scholarly journals Hungarian-Romanian relations and the activities of the Venice commission in solving the problems of national minorities in Transylvania

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
National Minority ◽  
National Interests ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Cultural Specificity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Venice Commission ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The One ◽  
Operational Activity

At the present stage, researchers pay special attention to finding the causes of interstate and interethnic contradictions. Legislative projects of some states can significantly affect the situation of national minorities and become an object of monitoring by international organizations. The purpose of the article is to analyze the stages of the history and current state of Hungarian-Romanian relations, the experience of political and cultural coexistence of two ethnic groups in the Transylvanian region, the reason, features and main directions of the Venice Commission’s activities in solving the problems of national minorities in Transylvania. The following methods are: historical comparative analysis, systematization and generalization, retrospective method. The article shows that the Romanian Transylvania has historically determined features of linguistic and cultural specificity and is one of the regions of Europe in which the activity of the Hungarian national minority attracts the attention of the Venice Commission. The results of the analysis indicate that the Venice Commission plays the role of a legal instrument for resolving contradictions arising from the illegal presentation of laws that discriminate against certain rights, national interests of certain states or ethnic groups. The solution of the Hungarian-Romanian problem after the adoption of the Hungarian Law on Hungarians Living in Neighboring Countries is an illustrative example of the successful and operational activity of the Venice Commission, which, as a result, will be able to minimize the risk of interstate and interethnic tensions in Europe. The analysis presented in the proposed article will make it possible to find out what consequences may have, on the one hand, restrictions at various stages in the history of the rights of national minorities, in particular the use of their languages, on the other hand, options for the further dynamic development of nations and countries in the event of making reasonable compromises.

“Serbs” in Bela krajina: a (deliberately) forgotten minority?

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-194
Author(s):  
Romana Bešter ◽  
Miran Komac ◽  
Mojca Medvešek ◽  
Janez Pirc
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Border Region ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Minority Protection ◽  
National Minorities

There are three constitutionally recognized national/ethnic minorities in Slovenia: the Italians, the Hungarians and the Roma. In addition, there are other ethnic groups that could perhaps be considered as “autochthonous” national minorities in line with Slovenia's understanding of this concept. Among them is a small community of “Serbs” – the successors of the Uskoks living in Bela krajina, a border region of Slovenia. In this article we present results of a field research that focused on the following question: Can the “Serb” community in Bela krajina be considered a national minority? On the basis of the objective facts, it could be said that the “Serbs” in four Bela krajina villages are a potential national minority, but with regard to their modest social vitality and the fact that they do not express their desire for minority status, the realization of special minority protection is questionable.

scholarly journals The extent to which inscriptional evidence may serve as a source of "vulgar," i.e. spoken Latin

Linguistica ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-29
Author(s):  
Paul A. Gaeng
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
American Scholar ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Real Language ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The One ◽  
And Training

"Itis incumbent on Romance scholars to analyze and interpret their exceptionally full stock of linguistic material, using all methods of study at their disposal, working both backward and forward in time. Only thus will Romance linguistics be enabled to do what others expect of it: to serve not only as an end in itself but as a model and training-ground for workers in all fields of historical linguistics." Thus wrote the American scholar, Robert A. Hall, jr. some forty years ago in an essay on the recon­ struction of Proto-Romance. 1 Indeed, the researcher into the history of the Romance languages is faced with, on the one hand, the schemes of reconstruction (essentially based on the principles of the historical comparative method) and the often puzzling testimonies of reality found in the sources. Put in other terms, he has the choice of working with an abstract system represented by starred Latin forms that do not belong to any real language or the reality of the mass of postclassical written records that have come down to us to be analyzed and sifted through with a view to discovering evidences of trends toward Romance in phonology, morpho-syntax, and vocabulary. And while there are, no doubt, materials whose meaning in terms of future evolution of the Romance languages is difficult, if not impossible to discover, there is an abun­ dance of those that prelude the future. It is the attention to the future that, I believe, can give reality and life to the large number of forms collected from inscriptions, late writers, and other sources of so-called "Vulgar", i. e. non-literary Latin.

scholarly journals LESSONS OF THE CENTRAL COUNICUL FOR ETHNOPOLITICAL CONSENSUS IN UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Kalakura
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Central Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article discusses important component of Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921 — activities of the Central Council in the case of involvement minorities to the Ukrainian statehood processes. The role of interethnic unity in the two top events of the modern history of the Ukrainian people was highlighted — the proclamation of the Fourth Universal of the Central Council in 1918 and the Act of Independence of Ukraine in 1991, by using the comparative method. It is analyzed steps of the Ukrainian state, aimed at developing equal relations and between Ukrainians and minorities, search of interethnic harmony. The necessity of legal protection of interests of ethnic groups, support of cultural and educational measures for preservation of identity of all citizens is proved. It is analyzed the national minorities’ participation in the rebuilding of Ukrainian statehood at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, the formation of the ethnopolitics principles of modern state, using historical experience of the period of the Ukrainian Revolution. The necessity of correction of the state ethnopolitics in the conditions of armed confrontation with the Russian Federation is emphasized, the problem issues, which concern both Ukrainians and representatives of national minorities, are defi ned. The key to European and Euro-Atlantic integration of the country is in need for improving the legal protection of the interests of ethnic groups, support cultural and educational measures to preserve the identity of all citizens. Practical steps to ensure the ethno-national rights of Ukrainian citizens in modern conditions, protection of Ukrainian unity and the development of civil society are off ered.

scholarly journals Linguistic Rights in the Education System in Light of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (By the Example of Poland and Lithuania)

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Anna Doliwa-Klepacka
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Trained Teachers ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

Abstract One of the fields of protecting human rights within the framework of standards of the Council of Europe is the protection of national minorities – with the special issue of their linguistic rights. An intensification of actions aimed at adopting legal measures in this field happened in the 1960s. The concern for a proper range and level of regulation was expressed at the level of the Parliamentary Assembly and the Committee of Ministers. National experts formulated detailed resolutions to include the goals of international organizations such as CSCE and the United Nations concerning this matter. The fact that the framework convention was chosen as the means bears witness to a significant provision that the guarantee of rights were realized in the most flexible manner, including the designations and capacities of State parties. This article includes an analysis of three stages of work connected with ensuring linguistic rights for national minorities, with a special emphasis on the linguistic rights in the education system. On the one hand, actions which resulted in the acceptance of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities are shown. On the other hand, the goals and details of this Convention are described. The third section concerns the analysis of mechanisms for monitoring the realization of the rights included in the Convention. Due to limitations in the terms of reference for this work, the analysis of the convention guarantees, and their realization, was limited to linguistic rights in the education system. The practice of these actions was shown through examples in Poland and Lithuania. The right to education for national minorities (in a general sense) including knowledge about their culture, traditions, and their input into the development of the society of a given country is one of the rights clearly stated in the Framework Convention. By the same token are linguistic rights in an education system – the right to teach the language of a national minority or to teach in the language of a minority. As practice in Poland and Lithuania shows, the situation of education of national minorities is different, although some of the problems are common: an example for that would be access to proper coursebooks in the languages of national minorities, or properly trained teachers.

scholarly journals Ukrainian-Hungarian Relations in the Context of Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic Aspirations

2020 ◽  
pp. 645-657
Author(s):  
Ihor Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
Venice Commission ◽  
Foreign Ministers

The article examines Ukrainian-Hungarian relations against the background of Hungary’s three-year-long veto on meetings of the NATO-Ukraine Commission. The author outlined the origins and essence of the current conflict between Ukraine and Hungary after the adoption of the Law of Ukraine ‘On Education’ in September 2017. Hungary believed that Ukraine had violated the rights of the Hungarian national minority as well as several international and bilateral agreements. Throughout the years of Ukraine’s independence, the Hungarian ethnic minority in Transcarpathia has enjoyed the internationally recognised right to study in their mother tongue from primary school to university. This conflict is the reason why Hungary has vetoed meetings of the NATO-Ukraine Commission. The law was sent to the Venice Commission for expert legal assessment, but its recommendations did not reduce tensions between Kyiv and Budapest. They still have different interpretations of the opinion of the Venice Commission. The Alliance called on the parties to resolve the dispute bilaterally without taking it to the NATO level, but numerous bilateral talks at the level of foreign ministers, ministers of education, and representatives of national minorities did not bear fruit. Based on an examination of Hungary’s official statements, the author claims that the government is determined to protect the national minority by all legal means at the political and diplomatic levels. The article emphasises that both countries could implement joint projects in the fields of energy, regional security, environment, and combating transnational threats. Ukraine and Hungary are part of one region. Promoting cooperation and maintaining general agreement within its boundaries can significantly expand the capabilities of both countries and give them an opportunity to keep the conflict under control. Keywords: Ukrainian-Hungarian relations, NATO-Ukraine Commission, Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine, Law of Ukraine ‘On Education’.

Histories of Crime and Criminal Justice and the Historical Analysis of Criminal Law

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus D. Dubber
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This essay reflects on the relationship between the history of crime, the history of criminal justice, and the history of criminal law. It suggests an account of the historical-comparative analysis of criminal law that locates it within the general project of critical analysis of law and police on the one hand, and a rich multidisciplinary historiography of crime on the other hand. There are as many histories of crime as there concepts of crime. As a social phenomenon, social historians are interested; law may figure into these histories as one factor in constructing the social environment of crime. Social histories ought not to preclude other perspectives, such as moral, cultural, and political histories. Ideally, histories of crime will come from various perspectives, but with clearly defined tools of analysis, and will complement one another to generate a nuanced and contextual kind of historical inquiry.

Activity of the Folk School Association in Lviv (1892–1918)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 277-300
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Rędziński
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Principal Directions ◽  
The One

The Folk School Association was established in Cracow in the year 1891 to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of adopting the Constitution of the Third of May. The principal task of this organisation was to foster the national identity of plebeian masses by means of developing education, which was regarded as an important method of defending national interests in the period when there the Polish state was nowhere to be found on the map of the world. Until the year 1918, the Folk School Association had been active on Polish territories constituting the Austrian partition. Its practical activity consisted in awakening the hope of regaining independence. Its activity within the scope of developing curricula was conducted in two principal directions: educating and upbringing children and young people, and also organising adult education. For children and young people, orphanages, Froebel's kindergardens, and school halls of residence were conducted, and financial support for building primary schools in the countryside and on the areas inhabited by populations mixed in terms of nationality was provided. Amongst the varied forms of activity organised elsewhere than in school in the countryside, an important place was that of libraries, reading rooms and community centres, where talks on history and subjects connected with fostering patriotism, and also relevant to daily life, were organised. The celebrations of national anniversaries connected with the history of Poland took place on a regular basis. Ever new and varied forms of activities, apart from courses for the illiterate, were added to the offer. Complementary courses for women, as well as agricultural, horticulture, carpentry and construction work courses for men, were conducted. By means of its activity, the Folk School Association exerted a significant influence upon the population of the countryside and small towns. It disseminated education and culture, and shaped national, social and political identity.

Socialist Construction for Siberia: Comecon Cooperation and the Making of Ust`-Ilimsk Forest Industrial Complex in the USSR, 1970s and 1980s

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200942110578
Author(s):  
Elena Kochetkova ◽  
Aleksei Popov
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
International Construction ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
The One

This article examines the history of socialist collaboration in Comecon through the lens of a large industrial project in Soviet Siberia. It examines the construction of the Ust`-Ilimsk forest industrial complex which was conceived as a collective effort of six socialist European countries. On the one hand, the project formed part of the Soviet Union's strategy of technological colonization of Soviet Eastern lands, and on the other, it aimed to enhance socialist collaboration and integration efforts through the exchange of material goods and expertise, as prescribed by the project agreements. The paper focuses on the interplay between ideological implications, national interests and material shortages when completing the project, showing the contradictory nature of socialist collaborative construction. It argues that the Soviet central government sought material resources for the construction from ‘brother’ socialist countries with an ideological emphasis on how important it was for further cooperation in the Eastern bloc. In fact, the project exposed difficulties, ranging from material shortages typical of state socialism and the predominance of national economic interests, with the result that this socialist project was compelled to also make use of Western equipment and expertise, transforming Ust`-Ilimsk from a socialist to a far more international construction site.

scholarly journals GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF ETHNIC COMMUNITIES IN UKRAINE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Valentyna Borysenko ◽  
◽  
Teofil Rendiuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Ethnic Communities ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Objective Basis ◽  
The Relationship

The issues of resettlement of representatives of national minorities and main ethnic groups that make up a certain part of the population of the state, aspects related to ethnic geography and the current ethno-demographic situation in the country are covered, categories of foreign ethnic inclusions in the Ukrainian state are determined, definitions in clarifying the ethnic map, the processes of integration of ethnic communities into Ukrainian civil society are revealed on an objective basis. Beginning from the XVIII-th century, the geographical areas of modern Ukraine began to be intensively inhabited by other peoples, especially the South and Southeast of our state, as a result of which these regions as well as the borders of the country were ethnically heterogeneous. Historical information on the emergence of different ethnic communities is given, the dynamics of the number and modern settlement of ethnic groups in Ukraine are shown. Attention is drawn to the relationship between the history of the respective ethnic groups and their current geographical location in Ukraine, as well as to debates on the relationship between different ethnic communities and the search for ways to peace and harmony in interethnic relations. The importance of the issue of development of regional specifics of culture and preservation of spatial identification is emphasized. The political speculation about the ethnic composition of the population of Ukraine, its geographical location on the map of the state, the danger of artificial conflicts of tolerant ethnic communities, including the geographical factor, which is fueled by political parties are taken into account.

scholarly journals Sejmowe projekty tworzenia szkół ludowych dla polskiej mniejszości narodowej w Galicji Wschodniej. Przyczynek do historii stosunków polsko-ukraińskich na początku XX wieku

2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-542
Author(s):  
Jarosław Moklak
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
National Minority ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation

The Sejm projects for the creation of primary schools for the Polish national minority in Eastern Galicia. A contribution to the history of Polish-Ukrainian relations at the beginning of the 20th century This article presents the projects for the creation of primary schools for the Polish national minority in Eastern Galicia that were introduced in the Sejm by Polish deputies Franciszek Sobolewski and Tadeusz Rutowski. These schools were to be established in the Eastern Galicia province, in villages with a predominance of Ukrainian people. Ukrainian deputies accepted the idea of creating schools for national minorities, but they intended to use the notified projects to create a separate parliamentary commission and open a debate on all matters concerning Polish-Ukrainian relations. Ultimately, a separate commission was not established, and Polish-Ukrainian relations became inflamed.

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