Iraq and the Kurds: How the 1960s-1990s Portrayed the Future of the Kurds

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-64
Author(s):  
Giulia Valeria Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The 1960S

Kurdish ambitions and demands relative to the Iraqi central government have always impacted the equilibrium of the country. Kurdish requests shifted from demanding autonomy to insisting on recognition, causing the various Iraqi administrations to change their policies towards the Kurds many times. These changes in Iraq’s policies often caused violent repercussions among the Kurds, which sometimes escalated into armed conflicts. This paper aims to analyze the events that occurred between the Kurds and the Iraqi government from the 1960s to the end of the 1980s, specifically: the 1st and 2nd Iraqi-Kurdish War, how foreign countries were involved in these conflicts, and what were the short- and long-term consequences of the wars on the Kurdish population that paved the way to the al-Anfal Campaigns. A more in-depth analysis will be done on the 2nd Iraqi-Kurdish War and on the eight al-Anfal Campaigns, as the consequences were devastating for the Kurdish population, and marked a turning point in Kurdish relations with foreign countries. The goal of this study is to add a new understanding on how Iraqi and Western foreign policies affected the Kurdish sense of identity and of the state-building process that led to what is known today as the Kurdistan Regional Government.

Illegalising Licitness?

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-683
Author(s):  
Woonkyung Yeo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Central Government ◽  
National Level ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
State Control ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Economic Transaction

In the mid-20th Century, the practice of bartering was one of the most prevalent forms of economic transaction around the Indonesian Archipelago. The most prevalent and crucial for Indonesian society was the trade conducted along the border between Singapore and Sumatra. The government centred in Jakarta often approved and even encouraged barter with Singapore at the regional and national level. In many cases, however, bartering along the borders was done autonomously by the regional government and traders, and often out of state control. In these circumstances, the central government sometimes “illegalised” barter trade, while the regional government and societies, arguing that their barter transactions were “licit”, issued a challenge to the government’s order. Such tension and conflict over barter in the region was exacerbated by political upheavals such as regional rebellions in the 1950s and the Konfrontasi in the 1960s. This article traces changing policies and discourses regarding “barter” between Singapore and the Indonesian islands (mostly Sumatra) in the mid-20th Century, and highlight how an economic transaction was politicised, and how the ideas of licitness and legality were in confrontation in certain political backgrounds.

scholarly journals Impact of Armed Conflicts on Education and Educational Agents: A Multivocal Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Cervantes-Duarte ◽  
Antonio Fernández-Cano
Keyword(s):  
Academic Community ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
The Family ◽  
Source Data ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Right

This paper investigates the short and long-term pernicious impact of armed conflicts on education and educational agents (students, teachers and students’ parents), using a multivocal review by means of the integration and qualitative analysis of 60 research reports (voices) found in two databases: Web of Science and PROQUEST in the period between 1995 –date of the first founding paper- until 2014. Through the analysis of source data (voices) and taking the “multivocal review” as a method, the voices have been combined in nine categories, namely: a) Refusal and impediments to a return to education; b) Educational infrastructure damaged or destroyed; c) Cuts in or withdrawal of spending on education; d) Loss of the educational and protective functions of the family; e) Loss of the academic community; f) Non-qualified teaching staff; g) Drastic loss of skills; h) Abandoning school (population movements, destruction of networks and social environment); i) Behavioural problems: traumas, pedagogical roles and self-victimization. These categories have highlighted the serious consequences arising from conflicts, infringing as they do the most basic human rights and in particular the right to a sound education during childhood.

scholarly journals ESSENCE AND QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF THE ENTERPRISE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuliia Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Financial Statements ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Macroeconomic Theory ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Potential Formation ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Potential Methods ◽  
Competitive Products

Today, there is an objective need to study foreign economic activity in terms of developing methodological approaches to assessing its effectiveness, especially export-import operations, which are its basis. The existing system of traditional indicators of economic analysis, the basis for calculating, which is the financial statements of the enterprise, gives an incomplete understanding of the activities of the enterprise to increase the efficiency of management. The first step in analyzing the problem of the study is to consider the economic category "export potential". Historically, the first is the resource concept of potential formation, originating from macroeconomic theory, which focuses on the transformation of resources within the economic system. The next step is an effective concept. The concept of the export potential of the enterprise is quite complex, since it combines the interpretation of such economic categories as «competitive potential», «production potential», «potential of export activity», as well as «financial potential». In its study, it will be necessary to proceed from the fact that the export potential of the enterprise is a set of available resources and opportunities to produce competitive products, its implementation and maintenance and foreign markets both in the short and long term. These factors have a significant impact on the competitiveness of the enterprise, its ability to produce goods in specified volumes. To assess the export potential, methods of sum of all warehouses of exports of the enterprise and the "system of eight indicators" were proposed, including: efficiency of export products production, share of profit from export of products in the total volume of profits of the enterprise, profitability of export sales, share of exports in the total volume of sales of the enterprise' products, competitiveness of the manufacturer, share of products certified according to international standards, share of innovations products, the share of products sent to foreign countries. According to the first approach, quantitative assessment of export potential (EP) is defined as the sum of all ingredients of the company's exports in value terms.

The Palestinian Uprising and Education for the Future

1989 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalil Mahshi ◽  
Kim Bush
Keyword(s):  
West Bank ◽  
Present System ◽  
The West ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Based Education ◽  
Building Process ◽  
West Bank And Gaza ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Israeli Occupation

From the time of the Ottoman Turks, Palestinians have been educated under systems imposed by outsiders. Since the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, the situation has been exacerbated by the combination of an Israeli civil and military authority and a Jordanian curriculum. The intifadeh (uprising), which began in December 1987 and continues today, has challenged the Israeli occupation and all its institutions. All educational establishments have been subject to frequent closures by military authorities, forcing Palestinians to reexamine their present system of education, and to look for both short- and long-term alternatives. Khalil Mahshi and Kim Bush review the current educational system in the West Bank and Gaza, and analyze the intifadeh as a catalyst for educational change. They examine informal, community-based education; alternative modes of instruction designed to bypass closures but still using the existing system and textbooks; and long-term planning as part of the nation-building process. They argue that the intifadeh has created a giant educational laboratory, which challenges conservative educators to start afresh. They restate that challenge clearly, encouraging debate among educators in Palestine and in the international educational community.

The Effectiveness of Intervention: Recent Trends and Current Issues

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implications ◽  
Major Development ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
And Control ◽  
Multiple Offenders

From the 1960s to the early 1970s, there was a broad surge of confidence in intervention's ability to change and control offenders on both a short-and long-term basis. This high optimism was largely replaced by widespread pessimism during 1975-1981. Since the mid-1980s intervention regained considerable strength in terms of focus, direction, and “legitimacy.” This partly resulted from several major meta-analyses and literature reviews that showed its frequent effectiveness. Intervention's relegitimization is a major development in American corrections, one with sizable program and policy implications. As the 1990s begin, intervention has an increasingly recognized and accepted role, especially, but not only, with serious and multiple offenders.

Immigrants and Social Distance

2012 ◽  
Vol 641 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Hipp ◽  
Adam Boessen
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
General Measure ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Home Values ◽  
Positive Effect

This project studied the effect of immigrant in-mobility on the trajectory of socioeconomic change in neighborhoods. The authors suggest that immigrant inflows may impact neighborhoods due to the consequences of residential mobility and the extent to which these new residents differ from the current residents. The authors use Southern California over a nearly 50-year period (1960 to 2007) as a case study to explore the short- and long- term impact of these changes. The authors find no evidence that immigrant inflow has negative consequences for home values, unemployment, or vacancies over this long period of time. Instead, the authors find that a novel measure they develop—a general measure of social distance—is much better at explaining the change in the economic conditions of these neighborhoods. Tracts with higher levels of social distance experienced a larger increase in the vacancy rate over the decade. The effect of social distance on home values changed over the study period: whereas social distance decreased home values during the 1960s, this completely reversed into a positive effect by the 2000s.

scholarly journals COMPREHENSIVE TRANSITION: REGIONAL STUDIES AND PRACTICES IN CHINA

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Valentyn Velychko ◽  
Zhu Honggen
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Transition Economy ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Regional Science ◽  
Depth Analysis

The article aims to outline the main features of the development of the regional economy as a policy and science in the era of reform and openness. The research was conducted using the tools of the theory of transition, which have been developed in China since the early 1980's,fixing the pace and priorities for modernization of the country. The theoretical foundations of economic reforms, including in their spatial dimension, in China turned out to be somewhat different from the classical ones due to their implementation in the conditions of the official course of building "socialism with Chinese specifics" and transformations of the economic mechanism while solving problems of industrialization and modernization. The formation of the concept of China's transition economy took place in conditions of stability of the political foundations of society within the socialist socio-economic system with active state regulation of socio-economic processes. There were no market transformations analogues in the economic history of China, which necessitated long-term, constant and creative development of economic theory, and in the short term - constant monitoring of the economic situation in the country, as well as in-depth analysis of current problems of their own development. From the very beginning of the process of economic reform, Chinese scholars have conducted comparative studies of the economic development of a number of countries. Therefore, the basis of Chinese reforms is a comparative analysis of the evolution of industries in different countries to determine the priorities of China's development. At the same time, within the theory of international economic relations, aauthors analyzed the development of the regional economy to identify positive factors that could increase economic growth in regions and in the long-term run allow them to reach the level of regions in the developed countries. Authors adhered to some mainstream regional science theories and leading reserchers’ views. This paper explores rapid rise of most regions in China in recent decades and the challenges of widening gaps between them have been issues of major concern for the Central government. Its policy has steered up regional science research and discussions within academic and university community in China and overseas. This paper explores some banchmarks of regional development in China over its reform and openness period (1978-2020). It considers a range of issues including regional structure, models and systems, intraregional integration and governance by China East, Central, West, North Eest major regions. The novelty of the paper lays in the brief introduction of China regional policy, economy and science as an integrative phenomenon, rarely and in unsystematic way known to European readers. Development the regional policy, economic zoning, regional management and practice of regional planning and forecasting under maturinbg market conditions and more sophisticated, undirect government interventions looks controversial brings new options for further discussion . The authors believe, that, inter alia, the paper could draw attention of academics and practitioners of the two countries to some issues of interregional cooperation.

Change in Turkish Foreign Policy towards neighboring countries for 2003-2015 (Iraq model)

2019 ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mohamed Abdo ◽  
Najimaldeen Mohieddin Al-Rikani
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Main Question ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Turkish Foreign Policy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
The Relationship

This paper deals with the nature and causes of change in Turkish foreign policy towards its neighbors, specifically Iraq. This change, which was the main reason, the new obstacles faced by the external movement and result, directly or indirectly, of the variables that have emerged in neighboring countries during the past decade, including Iraq, of course. Where the relationship between Turkey and Iraq is one of the most sensitive relations in the Middle East, and the Kurdistan region of Iraq has formed one of the important factors that contributed to the nature of that relationship between them. Therefore, the research attempts to detect the paths of change in the Turkish foreign policy towards the central government in Iraq and the Kurdistan Regional Government for the period 2003-2015. Many researchers and academics have pointed to the changing and contradictory nature of Turkish foreign policy toward Iraq in the post-2003 era. The main question in this paper is: Why was there no consistent position in Turkish foreign policy towards the central government in Baghdad and Kurdistan Regional Government in Arbil between In 2003-2015? The hypothesis of the research is that countries adopt change in their foreign policies in order to achieve their national interests and interests with the lowest costs and more benefits. Turkey has adopted a change in its foreign policy toward its neighbors as well, specifically Iraq, and this research will try to test this hypothesis on the Turkish policy towards Iraq. The duration of the search, if it is or not. The research in the final analysis shows that one of the most important results of improving relations between Turkey and the Kurdistan Regional Government will be in favor of the Turkish quest to strengthen its influence in front of Iranian influence in Iraq and the region as a whole.

scholarly journals Countertrade Mechanism of Global Arms Trade: Case Study of Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 307
Author(s):  
Zainal Arifin ◽  
Agus Suman ◽  
Moh. Khusaini
Keyword(s):  
Main Tool ◽  
Defense Industry ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Arms Trade ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Bargaining Position ◽  
Effective Instrument ◽  
Short And Long Term

A strong national defense system serve to maintain the nation's honor such as creating peace, security, and sovereignty and becomes an effective instrument for bargaining position in relations between nations so that it has broad impacts, including impacts on economic aspects. The research approach used is a qualitative approach. This type of research is a systematic review research. Likewise, the defense industry of a country reflects the economic strength of its country, because in carrying out the defense function, the defense industry has a very important role, including in holding the national Main Tool of the Armament System. However, now not all defense equipment can be produced by the domestic defense industry, so some defense equipment must still be held in cooperation with foreign countries. Law No. 16 of 2012 concerning the Defense Industry mandates that procurement of defense equipment from abroad be permitted if it fulfills several requirements, including trade returns, local content, and offset. Counter trade is one of the mechanisms of cooperation that has been carried out by Indonesia. This mechanism allows reciprocal trade between two countries by buying goods from abroad with payment in the form of goods worth the goods imported. So it is important to analyze the potential for economic improvement for Indonesia that is generated by the mechanism of trade defense equipment from abroad, so that in conducting cooperation, Indonesia can benefit both in the short and long term.

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