scholarly journals Takhrīj "extraction " of the Branches from Exceptional Uṣūl " principles of jurisprudence" According to Abu al- Khattab: تخريج الفروع على أصول الاستثناء عند أبي الخطاب

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-71
Author(s):  
Sarah Ibrahim Al- Faris Sarah Ibrahim Al- Faris
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Great Benefit ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Theoretical Science

  This research aims at showing the fruit of the fundamentals of jurisprudence science. Principles of Jurisprudence science gains status through linking it to its fruit which is training on deriving jurisprudential rulings and choosing the best ruling, branching out issues and building them on evidence, as well as gaining knowledge of the imams' opinions on topics about which there is no text and on the rulings of emergent calamities as well. If it were only a theoretical science with no application, then it would be useless; a scourge for its owner. The fundamentals of jurisprudence science must be linked to its fruit for its benefit to be complete. The science of Takhrīj ‘extraction’ and branching has a close relationship with the science of usul al- fiqh, as it brings it out from the theoretical to the practical, pragmatic side. Thus, it is of great benefit and great importance for the one studying this field of science. The research also explains the approach of imam Abu al- Khattab; an important Hanbali imam by highlighting his rules and linking them with jurisprudential branches, and identifying the extent of the contravention and approval, especially in the section on Exceptional Uṣūl "principles" depending on the inductive analytical approach.

Use of a Lyophilized Reference Plasma to Compare Coagulation Test Procedures

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 426-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kahan ◽  
I Nohén
Keyword(s):  
Oral Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Coagulation Activity ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Measured Activity ◽  
Test Materials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One

SummaryIn 4 collaborative trials, involving a varying number of hospital laboratories in the Stockholm area, the coagulation activity of different test materials was estimated with the one-stage prothrombin tests routinely used in the laboratories, viz. Normotest, Simplastin-A and Thrombotest. The test materials included different batches of a lyophilized reference plasma, deep-frozen specimens of diluted and undiluted normal plasmas, and fresh and deep-frozen specimens from patients on long-term oral anticoagulant therapy.Although a close relationship was found between different methods, Simplastin-A gave consistently lower values than Normotest, the difference being proportional to the estimated activity. The discrepancy was of about the same magnitude on all the test materials, and was probably due to a divergence between the manufacturers’ procedures used to set “normal percentage activity”, as well as to a varying ratio of measured activity to plasma concentration. The extent of discrepancy may vary with the batch-to-batch variation of thromboplastin reagents.The close agreement between results obtained on different test materials suggests that the investigated reference plasma could be used to calibrate the examined thromboplastin reagents, and to compare the degree of hypocoagulability estimated by the examined PIVKA-insensitive thromboplastin reagents.The assigned coagulation activity of different batches of the reference plasma agreed closely with experimentally obtained values. The stability of supplied batches was satisfactory as judged from the reproducibility of repeated measurements. The variability of test procedures was approximately the same on different test materials.

Albrecht Durer and the 16TH Century Melancholy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Marcel Henrique Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Religious Culture ◽  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Deep Sense

Little has been discussed in academia about the close relationship between the Renaissance of the 16th century and melancholy humor, and esoteric elements arising mainly from Florentine Neoplatonism. The link between melancholy and esotericism becomes very clear when we analyze the gravure “Melencolia I” by Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), composed of a significant number of symbols that refer to an esoteric religious culture that then emerged. Renaissance melancholy gained several nuances. On the one hand, it was considered a sin, a despicable mood characteristic of witches; on the other hand, a deep sense of inspiration typical of men of “genius”. This ambivalence also occurred in the firmament, as the melancholic people were guided by the dark planet Saturn, according to astrological belief. We also have the cultural scenario of the 16th century, especially in Dürer's Germany, which contributed to strengthening the melancholy issues.

Dreams of Truck Drivers: A Test of the Continuity Hypothesis of Dreaming

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schredl ◽  
Arthur Funkhouser ◽  
Nicole Arn
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Continuity Hypothesis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Daytime Activity ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Dream Emotions ◽  
The Relationship

Empirical studies largely support the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. The present study investigated the frequency and emotional tone of dreams of truck drivers. On the one hand, the findings of the present study partly support the continuity regarding the time spent with driving/being in the truck and driving dreams and, on the other hand, a close relationship was found between daytime mood (feelings of stress, job satisfaction) and dream emotions, i.e., different dream characteristics were affected by different aspects of daytime activity. The results, thus, indicate that it is necessary to define very clearly how this continuity is to be conceptualized. The approach of formulating a mathematical model (cf. [1]) should be adopted in future studies in order to specify the factors and their magnitude in the relationship between waking and dreaming.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF RABBIT POX

1936 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch'uan-K'uei Hu ◽  
Paul D. Rosahn ◽  
Louise Pearce
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Intradermal Injection ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Specific Relationship ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The One

Experiments are reported in which it was shown that rabbits which had recovered from experimental or spontaneous rabbit pox were refractory to inoculation of pox virus injected by various routes, and in addition did not develop clinical manifestations of the disease under conditions of exposure to florid cases of pox. It was found that pox recovered rabbits were susceptible to inoculation with the virus of virus III disease of rabbits and that virus III recovered rabbits could be successfully inoculated with pox virus. Furthermore, virus III recovered rabbits developed pox when subjected to room exposure in the same manner as did normal rabbits. It thus appears that there is no specific relationship between the two viruses. Rabbits which had recovered from experimental or spontaneous pox were found to be just as susceptible to inoculation with the virus of infectious myxoma of rabbits as were normal rabbits, a result which demonstrates that there is no specific relationship between these viruses. Rabbits which had recovered from experimental or spontaneous pox were refractory to inoculation with culture dermovaccine virus, but vaccine recovered rabbits were not completely refractory to inoculation with pox virus. Under conditions of exposure to clinical cases of pox, adult vaccine immune rabbits did not develop clinical manifestations of pox, but young, recently weaned vaccinated rabbits did contract mild but definite clinical pox. Experimental pox recovered rabbits were partially refractory to inoculation with neurovaccine virus and neurovaccine recovered rabbits were partially refractory to inoculation with pox virus. The refractory condition of the pox immune rabbits appeared to be more pronounced than that of the neurovaccine immunes. The cutaneous lesions which developed from the intradermal injection of pox, neurovaccine, and culture vaccine viruses showed definite differences with respect to the rate and persistence of active growth, amount of edema, hemorrhage, and necrosis, and the degree of tissue destructiveness. These features were most pronounced in the lesions of pox virus and were least marked in the lesions of culture vaccine virus. The differences were particularly apparent in normal rabbits, but they were also present in the lesions which developed in immune animals. It was found that the calf was susceptible to inoculation with pox virus applied to a scarified skin area. There were many similarities in the appearance and course of the pox lesions to those resulting from culture vaccine virus, the New York Board of Health vaccine, and neurovaccine virus similarly inoculated. But the pox lesions were most numerous, much the largest and most destructive, and by far the most persistent while next in order were those of the Board of Health dermovaccine. The results of these various experiments showed that a close relationship obtains between pox virus, on the one hand, and vaccine virus and neurovaccine virus, on the other, but it cannot be said that pox virus is identical in all respects with either one of these viruses. The findings indicated that the relationship between pox and neurovaccine viruses is closer than that between pox and culture vaccine viruses. Upon the basis of the results observed in culture (dermo) vaccine immune rabbits inoculated with or exposed to pox, it appeared that vaccination with vaccine virus offered a method of protection against rabbit pox.

The Socio-analytical Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-92
Author(s):  
Rolf-Dieter Hepp
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The debate on precarization in Germany is, on the one hand, based on the French discussion, it is, on the other hand, oriented toward German models of discourse, which leads to different focuses and objectives. Even if in German contexts the poverty situation and unqualified workers are the main topics of discussion, the French debate on precarization with or following Pierre Bourdieu, Robert Castel, and Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello focuses on precarization as a restructuring of labor relations. In this respect, a change of vectors is taking place here, which sets different priorities. Differences in the classifications result from the different “theoretical localizations,” which are investigated based on the German-French understanding of sociology and are concretized in relation to the problem of precarization.

scholarly journals Defeasibility, Law, and Argumentation: A Critical View from an Interpretative Standpoint

Argumentation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Poggi
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Argumentation ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Critical View ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe phenomenon of defeasibility has long been a central theme in legal literature. This essay aims to shed new light on that phenomenon by clarifying some fundamental conceptual issues. First, the most widespread definition of legal defeasibility is examined and criticized. The essay shows that such a definition is poorly constructed, inaccurate and generates many problems. Indeed, the definition hides the close relationship between legal defeasibility and legal interpretation. Second, this essay argues that no new definition is needed. I will show that from an interpretative standpoint, there is nothing special about legal defeasibility. Contrary to what some authors maintain, no unique or privileged source of legal defeasibility exists, nor are there privileged arguments to justify it. Specifically, legal defeasibility refers to interpretative outcomes deriving from interpretative arguments that, on the one hand, are very different from one another, and, on the other, are often employed to justify different interpretative outcomes. In the legal field, the problems related to defeasibility have little in common with the problems that this label covers in other areas—such as logic or epistemology—and they are nothing but the well-known problems related to legal interpretation. In conclusion, this paper argues that as far as legal argumentation is concerned, the notion of legal defeasibility lacks explanatory power, and it should be abandoned.

scholarly journals Simple framework for constructing functional spiking recurrent neural networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (45) ◽  
pp. 22811-22820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kim ◽  
Yinghao Li ◽  
Terrence J. Sejnowski
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Recurrent Neural Networks ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Rate Coding ◽  
One To One ◽  
The One

Cortical microcircuits exhibit complex recurrent architectures that possess dynamically rich properties. The neurons that make up these microcircuits communicate mainly via discrete spikes, and it is not clear how spikes give rise to dynamics that can be used to perform computationally challenging tasks. In contrast, continuous models of rate-coding neurons can be trained to perform complex tasks. Here, we present a simple framework to construct biologically realistic spiking recurrent neural networks (RNNs) capable of learning a wide range of tasks. Our framework involves training a continuous-variable rate RNN with important biophysical constraints and transferring the learned dynamics and constraints to a spiking RNN in a one-to-one manner. The proposed framework introduces only 1 additional parameter to establish the equivalence between rate and spiking RNN models. We also study other model parameters related to the rate and spiking networks to optimize the one-to-one mapping. By establishing a close relationship between rate and spiking models, we demonstrate that spiking RNNs could be constructed to achieve similar performance as their counterpart continuous rate networks.

Dying to be responsible: adolescence, autonomy and responsibility

Legal Studies ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Age Gap ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Capacity Responsibility ◽  
The Right

The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice state that there should be ‘a close relationship between the notion of responsibility for delinquent or criminal behaviour and other social rights and responsibilities’. If healthcare autonomy, or the ‘right to be responsible for making decisions about our own medical welfare’, is accepted as one of these social rights then, in England, the age gap between criminal responsibility and healthcare right is considerable. It has been suggested that this age difference might be explained in terms of the attribution of responsibility; in essence that there is a difference in the timing and nature of the responsibility being ascribed. The aim of this paper is to examine the concept of responsibility, particularly as it relates to adolescent decisions concerning death; the refusal of life-saving treatment, on the one hand, and the commission of homicidal acts, on the other. It would appear that there is considerable overlap in the types of responsibility alluded to in both situations, most particularly in the notions of capacity responsibility and prospective responsibility. If this is so, then having a wide gap between the two ages of responsibility would seem to lack a secure jurisprudential basis.

Accounting - analytical system of construction of settlement and payment balance of management of accounts receivable and accounts payable

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Иванова ◽  
Oksana Ivanova ◽  
Сидоркина ◽  
Marina Sidorkina ◽  
Виноградова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
System Management ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Accounts Receivable ◽  
Accounts Payable ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
The One ◽  
Analytical System ◽  
Available Information

The monograph is devoted to accounting and analytical approach of managing receivables and payables. In work the analysis of the level of receivables and payables in the Kostroma region and the identified specific characteristics for valuation of debtors on the basis of available information on the example of separate business entity. For building system management settlement operations with counterparties, proposed the use of settlement and payment of the balance on the basis of a linear relationship. Presents the format of the payment balance will allow on the one hand to forecast the balance of trade receivables and the excess of liabilities over the payment instrument and on the other, the projected balance in accounts payable and the payment of excess funds over liabilities. Recommendations on forecasting the level of occurrence and repayment of receivables, the conclusion about the necessity and significance of evaluation of the ratio of debt at a future time. Designed for researchers, managers and specialists, postgraduates and students of higher educational institutions.

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