9th Review Conference: Strengthening of Biological Weapons Convention

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saqib A ◽  
◽  
Khurshid SJ ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
International Community ◽  
The State ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Biological Weapons Convention ◽  
National Preparedness

Pandemics have always appeared in numerous manifestations throughout the history. The devastating COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020 but, the world is still in its clutches. Above two and half million lives have already been lost worldwide. The magnitude of Coronavirus has already produced the effects that fundamentally change the actions of the states on infectious diseases globally. It has also highlighted the power of disease that can be too fatal and widespread to bring life to an abrupt and total standstill. Further, this has exposed the serious weakness of the states in their national preparedness to respond to this global pandemic. It is timely and necessary to address this type of pandemics. The states have already been working hard to control and ease the potential effects of infectious diseases. As part of that work, it should be possible now that the 45 years old Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention stands on a new starting line. It is to be hoped that the international community will bring protracted discussions on the serious working of the Convention to a successful conclusion. This paper will help in identifying the possible options that the State Parties should discuss to strengthen the Convention, enhancement in its potency and implementation at the upcoming 9th Review Conference of BWTC, which is scheduled to be held in November 2021.

scholarly journals National Institute for the Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani” IRCCS. Recommendations for COVID-19 Clinical Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Nicastri ◽  
Nicola Petrosillo ◽  
Tommaso Ascoli Bartoli ◽  
Luciana Lepore ◽  
Annalisa Mondi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Respiratory Involvement ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Affected Country

On January 9th, 2020, the “World Health Organization” (WHO) declared the identification, by Chinese Health authorities, of a novel coronavirus, further classified as SARS-CoV-2 responsible of a diseases (COVID-19) ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe respiratory involvement. On March 9th, 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. Italy is the second most affected country by COVID-19 infection after China. The “L. Spallanzani” National Institute for the Infectious Diseases, IRCCS has been the first Italian hospital to admit and manage patients affected by COVID-19. Hereby, we show our recommendations for the management of COVID-19 patients, based on very limited clinical evidences; these recomendations should be considered as expert opinions, which may be modified according to newly produced literature data. *for the INMI COVID-19 Treatment Group – ICOTREG Abdeddaim A, Agrati C, Albarello F, Antinori A, Ascoli Bartoli T, Baldini F, Bellagamba R, Bevilacqua N, Bibas M, Biava G, Boumis E, Busso D, Camici M, Capobianchi MR, Capone A, Caravella I, Cataldo A, Cerilli S, Chinello G, Cicalini S, Corpolongo A, Cristofaro M, D’Abramo A, Dantimi C, De Angelis G, De Palo MG, D’Offizi G, De Zottis F, Di Lorenzo R, Di Stefano F, Fusetti M, Galati V, Gagliardini R, Garotto G, Gebremeskel Tekle Saba, Giancola ML, Giansante F, Girardi E, Goletti D, Granata G, Greci MC, Grilli E, Grisetti S, Gualano G, Iacomi F, Iannicelli G, Ippolito G, Lepore L, Libertone R, Lionetti R, Liuzzi G, Loiacono L, Macchione M,  Marchioni L, Mariano A, Marini MC, Maritti M, Mastrobattista A, Mazzotta V, Mencarini P, Migliorisi-Ramazzini P, Mondi A, Montalbano M, Mosti S, Murachelli S, Musso M, Nicastri E, Noto P, Oliva A, Palazzolo C, Palmieri F, Pareo C, Petrone A, Pianura E, Pinnetti C, Pontarelli A, Puro V, Rianda A, Rosati S, Sampaolesi A, Santagata C, Scarcia D’Aprano S, Scarabello A, Schininà V, Scorzolini L, Stazi GV, Taibi C, Taglietti F, Tonnarini R, Topino S, Vergori A, Vincenzi L, Visco-Comandini U, Vittozzi P, Zaccarelli M, Zaccaro G.

Inventory Control of Dual-Use Equipment

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Franz
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Nuclear Weapons ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Biological Weapons Convention ◽  
The U.S

Proliferation of biological—as well as chemical and nuclear—weapons is a threat to the security of the U.S. in the post-Cold War era. The number of states with biological weapons (BW) programs or with a strong interest in having a BW program has increased significantly since the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) was signed in 1972 (Office of Technology Assessment, 1993). BW programs present difficult intelligence targets. Thus, the Soviet Union was a signatory to the BWC at the time of the Sverdlovsk incident in 1979, yet we knew little of the scope of its BW program until 1991 (Meselson et al., 1994). The spread of biotechnology throughout the world in recent years has made even more governments potentially BW capable.

scholarly journals Os direitos humanos no contexto internacional: para além dos limites de uma obrigação específica?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
André Luiz Olivier da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Person ◽  
International Community ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The World ◽  
Universal Human Rights ◽  
Special Rights ◽  
The Ideal

Resumo: Neste trabalho analisam-se as exigências por direitos humanos enunciados a partir de uma perspectiva universal, segundo a qual esses direitos se constituem dentro de obrigações gerais e são válidos para todas as pessoas do mundo. Mas podemos falar em direitos humanos considerados gerais e absolutos mesmo quando não se consegue especificar o detentor e o destinatário dos direitos em uma relação obrigacional específica? Com base em um procedimento de observação e na explicitação de algumas exigências por direitos humanos no mundo contemporâneo, aborda-se a natureza dos direitos a partir da correlação obrigacional entre direitos e deveres, bem como a distinção entre direitos especiais e direitos gerais, destacando que os direitos humanos são reivindicados como direitos gerais e universais, embora não se possa afirmar que sejam universais em si mesmos. A hipótese  neste artigo é a de que os direitos humanos são reivindicados “como se” fossem “gerais” dentro de obrigações específicas, seja em um conflito entre cidadãos e o Estado, seja a partir das relações dos países na comunidade internacional. Quando não estão especificados em obrigações concretas, esses direitos apresentam dificuldades quanto à sua efetividade justamente porque não se consegue identificar e especificar sujeitos e destinatários – que não são exatamente o Estado ou o cidadão deste ou daquele país, mas, sim, a pessoa humana. Nesse sentido, ainda estamos longe do ideal de universalização dos direitos humanos na comunidade internacional, e esses direitos só podem ser exercidos quando incorporados a um ordenamento jurídico ou, ao menos, inseridos em práticas morais e sociais.Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos. Direitos gerais. Universalidade. Obrigações específicas. Abstract: This paper discusses the claims by human rights from a universal perspective, according to which human rights constitute general obligations and are valid for all people of the world. Can we talk about human rights considered general and valid for all human beings even when we can not specify the holder and the addressee of rights in a specific obligational relationship? Based on a procedure of observation and explanation of some claims for human rights in the contemporary world, this article aims to approach the nature of these rights from the obligational correlation between rights and duties, as well as the distinction between special rights and general rights, highlighting that human rights are claimed as general rights, emphasizing its “universal” character, although we can’t ensure that these rights are universal in themselves. Our hypothesis is that human rights are claimed “as if” they were “general” within specific obligations, whether in a conflict between citizens and the state, as based on the relations of countries in the international community. When not specified in concrete obligations, human rights have doubts as to its effectiveness precisely because it is not easy to identify and specify recipients and subject of rights – which are not exactly state or country, but rather the human person. In this sense, we are still far from the ideal of universal human rights in the international community, and these rights may be exercised only when incorporated into a law, or at least, embedded in moral and social practices.Keywords: Human Rights. General rights. Universality. Specific obligations.

scholarly journals Transformational Change for People and the Planet: Evaluating Environment and Development – Introduction

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Juha I. Uitto
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Transformational Change ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
The State ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Development Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Approaches ◽  
Change Mitigation

AbstractThe world is facing multiple crises as manifested in runaway climate change, a global pandemic, loss of ecosystems and biological species, and rapidly growing inequality. These are all closely interlinked as recognized in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Addressing them will require broad transformational change that encompasses the economy, institutions, and how we interact with the natural environment. This chapter introduces the book that is intended to highlight how evaluation can contribute to such transformations. The chapter first reviews the state of development evaluation. It then briefly introduces the state of the global environment before discussing the implications of this context for evaluation, and how evaluation as a profession and practice must change in order to respond to the challenges of sustainability. The chapter ends by explaining the flow of the book in its four parts that focus on: transformational change, drivers of sustainability, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and evaluation approaches.

scholarly journals Religious Extremism as Social Phenomenon

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (15) ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Haki Demolli
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Process ◽  
International Community ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Social Crisis ◽  
The Road ◽  
Religious Extremism ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

There are numerous examples where political and religious contradictions have caused deep social crisis and disintegration of the state. It is true that the world is marked by new waves of violent extremism, radicalism and terrorism in the background of which are hidden religious, ethnic and ideological reasons. In reality, the reasons and activities of these groups are opposite to democratic and liberal values of tolerance and multiculturalism. Radicalisation leading to terrorism is a dynamic process in which a person is brought into a situation to accept terrorist violence as possible and justified actions of individuals and groups. The main goal of such violent actions is the achievement of political or religious objectives of such groups or individuals. The aim of this paper is to summarise the reasons that lead the individual to take the road of radicalisation, terrorism and extremism. Another aim of the paper is description and treatment of the ways of reacting of international community and individual states in prevention and fighting of extremism and terrorist activities. Ir daudz piemēru, kur politiskās un reliģiskās pretrunas izraisījušas dziļu sociālo krīzi un valsts sabrukumu. Ir tiesa, ka pasauli iezīmē jauni vardarbīga ekstrēmisma, radikālisma un terorisma viļņi, kuru fonā ir slēpti reliģiski, etniski un ideoloģiski iemesli. Vardarbīgas rīcības galvenais mērķis ir atsevišķu grupu vai indivīdu politisko vai reliģisko mērķu sasniegšana. Realitātē vardarbīgo grupu iemesli un darbība ir pretēja demokrātiskām un liberālām tolerances un multikulturālisma vērtībām. Radikalizācija, kas noved pie terorisma, ir dinamisks process, kurā rodas situācija, kad teroristu vardarbība tiek pieņemta kā iespējama un pamatota indivīdu un grupu rīcība. Viens no šā raksta mērķiem ir apkopot iemeslus, kuru dēļ indivīds dodas radikalizācijas, terorisma un ekstrēmisma virzienā, otrs raksta mērķis – aprakstīt un noskaidrot veidus, kā reaģēt uz starptautiskās sabiedrības un atsevišķu valstu centieniem novērst un apkarot ekstrēmismu un teroristiskas darbības.

A A New Era of Social Enterprise? A Global Viewpoint

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
Jamie Hasall ◽  
Roopinder Oberoi ◽  
Michael Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Social Enterprise ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The State ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way

The outbreak of Coronavirus across the world has fundamentally changed the way society functions. The pandemic has shifted the way a capitalist economy works for the state. Drastic measures have had to be put in place; for example, many countries have put extra investment into the health sector and generated support for people who cannot work due to the lockdown rules that have been implemented. More than ever before, the state is playing a vital role. Therefore, various institutions, from charities and non-government organisations, to the public/private sectors, are the driving forces in tackling this pandemic. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the ways forward and the ways in which social enterprise will be imperative in this global pandemic.

scholarly journals Inhibiting Reliance on Biological Weaponry: The Role and Relevance of International Law

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 183-204
Author(s):  
Richard Falk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Law ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
International Stability ◽  
The World ◽  
Biological Weapons Convention

This article describes the restraints on biological weapons, as dictated in the 1925 Geneva Protocol and the Biological Weapons Convention, and the weaknesses of these instruments. Falk clearly argues for nonpossession as a requirement of international stability. He points out that their commitment to unconditional renunciation has been disregarded by the United States and the Soviet Union. The author concludes that the failure of major powers to comply with the rules they themselves set has encouraged emulation by the rest of the world. It is the duty of those with extensive knowledge of this weaponry to eliminate the pressure for its development.

scholarly journals The Post-Corona World and International Political Landscape: Emerging Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attiq-ur-Rehman ◽  
Shahid Hussain Bukhari ◽  
Syed Mussawar Hussain Bukhari
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
International System ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
International Community ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
International Environment ◽  
The World

The outbreak of the global pandemic and its global outreach has challenged and shocked the international community. It has paralyzed the nations through upending the mainstream social, political, and economic activities of nations. The Covid-19 related restriction further suspended the normal affairs of states under an international environment of a health emergency. The pandemic crisis has clearly communicated to the international community that the digital world has arrived because the dependency on information technology has raised the significance of hi-tech communication networks in the world. This global crisis has endangered international society and the nations are struggling against the Covid-19 viral disease. No doubt, the whole international system has gradually learned to survive in the health crisis and the leaders from around the world are thinking of resuming normalization, but the actual question linked to the global governance in the post-corona world is unanswered. This pandemic year has raised the need for a serious conversation on the future of global political order because the Covid-19 has undermined the conventional wisdom attached to the crisis management mechanism of states. In short, the heating debates of the post-corona international political environment have generated a process of de-globalization and the international community is approaching a new world based on new realities. Therefore, this study is an endeavor to estimate the probable future scenario which will become an undeniable reality in the post-corona world.

Ensuring a high degree of integration of the Russian Federation to the world information society as a direction of state information policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Krylov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Information Society ◽  
International Community ◽  
Information Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
State Information ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
World Information ◽  
High Degree

This article analyzes the results of the state information policy in relation to the international community in 2019. Ensuring a high degree of integration of the Russian Federation into the world information society is considered as a direction of the state information policy.

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