Additive inhibitory effect of the peels of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis against amylase and glucosidase activity

Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem and it is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Decreased utilization of glucose by the body cells and continuous raise in the plasma glucose levels are the major characteristic symptoms of diabetes. Uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with pathological conditions, mostly micro and macrovascular. Treatment for diabetes is aimed at the management of hyperglycemia using oral hypoglycemic agents which inhibit carbohydrate degrading enzymes, namely amylase and glucosidase. The purpose of this study was to investigate the naturally available inhibitors of amylase and glucosidase present in the peels of citrus fruits such as lemon and orange. The hydroalcoholic extract of the fruit peels were studied for their amylase and glucosidase inhibitory potential and the extract of lemon peel was found to exhibit better inhibition than the orange peel. The extracts were further evaluated for their additive effect. The combined effect of the extracts (50% inhibition achieved at 40 and 80mcg) proved to exhibit better inhibitory potential than the individual effect (50% inhibition achieved at 80 and 160mcg). Thus, from this study, it was very clear that our choice drug sources is containing potential antidiabetic principles that need to be studied further to understand the mechanism of action in detail.

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A Male with Extreme Subcutaneous Insulin Resistance: A Case Report

Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases ◽

10.1515/rjdnmd-2016-0025 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 209-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zuhayer Ahmed ◽

Indrajit Prasad ◽

Hafizur Rahman ◽

Jalil Ansari ◽

Khaled Hassan

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Underdeveloped Country ◽

Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

High Dose ◽

Subcutaneous Insulin ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Medical Issues ◽

Insulin Autoantibody

AbstractIntroduction: Though insulin has no upper limit in dosage, we do not encounter very high dose requirements too often. The reported case is the first in Bangladesh to require more than 1000 international units (IU) of subcutaneous insulin per day.Case presentation: A 44-year old male diabetic patient from Bangladesh presented with unusually uncontrolled diabetes mellitus due to extreme insulin resistance. Despite dramatic increase in insulin step by step up to 1110 IU of concomitant short and intermediate acting insulin per day by subcutaneous route, his blood glucose remained over 12 mmol/L persistently, in all the fasting, pre-prandial, postprandial and random samples. He was also treated with several oral hypoglycemic agents including metformin, vildagliptin, glimepiride, pioglitazone and miglitol along with insulin but blood glucose levels remained almost unchanged. However, intravenous infusion of insulin over 4 hours caused a plummet in the glucose level. His blood test for insulin autoantibody was negative.Conclusion: This paper provides a scope to review literatures on extreme subcutaneous insulin resistance and its management. It also reveals the limitations of management due to lack of facilities in an underdeveloped country, which hinders proper exploration to many medical issues.

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Biofilm formation capacity of S. aureus under diabetic environments

10.5194/biofilms9-141 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

María Fernández Grajera ◽

María Coronada Fernández Calderón ◽

Miguel A. Pacha Olivenza ◽

Ciro Pérez Giraldo ◽

Amparo M. Gallardo Moreno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Ketone Bodies ◽

The Body ◽

Inflammatory Reactions ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Combined Action ◽

High Concentrations ◽

The Individual ◽

Clustering Behavior

Diabetes increases the blood glucose levels above those of healthy individuals and poorly controlled diabetes is associated to ketoacidosis. Different authors have shown evidences that diabetes is linked to a higher risk of developing infections in different parts of the body. Although the reasons why diabetes enhances infection episodes are not entirely clear, different undesired physiological responses under diabetic environments are pointed out as the main causes, for example, inflammatory reactions, poor vascularization, neutrophilic chemotaxis or phagocytosis. However, it has so far not been quantified how high concentrations of glucose and ketone bodies can affect the beginning of the infectious process, i.e. the formation of biofilms. In this sense, this research will address how the presence of glucose and ketone bodies can alter the biofilm formation capacity of Staphylococcus aureus. The research will be carried out with six different diabetic conditions, including the individual action of both components (glucose and ketone bodies) and the combined action. The main conclusion of this work is that any studied diabetic condition is able to increase the slime index of S. aureus with respect to control (bacteria grown without diabetic supplements), so the biofilm formation capacity of this bacterium would rise in diabetic people. In addition to the change that can be as high as 400% in glucose concentrations of 1.9 mg/ml, the clustering behavior among the bacteria is also modified at all condition differently.

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An Overview on Anti Diabetic Drugs and Development

Science & Technology Journal ◽

10.22232/stj.2016.04.02.05 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 113-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ved Prakash Singh ◽

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

The United States ◽

Insulin Analogues ◽

Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Related Complication ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Target Organs ◽

Treatment Of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is one of the world’s major diseases and is the third leading cause of death in the United States after heart disease and cancer. In the India, about 2–6% population suffer from diabetes or related complication. Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. Mostly anti-diabetic drugs are administered orally except the insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide. There are different types of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends on the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, and many other factors. Treatments include the agents which increase the amount of insulin secreted by the pancreas, or increase the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, and agents which decrease the rate at which glucose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. People are mainly focused on insulin, insulin analogues, oral hypoglycemic agents and various other complementary and alternate medicines to control the blood glucose levels in diabetes. The present review summarizes in brief about the drugs used for treatment of diabetes mellitus.

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A concerted probiotic activity to inhibit periodontitis-associated bacteria

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0248308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. e0248308

Author(s):

Paul Mathias Jansen ◽

Mohamed M. H. Abdelbary ◽

Georg Conrads

Keyword(s):

Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Growth Spurt ◽

Full Potential ◽

Periodontal Pathogens ◽

Probiotic Treatment ◽

Pure Cultures ◽

Inhibitory Potential ◽

The Individual

Periodontitis can result in tooth loss and the associated chronic inflammation can provoke several severe systemic health risks. Adjunctive to mechanical treatment of periodontitis and as alternatives to antibiotics, the use of probiotic bacteria was suggested. In this study, the inhibitory effect of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius subsp. salivarius strains M18 and K12, Streptococcus oralis subsp. dentisani 7746, and Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 5289 on anaerobic periodontal bacteria and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was tested. Rarely included in other studies, we also quantified the inverse effect of pathogens on probiotic growth. Probiotics and periodontal pathogens were co-incubated anaerobically in a mixture of autoclaved saliva and brain heart infusion broth. The resulting genome numbers of the pathogens and of the probiotics were measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Mixtures of the streptococcal probiotics were also used to determine their synergistic, additive, or antagonistic effects. The overall best inhibitor of the periodontal pathogens was L. reuteri ATCC PTA 5289, but the effect is coenzyme B12-, anaerobiosis-, as well as glycerol-dependent, and further modulated by L. reuteri strain DSM 17938. Notably, in absence of glycerol, the pathogen-inhibitory effect could even turn into a growth spurt. Among the streptococci tested, S. salivarius M18 had the most constant inhibitory potential against all pathogens, followed by K12 and S. dentisani 7746, with the latter still having significant inhibitory effects on P. intermedia and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Overall, mixtures of the streptococcal probiotics did inhibit the growth of the pathogens equally or–in the case of A. actinomycetemcomitans- better than the individual strains. P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were best inhibited by pure cultures of S. salivarius K12 or S. salivarius M18, respectively. Testing inverse effects, the growth of S. salivarius M18 was enhanced when incubated with the periodontal pathogens minus/plus other probiotics. In contrast, S. oralis subsp. dentisani 7746 was not much influenced by the pathogens. Instead, it was significantly inhibited by the presence of other streptococcal probiotics. In conclusion, despite some natural limits such as persistence, the full potential for probiotic treatment is by far not utilized yet. Especially, further exploring concerted activity by combining synergistic strains, together with the application of oral prebiotics and essential supplements and conditions, is mandatory.

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Glycemic and Non-Glycemic Effects of Teneligliptin

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i630446 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 51-63

Author(s):

Ranakishor Pelluri ◽

Kongara Srikanth ◽

Jithendra Chimakurthy ◽

Rasheed Ahemad Shaik ◽

R. Lavanya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vascular Complications ◽

Intestinal Secretion ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽

Vital Role ◽

Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Vascular Protection ◽

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The gut enzymes are released in response to intake of meal, those are GLP-I (glucagon link peptide-I) & GIP (glucose-dependent insulin tropic polypeptide) along with DPP-4(Dipeptidyl peptidase-4). GLP-I has vital role in control of glucose levels and it may also has capacity reduce body weight and it can manage some micro & macro-vascular complications. Unfortunately it has very shorter half-life 1-2 min, and eventually it was degraded by DPP-4 enzyme. Therefore GLP-I has ineffective to perform its tasks. To overcome this incidence essential to inhibit DPP-4 enzyme is benefited in diabetics and in non diabetics suffering with micro, macro vascular complications. Ubiquitous Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) - 4 has pleiotropic effects because it is widely distributed other than intestine. DPP-4 enzyme inhibition has a promising effect on glycemic control. DPP-4 inhibition is also involved in the improvement of non-glycemic effects as directly or indirectly the DPP-4 enzyme is linked with some pathological conditions of particular organs, such as DPP-4 is linked with the intestinal secretion of triglycerides, and DPP-4 is expressed in the glomerulus in uncontrolled diabetics which in turn leads to nephritis. DPP-4 release strongly correlates with adipocyte size, potentially representing an important source of DPP-4 in obesity. DPP-4 inhibition produces an anti-inflammatory activity because the activity of DPP-4 results in reduced production of cytokines including interleukins and interferon-G. All these anti-inflammatory agents are inhibited by the DPP-4 enzyme which can lead to pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and provokes atherosclerosis & psoriasis. Serum sodium and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are also regulated by inhibition of the DPP-4 enzyme and which can produce vascular protection & regulates blood pressure. Teneligliptin is a recently developed oral DPP-4 inhibitor indicated for the management of T2DM in adults along with diet and exercise. Teneligliptin is recently available in India and is also available in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents at affordable prices. This review is aimed at exploring the status of teneligliptin with emphasis on its glycemic effects and non-glycemic clinical benefits associated with increasing GLP-1 & GIP.

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Chronic Diseases Linked with Obesity

Advances in Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.33140/anfs/03/02/00003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Chronic Diseases ◽

Behavior Genetics ◽

Low Density Lipoprotein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Individual ◽

Length Of Life

Obesity is a multi-factorial disorder, recognized as a major health problem by World Health Organization (WHO), Centers of Disease Control (CDC) and National Institute of Health (NIH). It increases the risk of several debilitating and deadly diseases hence decreasing the quantity and length of life. Body Mass Index (BMI) is the estimation of the body fat. As BMI increases, so does blood pressure, blood sugar, Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol. These changes translate into the risk of heart strokes, CVD, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Poor dietary intake, sedentary behavior, genetics, high demand of convenience and processed food at an early age can lead to a greater probability of developing metabolic and endocrinal syndrome, insulin resistance and future complication in pregnancy. According to a study at Harvard, worldwide rate of obesity has already doubled since 1980, affecting 200 million adults, under 3000 million women and 43 million children (since 2010). According to another study at Rand Institute, obesity is a higher risk factor for chronic diseases than living in poverty, smoking and drinking. Approximately 300,000 people die per annum in USA. Obesity and its association linked with chronic diseases harms virtually for every aspect of life and health. It isn’t necessarily a permanent condition, an approach to healthy diet; exercise along with educating the individual the skill to make better choices can lead to weight loss and ultimately longer healthier and happier life.

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Analysis of lines and breeds of sires in the breeding of the Czech warmblood horses based on grading their offspring in rearing facilities for testing young horses (RFT)

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201361061605 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (6) ◽

pp. 1605-1612

Author(s):

Hana Černohorská ◽

Eva Sobotková ◽

Martina Kosťuková ◽

Iveta Bihuncová ◽

Ivana Oravcová

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Orange Peel ◽

Multiple Comparisons ◽

The Body ◽

Body Conformation ◽

Individual Effects ◽

And Performance ◽

The Individual ◽

Young Horses ◽

Better Than

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the breed of sire and line of sire on grading of the body conformation and performance of colts of warmblood horses in rearing facilities for testing young horses (RFT). The groundwork database contained data from 2001 to 2011 from nine RFT’s. The database was processed statistically using the GLM method to assess the statistical significance of the effect of the breed of the sire and line of the sire on body conformation and performance of the colts. By multiple comparisons of the individual effects using the Tukey-B method we discovered statistically significant differences in the body conformation and performance of colts of sires among the respective breeds and lines. The performance of the offspring of Dutch warmblood, Hanoverian horse and Holsteiner horse sires is better than of the offspring of sires of the Thoroughbred, Czech warmblood and Selle Francais. The conformation of the offspring by sires of the Holsteiner horse and Hanoverian horse breeds is superior to that of offspring by sires of the Selle Francais and Czech warmblood. The mechanics of movement of the offspring of the 2300 Shagya XVIII-Báb. line is inferior to the offspring of the following lines: 3100 Adeptus xx, 67 Dark Ronald, 1000 Der Lowe xx, 3250 Dwinger 3257, 4800 Ladykiller xx, Orange Peel xx – Alme Z, 1100 Przedswit VI-Rad., 4900 Rantzau xx – Cor De La Bryere, 4600 Rittersporn xx – Ramzes 4028, 60 St. Simon and 88 Teddy. The effect of the line of the sires on the body conformation of colts has not been proved.

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ROLE OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ON THE GLYCAEMIC CONTROL OF UNCONTROLLED TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i7.37809 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 111-114

Author(s):

ALLU HARSHAVARDHINI ◽

BHANUKUMAR MUTHAIAH ◽

TIRIN BABU ◽

GEORGE MATHEW PANACHIYIL ◽

SISIRA SANTHOSH ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Blood Sugar ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Glucose Levels

Background: Depression incidence is higher in diabetic patients when compared to the non-diabetic individuals and there exist a two-directional relationship between depression and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the frequency of depression and the effect of antidepressant on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: This prospective interventional study was conducted in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with a sample size of 100. These patients were diagnosed with depression using WHO-ICD10 criteria. All study patients had uncontrolled blood glucose levels and were on an optimized maximal dose of combination oral hypoglycemic agents with stable glycoregulation (HbA1c 8.4 ±0.5) were taken up for the intervention with antidepressant. These patients were started on with antidepressant after enrollment and followed up for fasting blood sugar (FBS), post-prandial blood sugar (PPBS), and HbA1c at the end of 3 months and 6 months. And also Hamilton depression rating scale scores were estimated at the beginning of the study and at the end of 6 months. Results: The frequency of depression among the type 2 diabetes mellitus patients was found to be 42%. There were reduction of mean FBS levels from baseline value of 177 mg/dl to follow-up value of 160 mg/dl (p<0.001), mean PPBS levels from 251.16 mg/dl to 217.84 mg/dl (p<0.001), and mean HbA1c dropped from 8.41 to 7.57 (p<0.001) after the treatment with antidepressant. Conclusion: Our study concluded that patient started on antidepressant showed a reduction in the blood sugar levels and HbA1c levels from their baseline values, which was clinically and statistically significant.

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SUATU STUDI LITERATUR: AKTIVITAS ANTIDIABETIC DARI KULIT JERUK (Citrus sp.)

Jurnal Maternitas Kebidanan ◽

10.34012/jumkep.v6i2.2054 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 84-92

Author(s):

Maya Sari Mutia ◽

Chrismis Novalinda Ginting ◽

OK Yulizal

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Orange Peel ◽

The Body ◽

Antidiabetic Activity ◽

Literature Study ◽

Antidiabetic Effect ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Blood Glucose Levels ◽

Animal Trials ◽

Decrease Blood Glucose

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease, which is not able to secrete insulin in sufficient quantities or the body is unable to use insulin effectively so there is an excess glucose level and immediately suffer from some complications against the organs. Diabetes mellitus can be cured by herb utility which are thought to have compounds that has an antidiabetic effect. Therefore, this literature study discusses the antidiabetic activity of orange peel (Citrus sp.). The literature search was carried out on the Google Scholar search engine which used some keyword included antidiabetic, extract, orange peel, Citrus. In this literature study, there are inclusion and exclusion criteria for selecting journals as literature sources. The results of 12 literatures review that orange peel had antidiabetic activity by decrease blood glucose levels in some animal trials that had received an effective dose of orange peel extract in each of the reviewed studies. Hence, it can be concluded that various type of Citrus peels has antidiabetic effect.

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Ketoacidosis as the initial clinical condition in nine patients with acromegaly: a review of 860 cases at a single institute

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-13-0060 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 169 (1) ◽

pp. 127-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Naohiro Yoshida ◽

Hiromasa Goto ◽

Hisanori Suzuki ◽

Kaoru Nagasawa ◽

Akira Takeshita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Condition ◽

Pituitary Surgery ◽

Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Tumor Diameter ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Glucose Levels ◽

Toranomon Hospital ◽

Maximum Tumor Diameter ◽

Design And Methods ◽

Type 1 Dm

ObjectiveExcess GH causes insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. The objective of this study was to clarify the prevalence of ketoacidosis as the initial presenting symptom of acromegaly.Design and methodsData were collected from 860 patients with acromegaly who underwent pituitary surgery at Toranomon Hospital over the last 32 years, between 1980 and 2011.ResultsNine cases had ketoacidosis before being diagnosed with acromegaly, including seven males and two females with a mean±s.d. age of 38.8±14.2 years. Serum GH and IGF1 levels were 155±203 ng/ml and 9.86±0.68 SDS before pituitary surgery and 3.6±1.7 ng/ml and 3.72±3.40 SDS after surgery respectively. The maximum tumor diameter was 28.2±11.6 mm (ranging from 15 to 47 mm, n=8). None of the patients were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) nor were they positive for antibodies related to type 1 DM. A possible precipitating factor for ketoacidosis in six cases was excessive ingestion of sugar-containing soft drinks. All the cases had invasive pituitary adenomas. After pituitary surgery, plasma glucose levels were under control without requiring insulin in all cases. Furthermore, six patients did not need oral hypoglycemic agents.ConclusionsApproximately 1% of patients with acromegaly presented with diabetic ketoacidosis as their first clinical condition.

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