scholarly journals The Principle of Democracy in Albania, from the Basic Acts of the State in Its Implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ismail Tafani
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Pluralism ◽  
The People ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Political Spectrum ◽  
Second World ◽  
Party State

The principle of democracy is seen as the basic pillar of the construction and function of a state. Of course, for the implementation of this principle, different ideologies have been developed, often in contradiction with each other. Ideologies which undoubtedly saw in the principle of democracy the birth and functioning of a state and as a consequence of a governing model which was to be based precisely on the sovereignty of the people and the full expression of its will. In Albania after the end of the Second World War we have the birth of a form of government which was based on the organization of the state according to communist theory. The communist ideology, which developed after the division of the world into two camps, which were the result of the Second World War meant to bring to Albania the realization of the principle of democracy. With the consolidation of the power of the communist party which resulted in the creation of the party-state, the principle of democracy consisted in its expression more as a slogan than as an objective for the development and functioning of society and the functioning of power as the genuine will of the people. Consequently, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, as in all former communist countries and in Albania, what the people demanded was the establishment of a state where the principle of democracy was the foundation of its government. Not in vain after the acceptance of political pluralism by the now completed monopoly of the party-state, the establishment of a system based on the principle of democracy was required. However, the creation of political pluralism after the change of the system does not seem to have brought a realization of the principle of democracy as a basis for the functioning of a democratic state as required by Albanian society. It can even be said that the principle of democracy remains an endless challenge for the entire political spectrum in Albania, although this principle always needs to be consolidated. Through this paper it is sought to analyze how the principle of democracy is required to be adopted by all leaders of any kind of government even though in itself it will have to belong to the people. This paper aims to highlight how in the case of political pluralism and even more so in the existence of a single party the principle of democracy remains a challenge, although it forms the basis of all fundamental acts of the Albanian State since the end of the Second World War.

PRAVNOISTORIJSKI POGLED NA ZELENAŠKE USLUGE U SRPSKOM PRAVU

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biljana Gavrilović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Money Economy ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Second World

The paper analyzes the state reaction to usurer services, starting from the 1830s until the Second World War. At the time of the transition from the natural to the money economy, the need for money was great. Since agricultural loans were not still regulated, the money could only be requested from usurers. Thanks to that, the usurers become richer and peasants perished. Therefore, the state begins to take certain legal measures, first in the field of civil law and after that in the field of criminal law. In the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia, the range of civil law measures was rich, while the criminal law reaction of the state against usurer services was modest. However, with the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and due to the process of unifications, the focus of the state actions on usurer services is shifted from civil to criminal law.

La fusion des communes bruxelloises

Res Publica ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 731-741
Author(s):  
Maurice-Pierre Herremans
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
Administrative Unit ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Second World

The idea of amalgamation for the Brussels municipalities is already an old one. In addition to the numerous parliamentary attempts to return to the situation of before 1795, when eight Brussels municipalities formed an administrative unit, there were also the Holvoet Report of 1936 and the establishment of the State Commissariat for the Large Agglomerations during the Second World War. In 1942, «Gross Brüssel» was created, but it was dissolved after the liberation. Except for the proposals of the Union of Cities, things remained rather quiet until the first amalgamation operation of 1971. Brussels was not involved in these amalgamation operations primarily because of the complexity of the Brussels problem over which the Flemish and the French speaking groups could not come to an agreement. The recent proposals can be placed into three categories : a complete amalgamation of the 19 municipalities into one entity, a partial amalgamation of 3 to 10 entities, the status quo. Since the amalgamation means an increase in the municipal expenses because of equalisation of the services in the sub-municipalities at a higher level, integral amalgamation of the present 19 municipalities offers no solution for the financial difficulties besetting these municipalities. In addition,this integral amalgamation solution generales negative reactions from the people of Brussel, who see in it a demand of the Flemish Movement.

scholarly journals Attitudes And Social Protection Of People With Disabilities During The Fight Against Fascism

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Jummagul Nomazovna Abdurakhmanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Protection System ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Second World

This article provides information about the post-disability lifestyle of our compatriots, soldiers and officers who returned to Uzbekistan with disabilities, who were wounded at the front and went to fight against fascism. The article also covers the state of the social protection system during the Second World War and the issues of social protection for the disabled. The article also highlights the humane, caring and tolerant qualities of the people of Uzbekistan towards people with disabilities.

scholarly journals Od sporu do księgozbioru, czyli o posekularyzacyjnej genezie i rozwoju idei gromadzenia literatury fachowej w dawnym Archiwum Państwowym we Wrocławiu Staatsarchiv Breslau do 1945 roku

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 161-178
Author(s):  
Bożena Kumor-Gomułka
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Free Access ◽  
World War ◽  
German State ◽  
Library Collection ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Creation ◽  
State Archives ◽  
Second World

OD SPORU DO KSIĘGOZBIORU, CZYLI O POSEKULARYZACYJNEJ GENEZIE I ROZWOJU IDEI GROMADZENIA LITERATURY FACHOWEJ W DAWNYM ARCHIWUM PAŃSTWOWYM WE WROCŁAWIU STAATSARCHIV BRESLAU DO 1945 ROKUTrudności w utworzeniu biblioteki archiwalnej w pierwszych latach istnienia Archiwum na skutek sporów między archiwistą J.G.G. Büschingiem a dyrektorem Centralnej Biblioteki Śląskiej J.G. Schneiderem. Pierwsze nabytki biblioteczne. Działalność Wilhelma Wattenbacha. Nabytki, organizacja i pomieszczenia biblioteki archiwalnej do 1945 roku.FROM A DISPUTE TO A BOOK COLLECTION, I.E. ON THE POST-SECULARISATION ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE IDEA OF COLLECTING THE SPECIALIST LITERATURE IN THE FORMER STATE ARCHIVES IN WROCŁAW STAATSARCHIV BRESLAU UNTIL 1945Specialist literature collected from the first few decades of the existence of the State Archives in Wrocław was a form of specialist aid, with time becoming a collection complementing archive materials. The idea to compile the first independent collection emerged from a conflict between the first archivist, Johann Gustav Gottlieb Büsching and the director, from 1812, of the Central Silesian Library, located in the same building on the Sand Island, Johann Gottlob Schneider, an advocate of abolishing the existing privilege of free access of archivists to the library. The process of amassing archive literature was developed on a broader scale after Schneider’s death in 1822. Among the first publications acquired by the director of the then Royal Silesian Provincial Archives later State Archives, Gustav Adolf Harald Stenzel, were Johann Sinapius’ Schlesische Curiositäten and Friedrich Vater’s Repertorium der preussischen schlesischen Verfassung. Another source for obtaining specialist literature was regular donations from the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Considerablesupport for the creation of a typical archive library came from the director, from 1852, of thePrussian State Archives, Karl Wilhelm von Lancizolle, author of the first guidelines on collecting archive specialist literature. Soon another director of the Wrocław institution, Wilhelm Wattenbach, compiled a separate catalogue of acquisitions for the library collection. Eventually, the book collection of the former Staatsarchiv Breslau grew to about 30,000 volumes and contained all the most significant Silesian-themed works from the past. This made the Wrocław archive library ranked sixth among the forty libraries functioning in German state archives. However, the collection was lost when the Archives building in Tiergartenstrasse 13 was destroyed in 1945. Efforts to organise again specialist, Polish State Archives in Wrocław from scratch were undertaken already in the first few years after the second world war and have continued to this day.

scholarly journals The Detention of Non-Enemy Civilians Escaping to Britain during the Second World War

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Artemis J. Photiadou
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
World War ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Administrative History ◽  
Second World

Abstract Thousands of civilians from Allied and neutral countries reached Britain during the Second World War. Nearly all who arrived between 1941 and 1945 were detained for interrogation – an unprecedented course of action by Britain which has nevertheless seldomly been studied. This article focuses on the administrative history of this process and the people it affected. It demonstrates how certain parts of the state treated non-Britons with suspicion throughout the war, long after fears of a ‘fifth column’ had subsided. At the same time, others saw them favourably, not least because many either offered intelligence, intended to volunteer with the Allied Forces, or work for the war industry. Examining how these conflicting views co-existed within a single detention camp, this article thus illustrates the complex relationship that existed between non-Britons and the wartime state, which perceived them simultaneously as suspects, assets, and allies. By making use of the thousands of resulting interrogation reports, the article also offers more detail than currently exists on the gender and nationality background of those who reached Britain, as well as about the journeys they took to escape occupied territory.

scholarly journals School and Higher Education in Uzbekistan During the Second World War

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1043-1050
Author(s):  
Nadira Rakhmanovna Makhkamova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
World War ◽  
The People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Second World

This article highlights the state of the system of school and higher education in Uzbekistan during the Second World War. The development of this sphere was fraught with a number of difficulties, such as a shortage of teaching staff, the mobilization of the bulk of men to the front, the problem of attracting Uzbek girls to training, a lack of suitable premises for training, the dropout of students from the senior classes of schools and etc. The article notes that, despite all the above problems, a lot has been done in the system of school and higher education in Uzbekistan, which was part of the invaluable contribution of the people of the republic to the victory over fascism.

scholarly journals BETRAGTNINGER OVER KATEGORIEN INDFØDTE FOLK

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Western World ◽  
World War ◽  
New States ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Second World

Jens Dahl: Reflections on the category of Indigenous peoples The article deals with the development of the category indigenous peoples and with indigenous peoples’ position both within the thought system of the Western World and within the current work in the United Naions. It argues that the category has been created by forces in the hegemonic society, but the term has been adopted by indigenous peoples themselves, who recognize their common conditions. The term also relates to the process of decolonization and the creation of new States after the Second World War. Indigenous peoples’ demand for self determination is related to the State within which they live, and should not be understood as a violent or revolutionary demand for secession, but as a fundamental right to determine one’s own life and future.

scholarly journals BANOVINAS – ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS OF KING ALEXANDER I KARAĐORĐEVIĆ AND HIS PERSONAL REGIME

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-253
Author(s):  
PREDRAG M. VAJAGIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Kingdom Of Yugoslavia ◽  
Second World

One of the main consequences of the King Alexander I Karađorđević’s personal regime was an administrative rearrangement of the state that formed new administrative units called banovinas. Historiography to date has not shed much light on the circumstances under which the banovinas were formed. Studies show that this issue occupied much of the attention of the king and his court, and that the best experts were engaged. At the beginning of the dictatorship, banovinas and their bans were used as a means through which the proclaimed ideology of Yugoslavism would come into being in the form of a single Yugoslav nation. The starting point was to remove national and historical borders between Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which were regarded as the culprits behind divisions within the population. Presenting federalization as derived through banovinas as administrative units served to conceal their true function in the process of building a unified state. Following the death of King Alexander I Karađorđević, there was an abundance of support for the idea of banovinas as administrative units and as part of the foundation of the Yugoslav state. After only ten years, the borders of the banovinas, as defined by the September constitution, were changed due to the creation of the Banovina of Croatia. This act annulled all the principles of the 1929 administrative rearrangement. The further fate of the banovinas was determined by the Second World War, in which the Kingdom of Yugoslavia as a state disappeared. Based on an analysis of available archival material, periodicals, memoirs of contemporaries and historiographical publications, the intention of this study is to show how the banovinas, as new administrative units, were used to serve the king’s personal dictatorship. Opinions of the Banovinas as parts of the administrative system are mostly negative. However, in a broader context, they brought progress and prosperity to certain areas of the state.

Development of the Concepts for Providing Close Air Support

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74
Author(s):  
Hristov Manush
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Combat Experience ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe main objective of the study is to trace the perceptions of the task of an aviation component to provide direct aviation support to both ground and naval forces. Part of the study is devoted to tracing the combat experience gained during the assignment by the Bulgarian Air Force in the final combat operations against the Wehrmacht during the Second World War 1944-1945. The state of the conceptions at the present stage regarding the accomplishment of the task in conducting defensive and offensive battles and operations is also considered. Emphasis is also placed on the development of the perceptions of the task in the armies of the United States and Russia.

ABCs of the Revolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-291
Author(s):  
Egor A. Yesyunin
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Development History ◽  
The People ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Revolution

The article is devoted to the satirical agitation ABCs that appeared during the Civil War, which have never previously been identified by researchers as a separate type of agitation art. The ABCs, which used to have the narrow purpose of teaching children to read and write before, became a form of agitation art in the hands of artists and writers. This was facilitated by the fact that ABCs, in contrast to primers, are less loaded with educational material and, accordingly, they have more space for illustrations. The article presents the development history of the agitation ABCs, focusing in detail on four of them: V.V. Mayakovsky’s “Soviet ABC”, D.S. Moor’s “Red Army Soldier’s ABC”, A.I. Strakhov’s “ABC of the Revolution”, and M.M. Cheremnykh’s “Anti-Religious ABC”. There is also briefly considered “Our ABC”: the “TASS Posters” created by various artists during the Second World War. The article highlights the special significance of V.V. Mayakovsky’s first agitation ABC, which later became a reference point for many artists. The authors of the first satirical ABCs of the Civil War period consciously used the traditional form of popular prints, as well as ditties and sayings, in order to create images close to the people. The article focuses on the iconographic connections between the ABCs and posters in the works of D.S. Moor and M.M. Cheremnykh, who transferred their solutions from the posters to the ABCs.

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