Earnings implications of person years lost life expectancy among Canada's aboriginal peoples

Overall, Canada has one of the world’s highest national life expectancies. This benefit is not shared by Canada’s aboriginal population, however, which has a life expectancy approximately seven years less than the general population. The Aboriginal population also differs in that it has a higher fertility rate and higher mortality rates among infants and young adults. One of the consequences of the mortality differential is that the number of person years of lost life (PYLL) expectancy is large for the Aboriginal community in comparison to the general population. While several studies have focused on the causes of differential mortality, this study examines some of the socio-economic consequences of differences in PYLL. Examining wage labor income, for example, we determine that the PYLL differential translates into an expected wage and salary loss of approximately $1.56 billion.

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Disaggregation of official demographic projections in sub-groups by education level: the neglected “composition effect” in the future path of life expectancy

Genus ◽

10.1186/s41118-020-00113-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sergio Ginebri ◽

Carlo Lallo

Keyword(s):

High Education ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Education Level ◽

Retirement Age ◽

Composition Effect ◽

Education Group ◽

Population Forecasts ◽

Low Education ◽

Mortality Differential ◽

Education Groups

AbstractWe developed an innovative method to break down official population forecasts by educational level. The mortality rates of the high education group and low education group were projected using an iterative procedure, whose starting point was the life tables by education level for Italy, based on the year 2012. We provide a set of different scenarios on the convergence/divergence of the mortality differential between the high and low education groups. In each scenario, the demographic size and the life expectancy of the two sub-groups were projected annually over the period 2018–2065. We compared the life expectancy paths in the whole population and in the sub-groups. We found that in all of our projections, population life expectancy converges to the life expectancy of the high education group. We call this feature of our outcomes the “composition effect”, and we show how highly persistent it is, even in scenarios where the mortality differential between social groups is assumed to decrease over time. In a midway scenario, where the mortality differential is assumed to follow an intermediate path between complete disappearance in year 2065 and stability at the 2012 level, and in all the scenarios with a milder convergence hypothesis, our “composition effect” prevails over the effect of convergence for men and women. For instance, assuming stability in the mortality differential, we estimated a life expectancy increase at age 65 of 2.9 and 2.6 years for men, and 3.2 and 3.1 for women, in the low and high education groups, respectively, over the whole projection period. Over the same period, Italian official projections estimate an increase of 3.7 years in life expectancy at age 65 for the whole population. Our results have relevant implications for retirement and ageing policies, in particular for those European countries that have linked statutory retirement age to variations in population life expectancies. In all the scenarios where the composition effect is not offset by a strong convergence of mortality differentials, we show that the statutory retirement age increases faster than the group-specific life expectancies, and this finding implies that the expected time spent in retirement will shrink for the whole population. This potential future outcome seems to be an unintended consequence of the indexation rule.

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Patterns of Survival Among Patients With Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Diagnosed in Sweden From 1973 to 2008: A Population-Based Study

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2012.42.1925 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (24) ◽

pp. 2995-3001 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

Malin Hultcrantz ◽

Sigurdur Yngvi Kristinsson ◽

Therese M.-L. Andersson ◽

Ola Landgren ◽

Sandra Eloranta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Excess Mortality ◽

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Large Population ◽

Relative Survival ◽

Population Based ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Over Time

PurposeReported survival in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) shows great variation. Patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) have substantially reduced life expectancy, whereas patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) have moderately reduced survival in most, but not all, studies. We conducted a large population-based study to establish patterns of survival in more than 9,000 patients with MPNs.Patients and MethodsWe identified 9,384 patients with MPNs (from the Swedish Cancer Register) diagnosed from 1973 to 2008 (divided into four calendar periods) with follow-up to 2009. Relative survival ratios (RSRs) and excess mortality rate ratios were computed as measures of survival.ResultsPatient survival was considerably lower in all MPN subtypes compared with expected survival in the general population, reflected in 10-year RSRs of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.62 to 0.67) in patients with PV, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.64 to 0.71) in those with ET, and 0.21 (95% CI, 0.18 to 0.25) in those with PMF. Excess mortality was observed in patients with any MPN subtype during all four calendar periods (P < .001). Survival improved significantly over time (P < .001); however, the improvement was less pronounced after the year 2000 and was confined to patients with PV and ET.ConclusionWe found patients with any MPN subtype to have significantly reduced life expectancy compared with the general population. The improvement over time is most likely explained by better overall clinical management of patients with MPN. The decreased life expectancy even in the most recent calendar period emphasizes the need for new treatment options for these patients.

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HIV-associated kidney disease in the context of an aging population

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh10146 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 485 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Claire Naftalin ◽

Bavithra Nathan ◽

Lisa Hamzah ◽

Frank A. Post

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Renal Failure ◽

Acute Renal Failure ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

General Population ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Hiv Care ◽

Developed World

Acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease are more common in HIV-infected patients compared with the general population. Several studies have shown age to be a risk factor for HIV-associated kidney disease. The improved life expectancy of HIV-infected patients as a result of widespread use of antiretroviral therapy has resulted in progressive aging of HIV cohorts in the developed world, and an increased burden of cardiovascular and kidney disease. Consequently, HIV care increasingly needs to incorporate strategies to detect and manage these non-infectious co-morbidities.

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Consequences of Gender Differentials in Life Expectancy for Black and Hispanic Americans

The International Journal of Aging and Human Development ◽

10.2190/4lht-y4dm-73f6-n75l ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 95-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Kyriakos S. Markides

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Hispanic Americans ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Intergenerational Relationships ◽

The Elderly ◽

Minority Women ◽

Demographic Trends ◽

Gender Differentials

Increased survival by blacks and Hispanics is causing a widening of the sex imbalance of the elderly population much like we have observed in the general population. These demographic trends point toward greater widowhood among minority women and continuing high rates of poverty. In addition, we can expect increased rates of disability in minority elderly women, increased dependency, worsening intergenerational relationships, and higher rates of institutionalization.

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Aboriginal population of Canada: growth dynamics under conditions of encounter of civilisations

Canadian Studies in Population ◽

10.25336/p6b605 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 75 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Anatole Romaniuc

Keyword(s):

First Nations ◽

Growth Dynamics ◽

Historical Background ◽

Aboriginal Peoples ◽

Policy Issues ◽

Aboriginal Population ◽

The Past ◽

The Future ◽

Demographic Evolution

This paper endeavours to capture the broad configuration of demographic evolution of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada from the early contacts with Europeans to the present. The main stages thereof are identified and the underlying factors explored, against the historical background of Aboriginal and European civilisations' encounter. While taking stock of the past, the paper takes a glimpse into the future. It concludes with a review of demographically-driven policy issues that the First Nations are likely to confront as they step into the 21s Century.

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Long-Term Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Population-Based Parametric Survival Analysis

Neuroepidemiology ◽

10.1159/000445997 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gordon W. Fuller ◽

Jeanine Ransom ◽

Jay Mandrekar ◽

Allen W. Brown

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

General Population ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Health Planning ◽

Population Based ◽

Post Injury ◽

Term Survival ◽

Parametric Survival

Background: Long-term mortality may be increased following traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, the degree to which survival could be reduced is unknown. We aimed at modelling life expectancy following post-acute TBI to provide predictions of longevity and quantify differences in survivorship with the general population. Methods: A population-based retrospective cohort study using data from the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) was performed. A random sample of patients from Olmsted County, Minnesota with a confirmed TBI between 1987 and 2000 was identified and vital status determined in 2013. Parametric survival modelling was then used to develop a model to predict life expectancy following TBI conditional on age at injury. Survivorship following TBI was also compared with the general population and age- and gender-matched non-head injured REP controls. Results: Seven hundred and sixty nine patients were included in complete case analyses. The median follow-up time was 16.1 years (interquartile range 9.0-20.4) with 120 deaths occurring in the cohort during the study period. Survival after acute TBI was well represented by a Gompertz distribution. Victims of TBI surviving for at least 6 months post-injury demonstrated a much higher ongoing mortality rate compared to the US general population and non-TBI controls (hazard ratio 1.47, 95% CI 1.15-1.87). US general population cohort life table data was used to update the Gompertz model's shape and scale parameters to account for cohort effects and allow prediction of life expectancy in contemporary TBI. Conclusions: Survivors of TBI have decreased life expectancy compared to the general population. This may be secondary to the head injury itself or result from patient characteristics associated with both the propensity for TBI and increased early mortality. Post-TBI life expectancy estimates may be useful to guide prognosis, in public health planning, for actuarial applications and in the extrapolation of outcomes for TBI economic models.

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Post-transplant malignancies in solid organ recipients: development mechanisms and risk factors

Russian Journal of Transplantology and Artificial Organs ◽

10.15825/1995-1191-2021-3-192-197 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 192-197

Author(s):

A. V. Nikulin ◽

I. V. Pashkov ◽

Y. S. Yakunin

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

General Population ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Gradual Increase ◽

International Agency ◽

Solid Organ ◽

Organ Transplants ◽

Post Transplant

According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, there were an estimated 19,292,789 new cancer cases in various localizations and 9,958,133 cancer deaths worldwide in 2020. These frightening figures clearly show that malignancies among the population is a pressing matter. The risk of post-transplant malignancy in solid organ recipients is 2–6-times higher than in the general population. Given the steadily increasing number of solid organ transplants worldwide and the gradual increase in life expectancy among organ recipients, studying the issues concerning risk factors and development mechanisms becomes a crucial task.

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Cause of Death After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement: SWEDEHEART Observational Study

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.121.022627 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Natalie Glaser ◽

Michael Persson ◽

Anders Franco‐Cereceda ◽

Ulrik Sartipy

Keyword(s):

Aortic Valve ◽

General Population ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Aortic Valve Replacement ◽

Valve Replacement ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Study Cohort ◽

Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement ◽

Standardized Mortality Ratios

Background Prior studies showed that life expectancy in patients who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) was lower than in the general population. Explanations for this shorter life expectancy are unknown. The aim of this nationwide, observational cohort study was to investigate the cause‐specific death following surgical AVR. Methods and Results We included 33 018 patients who underwent primary surgical AVR in Sweden between 1997 and 2018, with or without coronary artery bypass grafting. The SWEDEHEART (Swedish Web‐System for Enhancement and Development of Evidence‐Based Care in Heart Disease Evaluated According to Recommended Therapies) register and other national health‐data registers were used to obtain and characterize the study cohort and to identify causes of death, categorized as cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, or other causes of death. The relative risks for cause‐specific mortality in patients who underwent AVR compared with the general population are presented as standardized mortality ratios. During a mean follow‐up period of 7.3 years (maximum 22.0 years), 14 237 (43%) patients died. The cumulative incidence of death from cardiovascular, cancer‐related, or other causes was 23.5%, 8.3%, and 11.6%, respectively, at 10 years, and 42.8%, 12.8%, and 23.8%, respectively, at 20 years. Standardized mortality ratios for cardiovascular, cancer‐related, and other causes of death were 1.79 (95% CI, 1.75–1.83), 1.00 (95% CI, 0.97–1.04), and 1.08 (95% CI, 1.05–1.12), respectively. Conclusions We found that life expectancy following AVR was lower than in the general population. Lower survival after AVR was explained by an increased relative risk of cardiovascular death. Future studies should focus on the role of earlier surgery in patients with asymptomatic aortic stenosis and on optimizing treatment and follow‐up after AVR. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT02276950.

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The fiscal value of human lives lost from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China

10.21203/rs.2.23296/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joses M. Kirigia ◽

Rosenabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri

Keyword(s):

Life Expectancy ◽

Economic Model ◽

Discount Rates ◽

Average Life ◽

Average Life Expectancy ◽

Specific Objective ◽

National Life

Abstract Objective: According to the WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation report 35, as of 24 th February 2020, there was a total of 77,262 confirmed COVID-19 cases in China. That included 2,595 deaths. The specific objective of this study was to estimate the fiscal value of human lives lost due to COVID-19 in China as of 24 th February 2020. Results: The deaths from COVID-19 had a discounted (at 3%) total fiscal value of Int$ 924,346,795 in China. Out of which, 63.2% was borne by people aged 25-49 years, 27.8% by people aged 50-64 years, and 9.0% by people aged 65 years and above. The average fiscal value per death was Int$ 356,203. Re-estimation of the economic model alternately with 5% and 10 discount rates led to a reduction in the expected total fiscal value by 21.3% and 50.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the re-estimation of the economic model using the world’s highest average life expectancy of 87.1 years (which is that of Japanese females), instead of the national life expectancy of 76.4 years, increased the total fiscal value by Int$ 229,456,430 (24.8%).

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How do ethnicity and deprivation impact on life expectancy at birth in people with serious mental illness? Observational study in the UK

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291720001087 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Jayati Das-Munshi ◽

Chin-Kuo Chang ◽

Alex Dregan ◽

Stephani L. Hatch ◽

Craig Morgan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Bipolar Disorders ◽

Mental Illnesses ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽

Life Expectancy At Birth ◽

Schizophrenia Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

The Impact ◽

Deprived Areas

Abstract Background Across international contexts, people with serious mental illnesses (SMI) experience marked reductions in life expectancy at birth. The intersection of ethnicity and social deprivation on life expectancy in SMI is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ethnicity and area-level deprivation on life expectancy at birth in SMI, defined as schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders and depression, using data from London, UK. Methods Abridged life tables to calculate life expectancy at birth, in a cohort with clinician-ascribed ICD-10 schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders or depression, managed in secondary mental healthcare. Life expectancy in the study population with SMI was compared with life expectancy in the general population and with those residing in the most deprived areas in England. Results Irrespective of ethnicity, people with SMI experienced marked reductions in life expectancy at birth compared with the general population; from 14.5 years loss in men with schizophrenia-spectrum and bipolar disorders, to 13.2 years in women. Similar reductions were noted for people with depression. Across all diagnoses, life expectancy at birth in people with SMI was lower than the general population residing in the most deprived areas in England. Conclusions Irrespective of ethnicity, reductions in life expectancy at birth among people with SMI are worse than the general population residing in the most deprived areas in England. This trend in people with SMI is similar to groups who experience extreme social exclusion and marginalisation. Evidence-based interventions to tackle this mortality gap need to take this into account.

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