scholarly journals Prostate cancer and possibilities of immunotherapy

Author(s):  
И.Ю. Малышев ◽  
О.П. Буданова ◽  
Л.Ю. Бахтина

Обзор посвящен анализу нарушений иммунитета при раке предстательной железы и возможности иммунотерапии его восстанавливать для уничтожения опухоли. В первой части обзора анализируется противораковый иммунный цикл и его регуляторы CTLA-4 и PD-1. Этот цикл состоит из семи этапов: 1 - высвобождение антигенов опухоли; 2 - захват антигенов; 3 - антигенпрезентация и активация CTL; 4 - перемещение CTL с кровотоком к месту локализации опухоли; 5 - инфильтрация опухоли CTL; 6 - распознавание раковых клеток CTL; и 7 - уничтожение раковых клеток. Далее рассматривается способность опухоли иммуноредактировать противораковый цикл с помощью: 1 - выставления не-иммунногенных антигенов или апоптотической гибели без высвобождения антигенов; 2 - увеличения продукции IDO, антивоспалительных цитокинов, CTLA-4, PD-1 и PD-L1/PD-L2, привлечения MDSC, Tregs и М2 макрофагов для нарушения процесса антиген-презентации и снижения активности и выживаемости СТL; 3 - разрушения хемокинов CX3CL1, CXCL9, CXCL10 и CCL5 и выделения VEGF для ослабления миграции CTL в опухоль; и 4 - уменьшения количества MHCI для снижения распознавания раковых клеток СТL. Эти механизмы обеспечивают выживание опухоли при иммунной атаке. Проведён анализ технологий иммунотерапии рака: 1 - технологии прямого стимулирования антиопухолевого иммунитета, такие как вакцины и CTL/TIL; 2 - технологии имитации ключевых этапов цикла против рака, такие как лимфоциты с модифицированным TCR и CAR-T клетки; 3 - технологии ингибирования иммуносупрессии, такие как ингибиторы PD-1 и CTLA-4; и 4 - комбинированные технологии из двух и более технологий. Уже сегодня иммунотерапия демонстрирует потенциал одного из самых эффективных способов лечения рака, в первую очередь, благодаря использованию иммунитета самого больного. Это порождает надежду на то, что иммунотерапия, по мере своего совершенствования, сможет полностью и безопасно уничтожить рак. The review focused on analysis of immunity disorders in prostate cancer and capabilities of immunotherapy for recovering the immunity to destroy the tumor. The first part of the review analyzed the anticancer immune cycle and its regulators, CTLA-4 and PD-1. This cycle consists of seven stages: 1) releasing tumor antigens; 2) capturing antigens; 3) antigen presentation and CTL activation; 4) CTL transportation with blood flow to the tumor site; 5) CTL infiltration of the tumor; 6) CTL recognition of cancer cells; and 7) destruction of cancer cells. Then the authors addressed the tumor capability for immunoediting the anticancer cycle by 1) presentation of non-immunogenic antigens or apoptotic death without releasing antigens; 2) increasing production of IDO, the anti-inflammatory cytokines, CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1/PD-L2, and engaging MDSC, Tregs, and M2 macrophages to disrupt the antigen presentation process and reduce the CTL activity and survival; 3) destruction of the chemokines, CX3CL1, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5 and release of VEGF to reduce CTL migration to the tumor; and 4) reducing the amount of MHCI to restrict the CTL recognition of cancer cells. These mechanisms ensure the tumor survival during the immune attack. The following technologies of anti-cancer immunotherapy were analyzed: 1) direct stimulation of anti-tumor immunity, for instance with vaccines and CTL/TIL; 2) mimicking key stages of the anti-cancer cycle, for instance, using lymphocytes with modified TCR and CAR-T cells; 3) inhibition of immunosuppression, for instance, with PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors; and 4) combinations of two or more of these technologies. Already now immunotherapy demonstrates its potentiality as a most effective anti-cancer treatment largely due to using the patient’s own immunity. This gives rise to the hope that as immunotherapy is enhanced it will be able to completely and safely destroy cancer.

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3260
Author(s):  
Yu-Hsiang Lin ◽  
Chi-Chung Wang ◽  
Ying-Hung Lin ◽  
Bing-Huei Chen

Anti-cancer activity of catechin nanoemulsions prepared from Oolong tea leaf waste was studied on prostate cancer cells DU-145 and DU-145-induced tumors in mice. Catechin nanoemulsions composed of lecithin, Tween-80 and water in an appropriate proportion was prepared with high stability, particle size of 11.3 nm, zeta potential of −67.2 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 83.4%. Catechin nanoemulsions were more effective than extracts in inhibiting DU-145 cell growth, with the IC50 being 13.52 and 214.6 μg/mL, respectively, after 48 h incubation. Furthermore, both catechin nanoemulsions and extracts could raise caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities for DU-145 cell apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle at S and G2/M phases. Compared to control, catechin nanoemulsion at 20 μg/mL and paclitaxel at 10 μg/mL were the most effective in reducing tumor volume by 41.3% and 52.5% and tumor weight by 77.5% and 90.6% in mice, respectively, through a decrease in EGF and VEGF levels in serum.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zongliang Lu ◽  
Wei Song ◽  
Yaowen Zhang ◽  
Changpeng Wu ◽  
Mingxing Zhu ◽  
...  

Castration-resistant (androgen-independent) and PTEN-deficient prostate cancer is a challenge in clinical practice. Sorafenib has been recommended for the treatment of this type of cancer, but is associated with several adverse effects. Platycodin D (PD) is a triterpene saponin with demonstrated anti-cancer effects and a good safety profile. Previous studies have indicated that PC3 cells (PTEN -/-, AR -/-) are sensitive to PD, suggesting that it may also be a useful treatment for castration-resistance prostate cancer. We herein investigated the effects of combining PD with sorafenib to treat PTEN-deficient prostate cancer cells. Our data show that PD promotes sorafenib-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in PC3 cells. Of interest, PD only promoted the anti-cancer effects of sorafenib in Akt-positive and PTEN-negative prostate cancer cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that PD promoted p-Akt ubiquitination by increasing the p-Akt level. PD also increased the protein and mRNA expression of FOXO3a, the downstream target of Akt. Meanwhile, PD promoted the activity of FOXO3a and increased the protein expression of Fasl, Bim and TRAIL. Interestingly, when FOXO3a expression was inhibited, the antitumor effects of both PD and sorafenib were individually inhibited, and the more potent effects of the combination treatment were inhibited. Thus, the combination of PD and sorafenib may exert potent anti-cancer effects specifically via FOXO3a. The use of Akt inhibitors or FOXO3a agonists, such as PD, may represent a promising approach for the treatment of androgen-independent and PTEN-deficient prostate cancer.


Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Johnson

The Southeast Asian mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) contains a class of phytochemicals known as xanthones that possess extensive biological activity. Applications of xanthones, including the most prominent, alpha-mangostin, have been shown to possess anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-proliferation properties. To confirm the anti-cancer activity of xanthones we have evaluated 9 xanthones for decreasing cellular proliferation of cancer cells. These xanthones include alpha-mangostin, gartanin, 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, garcinone C, garcinone D, and others. Using this approach, we have focused on understanding the ability of xanthones to disrupt androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells with a combination of cell free and cell-based assays. In addition, we have performed pharmacokinetic studies in mice with alpha-mangostin to characterize the optimal dosing strategy. Taken together, we have identified individual xanthones as capable of disrupting kinases, including CDK4, using cell free biochemical models and cell-based animal models. These results have been further validated in an in vivo xenograft model. Taken together, we have begun to describe the anti-cancer potential of xanthones for prostate cancer.


1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1110-1111
Author(s):  
Maureen Ripple ◽  
Meghan Taylo ◽  
Chris Huese ◽  
Heide Schatte

Taxol has been used as anti-cancer compound against prostate, ovarian, and metastatic breast cancer. While the most obvious effect of taxol is bundeling of microtubules and mitotic arrest, recent studies have demonstrated that taxol is able to induce intranucleosomal DNA fragmentation and typical morphological features of apoptosis in a number of solid tumor cells. These results indicate that taxol may exert its anti-tumor effects via secondary mechanisms which may or may not be related to its primary effects on microtubules. It has been shown that taxol-induced microtubular changes and G2/M arrest are associated with the release of the electron transfer protein cytochrome C from mitochondria into the cytosol. Cytochrome C then binds to APAF-1 (a human homolog of the ced-4 gene of C. elegans), which binds, cleaves, and activates caspase- 9, ultimately resulting in the cleavage and activity of caspase-3. We investigated the effects of taxol (100nM) on microtubules, on DNA, and on the pre-apoptotic mitochondrial events using LNCaP and DU145 prostate cancer cells.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4320
Author(s):  
Benjamin Caulier ◽  
Jorrit M. Enserink ◽  
Sébastien Wälchli

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy is a promising modality for the treatment of advanced cancers that are otherwise incurable. During the last decade, different centers worldwide have tested the anti-CD19 CAR T cells and shown clinical benefits in the treatment of B cell tumors. However, despite these encouraging results, CAR treatment has also been found to lead to serious side effects and capricious response profiles in patients. In addition, the CD19 CAR success has been difficult to reproduce for other types of malignancy. The appearance of resistant tumor variants, the lack of antigen specificity, and the occurrence of severe adverse effects due to over-stimulation of the therapeutic cells have been identified as the major impediments. This has motivated a growing interest in developing strategies to overcome these hurdles through CAR control. Among them, the combination of small molecules and approved drugs with CAR T cells has been investigated. These have been exploited to induce a synergistic anti-cancer effect but also to control the presence of the CAR T cells or tune the therapeutic activity. In the present review, we discuss opportunistic and rational approaches involving drugs featuring anti-cancer efficacy and CAR-adjustable effect.


2010 ◽  
Vol 183 (4S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Yu ◽  
Jiandang Shi ◽  
Chunyu Wang ◽  
Helmut Klocker ◽  
Doris Mayer ◽  
...  

APOPTOSIS ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1205-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O'Connor ◽  
C. Gill ◽  
M. Tacke ◽  
F.-J. K. Rehmann ◽  
K. Strohfeldt ◽  
...  

Phytomedicine ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 1306-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Dueregger ◽  
Fabian Guggenberger ◽  
Jan Barthelmes ◽  
Günther Stecher ◽  
Markus Schuh ◽  
...  

PLoS ONE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. e0188584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Vondálová Blanářová ◽  
Barbora Šafaříková ◽  
Jarmila Herůdková ◽  
Martin Krkoška ◽  
Silvie Tománková ◽  
...  

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