scholarly journals A techno-economic-environmental analysis of the methanol production from biogas and power-to-X

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMANUELE MOIOLI ◽  
Tilman Schildhauer
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Methanol Synthesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Co2 Hydrogenation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Fossil Carbon ◽  
Carbon Neutral ◽  
Alternative Routes

Methanol is a key ingredient for the chemical industry and for the energy sector. Towards a transition into carbon-neutral future, it would be of great interest to reduce the fossil carbon footprint of the methanol synthesis by investigating alternative routes. A potential way to produce methanol in a sustainable manner is to utilize biogas, which is a carbon-neutral feedstock. However, it is challenging to provide sufficient biogas to large-scale plants. For this reason, we investigate in this paper the possibility of producing methanol in small-scale decentralised plants. We analysed the techno-economic-environmental performance of the downscaling of the standard methanol production via steam reforming and we compared it with the novel synthesis via direct CO2 hydrogenation with green H2. We observed that, with cheap electricity and high methanol value, these processes are both profitable, with a slight advantage for the steam-reforming route. However, the direct CO2 hydrogenation route can be improved by developing tailor-made less costly equipment, thus showing a potential for application in an energy storage context (i.e. with extremely cheap electricity). We also observed that the use of biomethane as feedstock for centralized methanol production shows a similar performance as the localized methanol synthesis, due to the high cost of the raw material. Therefore, we can conclude that, with every technology analysed, the shift towards a biogas-based methanol manufacture results in a more expensive product and that small-scale localized production may play a role in the bio-based methanol supply.

scholarly journals Forecast of International Trade of Lithium Carbonate Products in Importing Countries and Small-Scale Exporting Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1251
Author(s):  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Zhiliang Dong ◽  
Sen Liu ◽  
Peixiang Jiang ◽  
Cuizhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
Structure Of Trade

As the raw material of lithium-ion batteries, lithium carbonate plays an important role in the development of new energy field. Due to the extremely uneven distribution of lithium resources in the world, the security of supply in countries with less say would be greatly threatened if trade restrictions or other accidents occurred in large-scale exporting countries. It is of great significance to help these countries find new partners based on the existing trade topology. This study uses the link prediction method, based on the perspective of the topological structure of trade networks in various countries and trade rules, and eliminates the influence of large-scale lithium carbonate exporting countries on the lithium carbonate trade of other countries, to find potential lithium carbonate trade links among importing and small-scale exporting countries, and summarizes three trade rules: (1) in potential relationships involving two net importers, a relationship involving either China or the Netherlands is more likely to occur; (2) for all potential relationships, a relationship that actually occurred for more than two years in the period in 2009–2018 is more likely to occur in the future; and (3) potential relationships pairing a net exporter with a net importer are more likely to occur than other country combinations. The results show that over the next five to six years, Denmark and Italy, Netherlands and South Africa, Turkey and USA are most likely to have a lithium carbonate trading relationship, while Slovenia and USA, and Belgium and Thailand are the least likely to trade lithium carbonate. Through this study, we can strengthen the supply security of lithium carbonate resources in international trade, and provide international trade policy recommendations for the governments of importing countries and small-scale exporting countries.

scholarly journals A Short Review on Ni Based Catalysts and Related Engineering Issues for Methane Steam Reforming

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio Meloni ◽  
Marco Martino ◽  
Vincenzo Palma
Keyword(s):  
Steam Reforming ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Methane Steam Reforming ◽  
Thermal Exchange ◽  
Structured Catalysts ◽  
Methane Steam ◽  
Load Fluctuation ◽  
Hydrogen Station

Hydrogen is an important raw material in chemical industries, and the steam reforming of light hydrocarbons (such as methane) is the most used process for its production. In this process, the use of a catalyst is mandatory and, if compared to precious metal-based catalysts, Ni-based catalysts assure an acceptable high activity and a lower cost. The aim of a distributed hydrogen production, for example, through an on-site type hydrogen station, is only reachable if a novel reforming system is developed, with some unique properties that are not present in the large-scale reforming system. These properties include, among the others, (i) daily startup and shutdown (DSS) operation ability, (ii) rapid response to load fluctuation, (iii) compactness of device, and (iv) excellent thermal exchange. In this sense, the catalyst has an important role. There is vast amount of information in the literature regarding the performance of catalysts in methane steam reforming. In this short review, an overview on the most recent advances in Ni based catalysts for methane steam reforming is given, also regarding the use of innovative structured catalysts.

scholarly journals Development of a small-scale plastic recycling technology and a special filament product for 3D printing

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 365-371
Author(s):  
Alaeddine Oussai ◽  
Zoltán Bártfai ◽  
László Kátai ◽  
István Szalkai
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Synthetic Fibers ◽  
Plastic Recycling ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Recycled Plastics ◽  
Electronic Parts

In our days, the fight against pollution has become a real challenge for the state. recycling is one of the solutions that is adopted in several nations to reduce the rate of plastic discarded in nature. The amount of plastic waste has been increasing for decades contributing to the environmental pollution that is one of the most serious problem of the mankind. according to the statistics not only the household plastic waste, but the industry discharge is increasing because the utilization of plastic as a raw material is more and more extending. plastic can be found in a lot of products, huge number of bottles, plastic bags, computers, auto parts are sold every day. The current applications for using recycled plastics in fabrication and design are fairly limited, on a small scale, plastics (such as abs, HDPe1, or Pe2t) are shredded and formed into pellets, and then either extruded into lament to be used in existing 3d printers, or injection molded into small parts and pieces of larger components. at a large scale, recycled HDpE is melted into sheets and either used directly as sheets in construction, or then heat formed from a sheet into components for construction. these methods of fabrication using recycled plastics are the norm because of their straightforward processes. nevertheless, each method leaves some complexity to be desired. This paper we study the types of plastics and diagnose the pollution caused by the latter. this allowed us to design and size a recycling station of plastic into filaments for three-dimensional printers. this station which will contribute to the fight against pollution. the station consists of two machines for grinding of the plastic and the other for the extrusion of the desired filaments. we were able to make a theoretical academic study on both machines and also we designed with solidworks 2015. The theoretical study is spread of the mechanical calculations necessary to the design and validation of the structure using the tools. as the prospect of this project, we want to complete the achievement of this station while completing the crusher and extruder mechanically. then switch to electric and electronic parts (introduction of engines, sensors and wiring...). In the case of waste plastics that are recyclable and reusable. the most widely used are polyethylene terephthalate (pet, used for synthetic fibers and water bottles), and second high-density polyethylene (hdpe, used for jugs, bottle caps, water pipes).

scholarly journals The Alvarrões-Gonçalo Li project: an example of sustainable lithium mining

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Sousa ◽  
Violeta Ramos ◽  
Alexandra Guedes ◽  
Fernando Noronha ◽  
Ana Botelho de Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Froth Flotation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Basic Scenario ◽  
Sulphide Ores ◽  
Central Portugal ◽  
Critical Materials

Abstract. Across Europe, small scale deposits of critical materials and/or strategic elements, such as W, Li and Sn, are not viable to mine and process using the traditional large scale mining and processing technologies due to their geological characteristics. Project FAME (Flexible And Mobile Economic Processing Technologies, EC Horizon 2020 Grant Agreement No. 641650) was created in order to specifically address the technical and environmental challenges to the sustainable processing of low sulphide ores from pegmatites, greisens and skarns deposits. One of the deposits, Alvarrões-Gonçalo, is a Li pegmatite located at the Gonçalo pegmatite field (Central Portugal) that is being investigated on the scope of the concerned project. Currently, the pegmatites are only being exploited for ceramics, aggregates and ornamental purposes, however, there is exploitation potential for Li2O-rich ores. Froth flotation is being tested to produce a lepidolite concentrate. Results showed the feasibility to obtain a Li2O grade adequate for the metallurgical production of lithium compounds as Li2CO3. The lepidolite flotation rejects, normally stored in tailings dumps, are mainly composed by a mixture of feldspars, quartz and non-recovered lepidolite (though a very low content), which is, by itself, a very interesting raw material for ceramic purposes. Consequently, mining exploitation of lepidolite, as Li2O ore, from pegmatite could comply with the standards of “green mining”, reaching an almost “zero waste” exploitation, as it can be accomplished in the case of the mineral processing of the Alvarrões-Gonçalo lithium ore. This basic scenario could be improved by applying froth flotation also for feldspars/quartz separation, aiming at obtaining a high content feldspars concentrate (floated) and a quartz product (non-floated): the feldspars concentrate can be used to produce blends with different ratios feldspars/quartz for sanitary ware and tiles and quartz for other uses, such as glasses and “silica flour”.

scholarly journals Kesiapan Industri Rumah Tangga Mebel terhadap Penerapan Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu di Yogyakarta

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Reza Ahda Sabiila ◽  
Eko Ruddy Cahyadi ◽  
Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Distribution Channel ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Distributed Information ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Illegal logging and illegal timber trade have been ones of major causes of deforestation in many countries, including Indonesia. Indonesian Timber Legality Assurance System (Sistem Verifikasi Legalitas Kayu/SVLK) is an instrument to improve governance of timber sector. The system ensures the legality of timber harvested, transported, processed, and marketed by Indonesian forestry enterprises. SVLK is developed through engagement of multi-stakeholder (scholars, business association, relevant ministries, and NGOs). Implementation of SVLK is mandatory. Since implemented, SVLK has increased export of forest products. However, the export is dominated by large scale enterprises. On other hand, many of small and medium scale industries are yet registered. Micro and small scale industries have basic difficulties to meet the applicable standards of SVLK. According to background and issues, the study aims to analyze distribution network, small business profit, cost of SVLK implementation, and the application of svlk feasibility financial simulation on small scale industries furniture. Primary data collection was carried out with purposive sampling method through deep interview and questionnaires. The result showed there were 3 alternative distribution channels of community wood marketing in Yogyakarta. Each distribution channel has different characteristics. Cost percentage of SVLK implementation is 4.00%. The actual challenge is in the equally distributed information and incompatibility between the requirements of SVLK and the life of small scale industries. SVLK requires Rp 7.787.500,- in early periode and Rp 6.230.000,- to be paid every 2 years. The total cost is Rp 32.707.500,- for 10 years. There are only 7% of small scale industries knowing about SVLK. Small scale industries which don’t know clearly is 50 %, while other small scale industries claim to be uninformed. Based on the study, NPV Rp 10.011.212,-, BCR 1,13 dan investment return rate 18%. Feasibility financial simulation showed SVLK implementation is possible, although has little positive sales development. Small scale furniture industries with 144 m3 raw material per year usage have to target 12% sales development in first year. In second year of implementation, small scale furniture industries cashflow has negative point. It caused by surveillance cost. Small scale furniture industries interest to SVLK implementation was in minimum point. Small scale furniture industries interest to SVLK implementation can be increased by certification financing programs and the export market assurance.

scholarly journals HTGR KOGENERASI PRODUKSI HIDROGEN UNTUK KONVERSI CO2 MENJADI METANOL

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djati Hoesen Salimy ◽  
Siti Alimah
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Co2 Hydrogenation ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coal Power Plant ◽  
Methanol Production ◽  
Coal Power ◽  
High Temperature Gas

ABSTRAK HTGR KOGENERASI PRODUKSI HIDROGEN UNTUK KONVERSI CO2 MENJADI METANOL. Telah dilakukan studi HTGR (High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor) kogenerasi produksi hidrogen untuk konversi CO2 menjadi metanol. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka. Tujuan studi adalah menganalisis HTGR yang dikogenerasi dengan proses produksi hidrogen untuk konversi CO2 menjadi metanol sebagai skema teknologi alternatif produksi metanol dengan proses hidrogenasi CO2. Dalam studi disimulasikan bahan baku CO2 diperoleh dengan memanfaatkan emisi CO2 dari PLTU batubara. Dengan skema ini gas alam sebagai bahan baku digantikan dengan air dan CO2, sementara kebutuhan energi panas, kukus dan listrik dipasok dari reaktor HTGR. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa HTGR yang dikogenerasi dengan produksi hidrogen proses termokimia siklus iodine-sulfur, dimungkinkan untuk diaplikasikan guna mengkonversi CO2 menjadi metanol. Produksi metanol dengan kapasitas sebesar 14667,7 ton/hari, mampu menghemat gas alam sebesar 15,106 juta MMBTU/tahun yang setara dengan pengurangan laju emisi CO2 sebesar 0,9 juta ton/tahun. Jika ditambah serapan emisi CO2 dari PLTU sebagai bahan baku sebesar 691428,6 ton per tahun, potensi penghematan laju emisi CO2 sebesar 1,6 juta ton/tahun. Pasokan energi panas, kukus dan listrik dari reaktor HTGR dengan daya 2×600 MWt dapat memenuhi kebutuhan proses produksi, dengan kelebihan listrik sebesar 92 MWe. Total kelebihan listrik yang dapat disambungkan ke jaringan sebesar 196 MWe, yang berasal dari PLTU batubara (104 MWe) dan reaktor HTGR (92 MWe). Kata kunci: HTGR kogenerasi, dekomposisi air, hidrogenasi CO2, metanol, emisi CO2 ABSTRACTHTGR COGENERATION TO HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FOR CO2 CONVERSION TO BE METHANOL. Study have been conducted on the application of HTGR cogeneration to hydrogen production for conversion of CO2 into methanol. The method used is literature studies. The purpose of the study is to analyze the HTGR (High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor) cogeneration to hydrogen production for CO2 conversion to be methanol as an alternative scheme of methanol production by process of CO2 hydrogenation. This study also simulated that CO2 raw material is coming coal power plant. With the scheme, the  raw material of natural gas is replaced with water and CO2 , while the need energy of heat, steam and electricity supplied from HTGR reactor. With this scheme, the use of natural gas as a raw material, energy source of heat, steam and electricity are not needed anymore. The study shows that the process of nuclear water splitting of iodine-sulfur cycle is possible to convert CO2 into methanol. Production with a capacity of 14667,7 ton/day of methanol, will save natural gas of about to 15,106 million MMBTU yearly which is equivalent to a reduction CO2 emissions by 0.9 million ton/year. In addition with CO2 emission from coal power plant that used as raw material amount 691428,6 ton/year, potential of total  CO2 reduction is about 1,6 million ton/year. Supply of thermal energy, steam and electricity that comes from HTGR reactor with capacity of 2×600 MWt can meet the needs of the production process, with the excess electricity of 92 MWe. Total electricity that can be connected to the grid is about 196 MWe, 104 MWe from coal power plant, and 92 MWe from HTGR.Keywords: HTGR  cogeneration, water splitting, CO2 hydrogenation, methanol, CO2 emission

scholarly journals Pengembangan Mesin Pencacah Tandan Kosong Sawit (TKS) dengan Metode Pemotongan Crusher

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Junaidi - ◽  
Anwar Kasim ◽  
Aidil Zamri ◽  
Sir Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Engine Capacity

Palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) fiber content ± 70 % and can be used for elastic    fiber, matrix, mattresses, rugs and raw material fiber -based composite board products, but until now has not been utilized to the fullest . The problem is not the availability of processing unit generates EFB fiber in small scale . One of them is the processing unit thrasher EFB. EFB counter technology that exists today is a large scale that can only be owned by the oil palm industry with a capacity of ± 4,124 kg/hour. For small-scale fiber industry needs a minimum engine capacity of census enumerators ± 300 kg/hour, but this machine is not yet commercially available.In general, the purpose of this research is small scale EFB cutting machines with a capacity of 200-300 kg/hour, the design parameters and identify optimum operating conditions for each component with the technical test of the prototype. From the results obtained machine design an engine capacity of 300 kg/hour, with a few major components, namely counter unit, unit funnel in and out, frame and drive unit . From the results of design calculations obtained engine power 15 hp motor drive with 1450 RPM rotation with 3 phase. From the results of the testing machine in the first enumeration results obtained by the size of the pieces of shredded EFB ± 7 x 7 ( cm ), while the second enumeration stage shredded EFB size becoming smaller ± 3 x 3 ( cm ).

scholarly journals STRUKTUR MIKRO DAN SIFAT MEKANIS ALUMINIUM (Al-Si) PADA PROSES PENGECORAN MENGGUNAKAN CETAKAN LOGAM, CETAKAN PASIR DAN CETAKAN CASTABLE

POROS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Martinus Mandala ◽  
Eddy Siradj ◽  
Sofyan Djamil
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cast Aluminum ◽  
Metal Mold ◽  
The Public ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Casting Industry

Abstract: Aluminum foundry is one of the business sectors that to much in demand by the public, ranging from small scale to large scale . Through remelting process, some small-scale aluminum casting industry, using raw materials of used aluminum as the main raw material. Some of the cast products are required to have good quality to comply with quality standards on its use. This study aims to look at the difference in quality of cast aluminum (Al-Si) using three types of mold, the metal mold, sand mold, and the mold castable by testing the mechanical properties of materials that impact and Brinell hardness testing. The method used was experimental or trial. The results obtained are the result cast using a metal mold has a hardness value of the highest of 63 HBN, with a value of impact 37

scholarly journals Study Comparative of Corrosion Rate Scrap Aluminium in Chloride Acid (HCl) and Natrium Chloride (NaCl) Solutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 331 ◽  
pp. 05004
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zuchry ◽  
Anjar Asmara ◽  
Naharuddin Naharuddin ◽  
Yandi Yandi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Automotive Industry ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Household Appliances

Scrap aluminium is waste aluminium, the result of recycling that can be used as an alternative raw material with consideration of cheap and affordable prices. The use of aluminium scrap has been widely used both on a large scale such as the automotive industry, ships, aircraft, construction, etc., as well as on a small scale such as household appliances. Chloride acid is used in the process of purifying salt, cleaning porcelain, and as a stain remover on kitchen utensils, and sodium chloride, known as salt, is very corrosive due to the presence of chloride ions. The corrosive nature of chloride ions can be influenced by the concentration and duration of immersion, so it is necessary to research changes in the corrosion rate caused by the concentration and time of immersion. This study uses a method of immersion with weight loss where the specimen is immersed in HCl and NaCl with a concentration of 0. 1%; 0. 3%; and 0. 5% with an immersion time of 5 days, 10 days and 15 days. The results showed that the highest corrosion rate of HCl occurred at 15 days immersion with a concentration of 0. 1% at 1542. 314 Mpy, and the smallest corrosion rate at 5 days with a concentration of 0. 5% at 181. 09 Mpy. For the largest NaCl corrosion rate occurred at 15 days immersion with a concentration of 0. 1% from 101. 171 Mpy, and the smallest corrosion rate at 5 days immersion with a concentration of 0. 5% 41. 793 Mpy.

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