scholarly journals Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of Chlorhexidine, Listerine, and herbal mouthwashes in decontamination of toothbrushes-An invitro study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 7366-7369
Author(s):  
Preethikaa Guruprasath ◽  
Ravishankar PL ◽  
Prem Blaisie Rajula M ◽  
Sunanda Rao K ◽  
Padmaja Vangipuram ◽  
...  

Toothbrushing and toothbrushes play an important role in oral hygiene. Disinfection, storage and changing of toothbrushes at regular intervals are essential. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the invitro efficacy of Chlorhexidine, Listerine ® and herbal mouthwash (Himalaya Oro-TTM) against microorganisms as toothbrush disinfectants. A total of 20 participants were recruited. Brand new identical toothbrushes were given to each participant and they were asked to brush their teeth twice daily. They were instructed to use tap water to rinse the used toothbrushes. The toothbrushes were collected after a week. The bristles of each toothbrush were cut and kept in separate vials containing transport media. Then, they were sent for microbiological evaluation. The number of colony-forming units were measured. The vials containing bristles were divided into four groups, each group containing 5 vials: Group I: Chlorhexidine mouthwash; Group II: Listerine mouthwash; Group III: Herbal mouthwash; Group IV: Distilled water. The bristles were immersed in test-tube containing respective mouthwashes for one hour. And, colony-forming units were measured. In all three test groups, there was a significant difference in the reduction of microbes after sanitization with mouthwashes. The highest reduction was seen in group I and the least reduction was group IV. Disinfection of toothbrush may prevent the occurrence of oral infections. Chlorhexidine mouthwash was found to be more effective than other mouthwashes as a disinfecting agent in reducing the microbial load.

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-155
Author(s):  
Sanjay Melville Masih ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Gupta

Background: The present study was conducted to assess the outcome of intrathecal analgesia in multiparous women undergoing vaginal delivery. Subjects and Methods: The present study was conducted among 80 multiparous women ages ranged 18- 40 years. All patients received 0.5 ml of intrathecal injection of 2.5 mg bupivacaine 0.5% and 1 ml dexamethasone 4 mg plus a 0.5 ml adjuvant. The adjuvants in group I patients were 100 μg morphine, 25 μg fentanyl in group II, 5 μg dexmedetomidine in group III and normal saline in group IV (control group). The primary and secondary outcome was the duration of pain relief, the analgesia onset time, the maximum level of sensory block, the visual analogue scale (VAS) was recorded. Results: The mean duration of analgesia in group I was 182.4 minutes, in group II was 170.5 minutes, in group III was 200.4 minutes and in group, IV was 140.2 minutes. The onset of analgesia was 3.9 minutes, 2.8 minutes, 2.7 minutes and 4.5 minutes in group I, II, III and IV respectively. S1 sensory regression time (minutes) was 181.4, 157.4, 185.3 and 130.6 in group I, II, III and IV respectively. Modified Bromage scale 5 minutes, 15 minutes and 30 minutes after IT in all groups was 0.0. VAS was 1.3, 1.6, 1.6 and 3.1 with significant differences in all groups (P< 0.05). There was non- significant difference in mean age, weight, height and gestational age between all groups (P> 0.05). There was a non- significant difference in APGAR 1, 5, umbilical pH immediately after delivery, neonatal HR after 5minute, 15 minutes and 30 minutes in all groups (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The authors found that dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine-dexamethasone in multiparous women undergoing normal vaginal delivery.


2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S414-S414 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mermerelis ◽  
S.M. Kyvelou ◽  
V. Akke ◽  
C. Papageorgiou ◽  
C. Stefanadis ◽  
...  

IntroductionWhether anxiety and depression are associated with hypertension and to what extent is not clear.AimsThe aim of the present study was to assess any differences in the prevalence of anxiety and depression among different groups of hypertensive patients.MethodsThe study cohort comprised of 127 patients (75 male, mean age 54 ± 14) who underwent assessment of their blood pressure levels and were divided in four groups: group I (normotensives, n = 34), group II (stage 1 HTN, n = 33), group III (stage 2 HTN, n = 30) and group IV (stage 3 HTN, n = 30). The evaluation of anxiety disorder was made by means of Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), while the evaluation of depression was made with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Statistical analysis was done with SPSS for windows. P-value was set at 0.05 for differences to be considered significant.ResultsComparing the four groups of patients there was a significant difference both in BDI (8.6 ± 7.0 vs. 11.6 ± 10.4 vs. 27.1 ± 5.8 vs. 32.4 ± 3.9, P < 0.0001) and HADS (10.2 ± 7.2 vs. 9.7 ± 7.0 vs. 16 ± 4.7 vs. 27 ± 5.1, P < 0.0001). We proceeded to comparison among the 4 groups and there was a significant rise in the BDI and HADS in three of the four groups group II > group III > group IV, P < 0.0001.ConclusionThese data suggest that there is a clear burden of anxiety and depression as the levels of BP increase. This finding is of important clinical significance as it could contribute to a different approach of hypertensive patients. A larger cohort study could enlightened the mechanisms involved.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.


2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 040-045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Colak ◽  
Ertugrul Ercan ◽  
Mehmet Mustafa Hamidi

ABSTRACT Objectives: Bulk-fill composite materials are being developed for preparation depths of up to 4 mm in an effort to simplify and improve the placement of direct composite posterior restorations. The aim of our study was to compare shear-bond strength of bulk-fill and conventional posterior composite resins. Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 caries free extracted human molars were used and sectioned parallel to occlusal surface to expose midcoronal dentin. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups. Total-etch dentine bonding system (Adper Scotchbond 1XT, 3M ESPE) was applied to dentin surface in all the groups to reduce variability in results. Then, dentine surfaces covered by following materials. Group I: SonicFill Bulk-Fill, Group II: Tetric EvoCeram (TBF), Group III: Herculite XRV Ultra, and Group IV: TBF Bulk-Fill, 2 mm × 3 mm cylindrical restorations were prepared by using application apparatus. Shear bond testing was measured by using a universal testing machine. Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U-tests were performed to evaluate the data. Results: The highest value was observed in Group III (14.42 ± 4.34) and the lowest value was observed in Group IV (11.16 ± 2.76) and there is a statistically significant difference between these groups (P = 0.046). However, there is no statistically significant difference between the values of other groups. In this study, Group III was showed higher strength values. Conclusion: There is a need for future studies about long-term bond strength and clinical success of these adhesive and bulk-fill systems.


Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 5681-5681
Author(s):  
Mei Xie ◽  
Weihong Chen ◽  
Qiaoxia Zhang ◽  
Xin Du

Abstract Objective: To study the feasibility of using cyclophosphamide alone without total body irradiation (TBI) as conditioning regimen for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and establish a graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) mouse model. Methods: Single cell suspension of spleen and bone marrow were prepared from donor C57/BL/6 mice (B6 mice) . The recipient B6D2F1 mice (F1 mice) were signed into 4 groups with 12 mice per each group. Groups I~III mice were conditioned with peritoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m 2/d) on day -5, -4 and -3 of allo-HSCT, and group IV mice were used as control with saline injection. On day 0, group I mice were injected through tail vein with a mixture of 2×107 spleen cells, 5×106 bone marrow cells and 1×104 P815 cells; group II with 5×106 bone marrow cells and 1×104 P815 cells; group III with 1×104 P815 cells and group IV with RPMI1640 culture medium. The blood leukocyte counts were analyzed, GVHD score and the pathological leukemia infiltration of skin, liver and colon were evaluated and compared on day 30 after allo-HSCT. Results: (1) The GVHD scores of group I mice were 2 to 4 on day 14 post allo-HSCT, and mice started to die on day 15, eight (8) mice survived and the GVHD scores of them were 1 to 6 with a survival rate of 66.7% on day 30. Group II mice began to die on day 6 and only one survived on day 30 with a survival rate of 8.3%. All of group III mice died on day 18. Group IV mice survived (Figure 1). (2) The leukocyte counts in group I and group II were significantly increased on day 7 post allo-HSCT(p<0.05). There was also a significant difference in total leukocyte counts between groups I/II and group IV (p<0.05). The leukocyte counts in mice of groups I~III were significantly decreased, and there were a significant difference between group I and groups II/III/IV respectively (p<0.05) on day 14 post allo-HSCT. On day 21 after allo-HSCT, the leukocyte count of Group I and II mice were ≥1×109/L, which means that allo-HSCT were successful. The leukocyte counts in group I mice were again increased on day 28 post allo-HSCT. There was no significant difference between Group I and Group IV (p>0.05). (3) Pathological observation: The cell atrophy and necrosis in the hepatic portal area and slight infiltration of the leukemia cells in central vein were observed in group I recipient mice. The number of hepatocytes of the mice decreased, and the infiltration of the leukemia cells in the liver sinus were observed in group II. The liver was heavily infiltrated by leukemic cells in group III mice. The mouse livers were normal in group IV mice. Conclusion: It is feasible to establish GVHD model of the leukemia mice with cyclophosphamide conditioning regimen of allo-HSCT, and simple to operate. This is less harmful to people, animals and the environment. Discussion: The traditional animal model of GVHD is based on TBI conditioning regimen prior to allo-HSCT. However, the process can lead to systemic adverse reactions such as myelosuppression, radiation gastroenteritis, endocrine disorders and systemic function disorders, etc. in both the operators and animals. Therefore, the radiotherapy doses have to be low. At the same time, it is difficult to establish animal models of GVHD due to the uneven distribution of the doses. Cyclophosphamide was selected for the conditioning regimen of allo-HSCT in the study. Cyclophosphamide had the effect direct on killing tumor cells, induced recipients to tolerate the immune of donors, enabled to implant donor cells into recipients smoothly. The stable chimeras were obtained. There are a large number of T and B lymphocytes in donor's spleen cells. By injecting donor spleen cells and active immune cells derived from proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, the effects of graft-anti-leukemia are availably activated in recipients. Acknowledgments We thank Dr Zhifu Xiang very much for his great helpful revisions. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Auksė Meškauskienė ◽  
Egidijus Barkauskas ◽  
Artūras Mackevičius

Optimalus vidinės miego arterijos endarterektomijos laikas sergant smegenų insultu ir didelio laipsnio vidinės miego arterijos stenoze Auksė Meškauskienė, Egidijus Barkauskas, Artūras MackevičiusVilniaus universiteto Neurologijos ir neurochirurgijos klinikosNeuroangiochirurgijos centras,Šiltnamių g. 26, LT-04130 VilniusEl paštas: [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Miego arterijos endarterektomija yra veiksmingas gydymo būdas, padedantis išvengti insulto esant didelio laipsnio simptominei miego arterijos stenozei. Ankstyva, tuoj po insulto atlikta endarterektomija sukelia daug komplikacijų, todėl dauguma chirurgų siūlo operaciją atidėti 4–6 savaitėms. Tačiau operacijos atidėjimas didina insulto pasikartojimo riziką. Naujausios literatūros duomenimis, per 30 dienų nuo insulto pradžios atlikta endarterektomija nedidina komplikacijų skaičiaus, tačiau nėra vienodos nuomonės dėl tikslaus operacijos laiko. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti operacijos riziką ligoniams, kurie serga smegenų insultu ir didelio laipsnio vidinės miego arterijos stenoze, atsižvelgiant į atliekamos endarterektomijos laiką. Ligoniai ir metodai Į analizę įtraukti duomenys 243 ligonių (192 vyrų ir 51 moters, amžiaus vidurkis 65,4 metų), kurie sirgo išeminiu insultu ir jiems buvo operuota simptominė didelio laipsnio miego arterijos stenozė. Iki operacijos visų analizuotų ligonių neurologinė simptomatika buvo stabili arba gerėjanti. Atsižvelgdami į laiko trukmę nuo ligos pradžios iki operacijos, ligonius suskirstėme į keturias grupes: I grupę (n = 59) sudarė operuotieji pirmą savaitę, II grupę (n = 61) – antrą savaitę, III grupę (n = 67) trečią ar ketvirtą savaitę, IV grupę (n = 56) – po keturių savaičių nuo ligos pradžios. Rezultatai Po operacijos komplikacijų buvo 14 (5,6%) ligonių, pusei iš jų įvyko insultas ir tiek pat ligonių mirė. Komplikacijų pasireiškė 5 ir 59 (8,5%) pirmos grupės ligonių, 4 iš 61 (6,5%) – antros, 1 iš 67 (1,5%) – trečios ir 4 iš 56 (7,2%) – ketvirtos. Mažiausia komplikacijų ištiko ligonius, kuriems endarterektomija daryta trečią ar ketvirtą ligos savaitę, nors komplikacijų skirtumas tarp grupių nebuvo statistiškai reikšmingas. Išvados Mirties ir operacinio insulto rizika ligoniams, sergantiems insultu ir didelio laipsnio vidinės miego arterijos stenoze, tiesiogiai nepriklausė nuo endarterektomijos laiko, tačiau mažiausiai komplikacijų ištiko ligonius, operuotus trečią ar ketvirtą savaitę nuo insulto pradžios. Reikšminiai žodžiai: insultas, miego arterijos endarterektomija, laikas, operacinė rizika The optimal timing of carotid endarterectomy in patients with stroke and severe carotid artery stenosis Auksė Meškauskienė, Egidijus Barkauskas, Artūras MackevičiusVilnius University, Clinics of Neurology and Neurosurgery,Center of Neuroangiosurgery,Šiltnamių str. 26, LT-04130 Vilnius, LithuaniaE-mail: [email protected] Background / objective Carotid endarterectomy is highly effective in preventing stroke in patients with recentl symptomatic severe stenosis. Some studies showed early carotid endarterectomy to carry a high risk. Therefore, many surgeons delay carotid endarterectomy for 4 to 6 weeks after stroke, but any delay leads to reduced benefit because of the risk of stroke before surgery. Recent data have suggested that the operative risk is not increased in patients operated on within 30 days of stroke; however, controversy remains regarding the timing of this intervention. The purpose of the current work was to determine the operative risk of death and stroke in patients with stroke and severe carotid stenosis in relation to the time of carotid endarterectomy. Patients and methods A retrospective study of 243 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy after stroke is presented. All patients had either stable or improving neurological examinations. The patients were divided into four groups: group I (n = 59) patients who had carotid endarterectomy between 2–7 days after stroke, group II (n = 61) patients who had carotid endarterectomy during the second week, group III (n = 67) patients who were operated during the third–fourth week after stroke and group IV (n = 56) patients who were operated on later than 4 weeks. Results Of the 192 men and 51 women who underwent surgery, there were 7 strokes and 7 deaths, with the total rate of complications 5.6%. Postoperative stroke and mortality was respectively: group I – 8.5%, group II – 6.5%, group III – 1.5%, group IV – 7.2%. There was no statistically significant difference in operative risk among the groups; however, a trend toward a decreased operative risk was noticed in patients operated on during the third–fourth week after stroke. Division to early (<2 weeks) and late (>2 weeks) endarterectomy also did not reveal any significant difference in the operative risk. Conclusions The perioperative risk of stroke and death was unrelated to the timing of carotid endarterectomy in patients with stroke and severe carotid stenosis. Carotid endarterectomy can be performed safely after 2 weeks of ischemic stroke in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis. Key words: stroke, carotid endarterectomy, time, operative risk


2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Pooja Kabra

ABSTRACT Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength of roots instrumented with the self-adjusting file (SAF; ReDent-Nova, Ra'anana, Israel) and the Reciproc reciprocating file and that were and were not obturated using the warm vertical lateral compaction technique. Materials and methods In total, 75 mandibular premolar teeth were sectioned at or below the cementoenamel junction to obtain roots 13 mm in length. The roots were balanced with respect to buccolingual and mesiodistal diameters and weight. They were distributed into four experimental groups and one control group (n = 15): No instrumentation (group I), instrumentation with SAF files but no obturation (group II), instrumentation with SAF files and obturated with warm vertical lateral compaction (group III), instrumentation with Reciproc File but no obturation (group IV), and instrumentation with Reciproc File and obturated with warm vertical lateral compaction (group V). AH Plus sealer (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany) was used along with gutta-percha points. One week later, a vertical load was applied to the specimen's canal until fracture occurred. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (p = 0.05). Results The mean fracture load was 312.83 N for group I, 297.35 N for group II, 359.15 N for group III, 231.51 N for group IV, and 275.81 N for group V. Conclusion The fracture resistances exhibited a statistically significant difference between all the groups. Teeth instrumented by SAF exhibited a better fracture resistance. How to cite this article Tyagi S, Choudhary E, Kabra P, Chauhan R. An in vitro comparative Evaluation of Fracture Strength of Roots Instrumentated with Self-adjusting File and Reciproc Reciprocating File, with and without Obturation. Int J Clin Dent Res 2017;1(1):20-25.


Author(s):  
I. Lisetska ◽  
M. Rozhko

Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of dental diseases is remaining high among the population. It is known that the pathogenesis of dental diseases is strongly associated with smoking. Maintaining proper oral hygiene is an important factor in the prevention of dental diseases. Therefore, the question of studying the impact of smoking on the oral hygiene status in adolescents and young adults is quite relevant as it can promote further development of more effective preventive measures. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of smoking on the oral hygiene parameters in adolescents and young adults. Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (Green-Vermillion, 1964) was applied to assess the oral hygiene status in 114 adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24 years, who were divided into groups: group I included 26 people who smoked traditional cigarettes on regular basis; group II included 22 people who smoked electronic cigarettes (Vapes); group III involved 23 people who used to smoke tobacco heating devices (IQOS); group IV included 43 non-smokers. The subjects of group I were found to have an unsatisfactory oral hygiene status, their OHI-S index was equal to 1.77 ± 0.02 scores. The subjects of group II demonstrated 1, 53±0, 01 scores, and the subjects of group III – 1.46±0.02 scores that corresponds to a satisfactory level of hygiene. The subjects of group IV, whose oral hygiene status was also satisfactory, had 0.87±0.03 scores. The study has shown that the state of oral hygiene is affected by smoking of traditional cigarettes or alternative smoking devices and smoking duration. Therefore, much attention should be paid and more efforts should be applied to promote smoking cessation and to elaborate the algorithm of medical and preventive dental care for those who is still smoking.


2015 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. 224-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shenbagakuttalam Anand ◽  
Ambrose Vedamanickam Rajesh Ebenezar ◽  
Nirupa Anand ◽  
Kothandaraman Rajkumar ◽  
Sekar Mahalaxmi ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Objectives: To comparatively assess the micro shear bond strength (MSBS) of dentin bonded surface pre-treated zirconia ceramics. Materials and Methods: Zirconia blocks were sectioned into 50 cubical blocks. The blocks were further categorized into five groups (n = 10 each). Group I: No treatment was performed on zirconia samples; Group II: The zirconia samples were sand-blasted; Group III: Group II + etched with 9.8% of hydrofluoric (HF) acid for 60 s; Group IV: The sandblasted zirconia samples were selectively infiltrated with low fusing porcelain; and Group V: Group IV + etched using 9.8% HF acid gel. The zirconia specimens were then bonded to dentin samples, and the samples were tested for MSBS evaluation using universal testing machine. Results: The MSBS of all the four experimental groups shows greater value than group I. Among the experimental groups, group V and group IV do not show any statistical significant difference, whereas the mean MSBS of groups IV and V were statistically greater than group III and group II. However, groups I, II, and III do not show any statistical significant difference in mean MSBS values between them. Conclusion: Selective infiltration etching of zirconia ceramics provides the highest bond strength with resin cement.


2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-533
Author(s):  
Shaijal Godha ◽  
Pralhad L Dasar ◽  
Sandesh N ◽  
Prashant Mishra ◽  
Sandeep Kumar ◽  
...  

Background and aim. To assess and compare the effects of different oral hygiene procedures on the reduction of morning bad breath, plaque and gingival status in healthy subjectsMethods. A four step cross-over trial was performed on 32 study subjects. They were allocated into four groups: Group I: tooth brushing; Group II: tooth brushing and tongue scraping; Group III: tooth brushing and mouth washing; and Group IV: tooth brushing, tongue scraping and use of mouthwash. A washout interval of 7 days was employed. At the beginning and at the end of all intervention periods, breath score was measured by hand held sulfide monitor (Breath Alert) at four time intervals. The Plaque and Gingival status was evaluated using Plaque and Gingival Index.Results. The highest reduction in mean breath score (2.12±0.65), plaque score (0.75±0.47) and gingival score (0.67±0.41) were found in the Group IV followed by Group II and Group III. A significant positive correlation was observed between plaque scores and gingival scores before intervention (r=0.443; p value<0.001) and after intervention (r=0.846; p value<0.001).Conclusion. The study findings suggest that mechanical aids in conjunction with chemical regimens are considered as the most effective method for reducing the morning bad breath in healthy subjects and should be incorporated in daily oral hygiene practices.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Ashish Choudhary ◽  
Sukhbir Kour ◽  
Azhar Malik

IIrrigation solutions used and time of use has a definite effect on the micro hardness & other physical properties of dentin which in turn have direct consequence on the longevity functional performance of root canal treated teeth. To evaluate the effect of different irrigation solutions on micro hardness of root dentin.Forty extracted single rooted lower premolars were used. After instrumentation all the root halves were randomly assigned into 4groups (n=10) and brought in contact with one of the following irrigants for 5 minutes. Group I: 10 ml of 5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl).Group II: 10 ml of 17% ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) followed by 10 ml of 5% NaOCl.Group III: 10 ml of 5% NaOCl followed by 10 ml of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX).Group IV: 10 ml of 5% NaOCL followed by flush of 10 ml distilled water then by 10ml of 2% CHX. Dentin micro hardness was measured at baseline and after treatment to determine the change in micro hardness, using Vickers tester.Data was analyzed using following parametric tests t-test, ANOVA test and Post Hoc test. Group II ie final irrigation with EDTA showed the highest percentage decrease in micro hardness values, followed by group III, then group IV and the lowest was group I. All groups showed a significant difference between each other (P &#60; 0.05), except group III and IV. The coronal third showed the highest percentage decrease with significant difference between apical and middle thirds (P &#60; 0.05).EDTA with NaOCl causes greatest changes in dentine micro hardness, an intermediate flush with normal saline should be given for prevention of precipitation with NaOCl & CHX.


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