion specific analysis was used to determine the fluoride content of the water. Spatially generalized, it is a relatively low-fluoride area, but central statistics do not adequately describe the fluoride content of the water. Spatial variation characterizes the fluoride content of the groundwater. The fluorosis prevalence in the study area (>62%) was surprisingly high and the community fluorosis index was 1,5. The severity of fluorosis was predominantly low, but 4,6% of the children displayed loss of enamel. Spatial variation characterizes the occurrence of fluorosis in the area. The spatial variation pattern in the occurrence of fluorosis is only partially explained by that in the fluoride content of the drinking water. The optimum cariostatic concentration interval for South Africa might not be appropriate for this region.

scholarly journals 3539 Relationship between dental fluorosis, water and serum levels of fluoride and chronic kidney disease in children: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (s1) ◽  
pp. 126-126
Author(s):  
Magda Shaheen ◽  
Erfun Sadeghi ◽  
Senait Teklehaimanot
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
National Health ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Water Fluoride

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The aim of the study is to examine the relation between dental fluorosis, serum and water levels of fluoride and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) among children. A link between dental fluorosis, fluoride level and CKD can be an indicator of the blind danger of fluoride toxicity that poses a great threat to the human health. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Dental fluorosis, serum and water levels of fluoride and CKD were examined in children 6-19 years old, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey1999-2012 and 2013-2016. We used multiple logistic regression to adjust for the confounders (demographics, insurance, dental visit, and co-morbidity) to assess the relation between dental fluorosis, serum and water levels of fluoride and CKD. STATA 14.0 was used to analyze the data (sample design and weight). P < 0.05 is statistically significant. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD was 13.9% and dental fluorosis was 34.3%. In the multivariate model, plasma fluoride level was independently associated with CKD (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.68, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.06-2.68, p = 0.029) but not with dental fluorosis (AOR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.87-2.2, p = 0.17) or water fluoride level (AOR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.59-1.396, p = 0.659). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Results indicated that serum fluoride level is independently associated with CKD but dental fluorosis and water fluoride level were not related to CKD. Increase awareness and screening for fluorosis in children are needed for early detection and prevention of organ damage. Prospective studies related to fluorosis and tissue damage are needed.

Salt Fluoridation and General Health

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Bergmann ◽  
R.L. Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Fluoride Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Fluoride Intake

Salt fluoridation is a systemic form of fluoride supplementation, leaving it to the consumer whether he wants fluoride supplements or not, but thereafter not requiring special dependability for daily compliance. Most German drinking water has low fluoride concentrations. The estimated fluoride intake in German children is between 100 and 300 μg/day, and in adults, between 400 and 600 μg/day. Male subjects have higher mean intakes than females. From 70 to 90% of the salt intake of 10 to 13.5 g/day in German adults comes from commercially prepared foods. This leaves about 1 to 4 g of salt to be added as table salt at the individual level and to become the source of supplementary fluoride. To increase fluoride intake by at least 500 μg/d, and to prevent an additional intake of more than 3000 μg/day, it may be necessary to have salt at a fluoride level of around 500 μg/g or to include one commercial food to be prepared with fluoridated salt, e.g., bread. A salt fluoride concentration of 250 μg/g does not present a risk of dental fluorosis. However, clear recommendations about systemic fluoride supplementation must be given as long as there are fluoride tablets, fluoride-rich mineral waters, and fluoridated table salt available simultaneously. Persons at risk for hypertension from salt consumption require different means of fluoride supplementation. By and large, in areas of low drinking water fluoride, fluoridated table salt has the potential to become a means of systemic supplementation comparable with drinking water fluoridation.

scholarly journals Fluoride Exposure through Different Drinking Water Sources in a Contaminated Basin in Guanajuato, Mexico: A Deterministic Human Health Risk Assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11490
Author(s):  
Paulina Farías ◽  
Jesús Alejandro Estevez-García ◽  
Erika Noelia Onofre-Pardo ◽  
María Luisa Pérez-Humara ◽  
Elodia Rojas-Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Dental Fluorosis ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Fluoride Exposure ◽  
Urinary Fluoride ◽  
Water Fluoride

Water fluoride levels above the World Health Organization’s guideline (1.5 mg/L), common in overexploited aquifers, represent a health hazard. Our objective was to assess the health risks posed by exposure to fluoride in different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in Mexico. Fluoride was measured in mutual drinking water sources and in the urine of 39 children and women. Risks were estimated through hazard quotient (HQ) by drinking water source. Dental fluorosis was assessed in the children. Mean fluoride water concentrations (mg/L) were: well, 4.2; waterhole, 2.7; bottled, 2.1; rainwater, 0.4. The mean urinary fluoride concentrations (specific gravity adjusted) were 2.1 mg/L and 3.2 mg/L in children and women, respectively. Our multiple linear regression model showed children’s urinary fluoride concentrations increased 0.96 mg/L for every 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride (p < 0.001). Dental fluorosis was diagnosed in 82% of the children, and their HQ according to drinking water source was: well, 1.5; waterhole, 1.1; bottled, 0.8; harvested rainwater, 0.3. The pervasive dental fluorosis indicates a toxic past fluoride exposure; urinary fluoride levels and HQs indicate high exposure and current health risks for most children. Drinking harvested rainwater will likely prevent most of the local fluoride exposure.

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