scholarly journals Features of the use of choline alfoscerate in the complex correction of cognitive disorders in patients with alcohol dependence with encephalopathy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Execution Time ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Paroxysmal Activity ◽  
Test Execution ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Brain

The results of studying the dynamics of clinical and psychopathological manifestations, cognitive disorders, brain electrogenesis in patients with alcohol dependence under the influence of therapy according to the treatment standards (I group) and using the drug "Cereglia" in complex correction (II group) are shown in the work. As a result of treatment revealed positive dynamics of psychopathological symptoms relief in both groups was revealed; in patients II group improving electrogenesis brain manifested a decrease of irritatie, regress polymorphic paroxysmal activity, the representation of slow-wave complexes, normalization of the ratio of alpha- and beta-rhythms, the emergence of regional differences and the reactions of absorption on the functional load clinically manifested by increase of functional activity of the brain and improving cognitive function (improving ability to work and steadfastness of focus, logic of judgments, the correctness and validity of generalizations, processes of semantic memorization, the ability to highlight the main meaning of the perceived material, the ability to analyze, understand and put into words the information received), before the performance standards, the test execution time was significantly shorter in group II patients than in group I patients (p<0.05) and was closer to the test execution time in the control group. It was found that the dynamics of cognitive functions under the influence of treatment is a marker of the degree of manifestations of encephalopathy and evaluation of the effectiveness of therapy with the use of the drug "Cereglia".

Dynamics of Cognitive Disorders in Different Periods of Traumatic Brain Disease Depending on the Treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Вышлова ◽  
I. Vyshlova ◽  
Карпов ◽  
Sergey Karpov ◽  
Апагуни ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Symptomatic Therapy ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Progressive Type ◽  
Attention Memory ◽  
The Brain

The development of the syndrome of cognitive disorders and its dynamics in young patients after concussion in the acute, intermediate and remote periods of traumatic disease of the brain depending on the method of treatment was studied. To define traumatic encephalopathy, it is necessary an early assessment of cognitive functions: attention, memory, speech, rapid reactions. The cognitive disorders were divided on mild, moderate and severe. The most informative in the diagnosis of syndrome of cognitive disorders were neuropsychological tests. The use of the Phenotro-pil increases the percentage of mild forms in combination with the reduction of moderate and severe symptoms in structure of the syndrome of cognitive disorder, thus regressive type of this syndrome was noted. In the control group, mild cognitive disorders with increasing moderate and severe forms of this syndrome decreases at the symptomatic therapy. This indicates about progressive type of this syndrome in a remote period of traumatic disease. The authors prove the effectiveness of the Phenotropil in prevention of the development of persistent effects of trauma, including the progression of the cognitive disorders syndrome.

scholarly journals NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION ON FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAIN AND ANXIETY OF RATS WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Anna Shlіakhova ◽  
Elena Veselovska ◽  
Olga Berchenko ◽  
Anna Titkova ◽  
Elena Prikhodko
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Sodium Nitroprusside ◽  
Alcohol Withdrawal ◽  
Baseline Level ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Paroxysmal Activity ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. Disturbances of the molecular nitrosergic mechanisms of brain activity regulation underlie the reduction of brain protective functions under alcohol dependence. However, development of pathogenetically substantiated approaches to the correction of nitrogen oxide (NO) imbalance in the structures of the limbico-neocortical system of the brain (LNCSB) remains insufficient. Objective. To study the effect of intranasal sodium nitroprusside (SNP) administration on anxiety, electrical activity of the LNCSB and NO content in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and septum + nucleus аccumbens of rats with alcohol dependence. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 50 nonlinear white adult male rats in a chronic experiment in 3 groups: intact rats; rats with alcohol dependence; rats with alcohol dependence and intranasal SNP administration. The model of alcohol dependence was created by voluntary alcohol intake at a dose of 1.25 g/kg body weight of rat for 35 days. SNP was administered intranasal at a dose of 8 μg/kg body weight of the animal. The level of anxiety was determined by means of neuroethological tests: multi-parameter comprehensive assessment of anxiety, «open field» and «tail suspension test». The electrical activity of LNCSB was registered by the stereotactic introduction of electrodes. The concentration of NO was investigated in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, septum + nucleus аccumbens Results. Intranasal administration of SNP to rats with alcohol dependence led to suppression of convulsive and paroxysmal activity, caused by alcoholization and withdrawal of alcohol, on the electroencephalogram of the structures of the LNCSB and increased the absolute power of biopotentials of the delta and theta ranges on the spectrogram of the hippocampus. Reduction of anxiety was found in rats with a high baseline level of anxiety accompanied by recovery of NO level, which was depleted by chronic alcoholization, in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Conclusions. Intranasal administration of SNP as a NO donor causes anxiolytic effects in the state of alcohol withdrawal depending on the baseline level of anxiety: in rats with the high baseline level of anxiety – reduces this level; in rats with the low baseline level – restrains it at the level of anxiety after alcohol intake. Intranasal administration of SNP to the rats with alcohol withdrawal causes positive changes in the electroencephalogram of the LNCSB, which are manifested in suppression of convulsive and paroxysmal activity and enhancement of brain biopotentials in alpha and delta ranges on spectrogram of hippocampus with sustaining this effect for whole day. Intranasal administration of SNP is a source of short-term supply of NO to brain cells, which leads to the restoration of NO levels in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, septum and nucleus accumbens – structures that are involved in the regulation of emotional motivational behavior. Key words. limbic-neocortical system of the brain, model of alcohol dependence, anxiety, nitric oxide, sodium nitroprusside

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN BRAIN OF PATIENTS WITH HYPERTENSION, HYPOTHYROIDISM AND DURING THE COMORBID COURSE OF THESE TWO DISEASES

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
M.I. Lesiv ◽  
V.A. Hryb
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Brain

This article presents the investigation of structural parameters of the brain in 67 patients aged 47.23 ± 2.64 years, whose duration of the disease was 13.27 ± 0.75 (from 2 to 19) years. The control group included 18 healthy individuals of the same age (47.84 ± 0.36 years), whose selection was carried out based on the anamnesis and the absence of hypothyroidism and hypertension. According to the data we discussed in our previous publications, during neuropsychological testing we registered memory deterioration in patients with hypertension assessed by the test for learning 10 words according to the method proposed by A.R. Luria (p <0.05), as well as serial counting by the Matisse scale (p <0.05). The patients with hypothyroidism were found as demonstrating attention deficiency (p <0.05) by applying the method of "Selectivity of attention" (G. Munsterberg test). For more detailed assessment, we used Schulte tables, the result of which demonstrates the state of the domain of the patient's executive functions and proves the instability of attention. The analysis of the results showed that taking into account the interaction between hypertension and hypothyroidism, the most affected cognitive domains were memory and attention, respectively (p <0.05). To diagnose cognitive and mnestic disorders of all groups, we used MR imaging, measured the transverse dimensions of the medial, lateral (temporal horn) and vertical perihippocampal spaces, and evaluated the volume of gray matter (cortex) of the frontal lobe of the brain in 3 zones. The measurements were performed in the right and left hemispheres. There was a significant increase in the indices of the medial and upper perihippocampal right and left in the patients in group III compared with the groups I and II. The lateral perihypocampal index did not differ significantly in the three groups (p> 0.05). Thus, taking into account the interaction of factors (hypertension and hypothyroidism), the patients were found to have an increase in perihippocampal indices (p> 0.05). Based on the data in table 2, in the patients of group I the average value of the frontal lobe was 634.06 ± 10.92. In the patients of group II, the average value of the frontal lobe was 638.6 ± 7.82, and in the patients of group III, the average value of the frontal lobe was 601.3 ± 3,325. There was no statistically significant difference between groups I and II (p = 0.05). But groups I and III demonstrated statistically significant difference between the indicators (p <0.05). We also found a statistically significant difference between groups II and III (p <0.05). Thus, in patients with hypertension, hypothyroidism and hypertension with concomitant hypothyroidism, an increase in perihippocampal indices, a decrease in the volume of gray matter (cortex) of the frontal lobe of the brain (right and left), significantly exceeded possible (involutional or otherwise). Thus, the results of the study indicate that in cases of isolated hypertension, hypothyroidism, and in the comorbidity of hypertension and hypothyroidism, there has been detected a significant acceleration of atrophic processes.

Analysis of polymorphic variants of genes of the dopaminergic system of the brain in patients with alcoholism

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Т.М. Рожнова ◽  
В.А. Спицын ◽  
С.В. Макаров ◽  
С.В. Костюк
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Genetic ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Dependent Behavior ◽  
Polymorphic Variants ◽  
The Brain ◽  
High Comorbidity

Аддиктивные расстройства относятся к мультифакториальным заболеваниям с клинической, генетической и нейрофизиологической гетерогенностью и высокой коморбидностью с другими расстройствами психического спектра. Определяющее влияние на фенотипическую дисперсию расстройств поведения зависимого характера принадлежит генотипу. Полиморфные варианты генов нейромедиаторных систем головного мозга, кодирующих белки, участвующие в регуляции эффекторных реакций и метаболизме психоактивных веществ (ПАВ), можно рассматривать как маркёры поведенческих паттернов и индивидуальной предрасположенности к зависимому поведению. Цель исследования - анализ полиморфных вариантов генов DRD2/ANKK1 и SLC6A3 дофаминергической системы головного мозга у больных алкоголизмом. Генотипирование по TaqIA-полиморфизму в локусе ANKK1/DRD2 (rs1800497) и VNTR-полиморфизму в гене SLC6A3 (DAT1) проводили с использованием метода ПЦР. Выявлено статистически достоверное преобладание частоты аллеля ANKK1*A1 и генотипа ANKK1*A1A2 в группе мужчин с наличием аддиктивного расстройства в форме алкогольной зависимости по сравнению с фенотипически здоровыми представителями контрольной группы (p<0,001). Частота аллеля *А2 и генотипа *A2A2 в исследуемой группе статически значимо ниже этого показателя контрольной выборки. Аллель ANKK1*A1 является фактором риска развития алкогольной зависимости (RR=4,69; EF=0,15) с теснотой связи средней степени (j=0,21), а ANKK1*A2 обладает протекторным свойством (RR=0,84; PF=0,79). Полученные данные указывают на возможность использования генотипирования генов дофаминэргической системы головного мозга для оценки индивидуальной предрасположенности к алкогольной зависимости - у носителей *A1 гена DRD2/ANKK1 риск формирования зависимости в 4,69 раза выше гомозигот по варианту *А2. Addictive disorders are multifactorial diseases with clinical, genetic and neurophysiological heterogeneity and high comorbidity with other disorders of the mental spectrum. The decisive influence on the phenotypic dispersion of disorders of behavior of a dependent nature belongs to the genotype. Polymorphic variants of genes of the neurotransmitter systems of the brain that encode proteins involved in the regulation of effector reactions and the metabolism of psychoactive substances can be considered as markers of behavioral patterns and an individual predisposition to dependent behavior. Genotyping by TaqIA polymorphism at the ANKK1/DRD2 locus (rs1800497) and VNTR polymorphism in the SLC6A3 gene (DAT1) was performed using the PCR. A statistically significant predominance of the frequency of the ANKK1*A1 allele and the ANKK1*A1A2 genotype was revealed in the group of men with the presence of addictive disorder in the form of alcohol dependence compared to phenotypically healthy representatives of the control group (p <0.001). The frequency of *A2 and genotype *A2A2 were statistically significantly lower in the study group than in the control. The ANKK1*A1 allele is a risk factor for the development of alcohol dependence (RR=4.69; EF=0.15) with a moderate linkage (j=0.21), and ANKK1*A2 has a protective property (RR=0.84; PF=0.79). The data obtained indicate the possibility of using genotyping of the genes of the dopaminergic system of the brain to assess an individual predisposition to alcohol dependence - in carriers of *A1 of the DRD2/ANKK1 gene, the risk of dependence formation is 4.69 higher than homozygotes in the *A2 variant.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Anticonvulsant Effect of Dennettia Tripetala on Rat Model of Isoniazid-induced Seizure

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Finbarrs-Bello ◽  
Ignatius Ikemefuna Ozor ◽  
Samsudeen G. Ojuolape ◽  
Abonyi Ernest Obinna
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Free Radical Damage ◽  
Dose Administration ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Group I ◽  
Dennettia Tripetala ◽  
Enugu State ◽  
The Brain

Aims: This study aimed at investigating the antioxidative, anticonvulsive and histological effects of ethanolic fruit extract of Dennettia tripetala on the pre-frontal lobe of the brain in isoniazid-induced (300 mg/kg, i.p) seizure in adult wistar rat. Introduction: Neuronal hyper-excitability and excessive production of free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a considerable range of neurological disorders, including epilepsy. The high rate of oxidative metabolism, coupled with the low antioxidant defenses and the richness in polyunsaturated fatty acids, makes the brain highly vulnerable to free radical damage. Study Design: This is an original research conducted in Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Parklane, Enugu State, Nigeria, between June and August, 2019. Methodology: A total number of twenty four wistar rats were used for this experiment, the animals were grouped into six groups with four animals per group, Group I served as the negative control, Group II served as the positive control, Group III received the standard drug as well as the Isoniazid, while group IV,  V and VI  were treated with  ethanolic extract of Dennettia tripetala at different dosages; 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p) respectively and its effects compared with a standard drug (Pyridoxine) treated group. Results: The extract significantly prolonged the onset of seizure at high dose administration (750 mg/kg) but completely prevented seizure occurrence at low and medium dose administration (250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, i.p) when induced with isoniazid (300 mg/kg, i.p.). Conclusion: The results obtained from this work suggest that ethanolic extract of Dennettia tripetala has anticonvulsant activity, and this supports the use of the formulation traditionally in the treatment of convulsions, thus should be considered for clinical trials.

scholarly journals Monosodium Glutamate Maintains Antioxidant Balance in the Neuro-Retinal Axis of Male Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halima Nalugo ◽  
Herbert Izo Ninsiima ◽  
Keneth Iceland Kasozi ◽  
Ritah Nabirumbi ◽  
Lawrence Obado Osuwat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Group I ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Purpose Information on monosodium glutamate (MSG) safety in the eye-brain axis remains scarce. The objective of the study was to establish changes in calcium (Ca2+) concentrations, catalase activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and identify any major histological changes associated with parenteral and feed supplementation of MSG in male Wistar rats. This is important to guide policy on human consumption of food additives.Methods Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 6) for a period of one month. Group I and IV were treated with MSG 6g/kg and 60 mg/kg subcutaneous, while groups II and III at 5% and 2% MSG feed supplement. Group V was the control group treated with normal saline (no MSG). The eye and brain were analyzed for Ca2+, catalase, MDA levels and histological analysis was done using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining.Results Calcium levels in the eye was reduced at high (6g/kg/day and 5% s.c) MSG treatments while in the brain these remained constant. Since Ca2+ plays a crucial role in catalase activity, levels of catalase were not affected in eye-brain axis. MDA levels were elevated at high MSG treatments and no structural changes in the retina of the eye and no damage were found in the brain.Conclusion MSG maintained catalase levels, Ca2+ and no structural changes were observed in the eye and brain.

scholarly journals Estrogen and Progesterone Synthesis with Cellular Response in a C57BL/6 Mouse Model of Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Mehmet Önder Karayiğit ◽  
Murat Yarım
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Progesterone Synthesis ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Demyelination refers to the degradation or loss of myelin sheath. In demyelination model studies, it has been reported that demyelination is regressed by giving steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. However, there are not many studies investigating the synthesis of these two hormones by the brain during demyelination and remyelination. Neurosteroids are steroid hormones synthesized by the brain independently from peripheral tissues. In this study, it was aimed to have knowledge about the synthesis of these two hormones by the brain in experimentally formed demyelination process in brains of C57BL/6 mice and their role in the cellular response formed in the region.Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, 36 C57BL/6 mice were used: 12 mice were fed normal diet for 12 weeks as control group (Group I); 12 of them were fed 0.2% cuprizone diet for 12 weeks (Group II) and 12 mice were fed normal diet for 4 weeks after feeding cuprizone diet for 8 weeks (Group III). At the end of the experiment, mice were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and brain tissues were blocked in paraffin. 6 μm-thick section was taken from each block. Sections were stained histologically with LFB staining and immunohistochemically with MBP staining in order to determine the demyelination in sections. All sections were also immunohistochemically stained with GFAP to detect astrocytes, with NG2 to detect young OPCs, with aromatase for estrogen synthesis and with 3βHSD antibodies for progesterone synthesis. At the end of the study, complete myelination was observed in group I, while severe demyelination was determined in group II as a result of blind evaluation of LFB and MBP staining by two pathologists. In group III, demyelination was found to be mild. In immunostaining with GFAP and NG2 antibodies, the number of GFAP and NG2 positive cells in Group II was found to be increased compared to the control group. The difference between these two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01). In group III, the number of GFAP and NG2 positive cells were found to be increased compared to the control group; however, it was found to be lower than that in experimental group II (P < 0.01). In immunohistochemical staining with aromatase and 3βHSD antibody, there was no staining observed in the control groups. While an intense staining was observed in experimental group II, fewer glial staining was noticed in experimental group III when compared to the experimental group II. The difference between these two groups was found to be statistically significant (P ˂ 0.01).Discussion: Aromatase is an enzyme that converts testosterone into estrogen. On the other hand, 3βHSD is an enzyme that converts pregnenolone to progesterone. Expression of aromatase from tissues refers to the synthesis of estrogen and expression of 3βHSD refers to progesterone synthesis. In previous demyelination studies carried out with cuprizone, it has been reported that demyelination is regressed by giving estrogen and progesterone during demyelination. In the presented study, we observed that enzyme levels that catalyze the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone increased during demyelination. In the study, it was determined that estrogen and progesterone levels were increased in the region by enzymes released from the glial cells of the brain as a response to damage formed during demyelination. Interestingly, during the period in which cuprizone was excluded from the diet, it was observed that remyelination began to be formed again and that enzyme levels synthesizing these hormones started to decrease. These results suggested that estrogen and progesterone may be synthesized in the brain after a damage and may contribute to remyelination by initiating a number of cell to cell signaling steps.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT OF HALLUCINATORY-PARANOIDAL DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA OF A MIXED GENESIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Shevchenko-Bitensky
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Paranoid Symptoms ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Seventy-two patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) with late onset and vascular brain disease, dementia with hallucinatory-paranoid symptoms (the main group) were examined. The control group included 61 patients with AD with late onset and vascular disease of the brain without hallucinatory-paranoid symptoms. The risk factors for the development of hallucinatory-paranoid disorders in patients with mixed dementia were determined. These factors included: female gender; age of 78.6 ± 7.3 years old; hereditary burden of personality disorders; genetic predisposition for cognitive disorders; the presence of a neuropathic constitution in childhood; a retardation of a psychophysical development in childhood; low levels of academic performance; absence of family; secondary and secondary speciaized education; a physical type of a job; acute psychogenic factors associated with the worsening of financial conditions, conflicts in the family, and divorce.

The Quantitative Ultrastructure of the Heart Muscle of Japanese Quail by Hypergravitation, Hypodynamy and Combination

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
Anton Bózner ◽  
Mikuláš Gažo ◽  
Jozef Dostál
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group V ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Space Flights ◽  
Group I ◽  
Quantitative Ultrastructure

It is anticipated that Japanese quail /Coturnix coturnix japonica/ will provide animal proteins in long term space flights. Consequently this species of birds is of research interest of international space program INTERCOSMOS. In the year 1987 we reported on an experiment /2/ in which the effect of chronic acceleration of 2 G hypergravitation, the hypodynamy and the simultaneous effect of chronic acceleration and the location in the centre of the turntable of the centrifuge on the protein fractions in skeletal muscles was studied. The ultrastructure of the heart muscle was now in this experiments examined as well.Japanese quail cockerels, aged 48 days were exposed to 2 G hypergravitation /group IV/ in a 6,4 m diameter centrifuge, to hypodynamy /group III/ and their combination /group V/, respectively for 6 days / Fig.1/. The hypodynamy in group III was achieved by suspending the birds in jackets without contact the floor. The group II was located in the centre ofthe turntable of the centrifuge. The control group I. was kept under normal conditions. The quantitative ultrastructure of myocard was evaluated by the methods of Weibel/3/ - this enables to determine the number, relative size and volume of mitochondria volume of single mitochondria, defficiency of mitochondrial cristae and volume of myofibrils.

Chronic immobilization stress induces anxiety-related behaviors and affects brain essential minerals in male rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zafer Sahin ◽  
Alpaslan Ozkurkculer ◽  
Omer Faruk Kalkan ◽  
Ahmet Ozkaya ◽  
Aynur Koc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immobilization Stress ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Center Area ◽  
Chronic Immobilization Stress

Abstract. Alterations of essential elements in the brain are associated with the pathophysiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. It is known that chronic/overwhelming stress may cause some anxiety and/or depression. We aimed to investigate the effects of two different chronic immobilization stress protocols on anxiety-related behaviors and brain minerals. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups as follows ( n = 10/group): control, immobilization stress-1 (45 minutes daily for 7-day) and immobilization stress-2 (45 minutes twice a day for 7-day). Stress-related behaviors were evaluated by open field test and forced swimming test. In the immobilization stress-1 and immobilization stress-2 groups, percentage of time spent in the central area (6.38 ± 0.41% and 6.28 ± 1.03% respectively, p < 0.05) and rearing frequency (2.75 ± 0.41 and 3.85 ± 0.46, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) were lower, latency to center area (49.11 ± 5.87 s and 44.92 ± 8.04 s, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively), were higher than the control group (8.65 ± 0.49%, 5.37 ± 0.44 and 15.3 ± 3.32 s, respectively). In the immobilization stress-1 group, zinc (12.65 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.001), magnesium (170.4 ± 1.7 ppm, p < 0.005) and phosphate (2.76 ± 0.1 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were lower than the control group (13.87 ± 0.16 ppm, 179.31 ± 1.87 ppm and 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, respectively). In the immobilization stress-2 group, magnesium (171.56 ± 1.87 ppm, p < 0.05), phosphate (2.44 ± 0.07 ppm, p < 0.001) levels were lower, and manganese (373.68 ± 5.76 ppb, p < 0.001) and copper (2.79 ± 0.15 ppm, p < 0.05) levels were higher than the control group (179.31 ± 1.87 ppm, 3.11 ± 0.06 ppm, 327.25 ± 8.35 ppb and 2.45 ± 0.05 ppm, respectively). Our results indicated that 7-day chronic immobilization stress increased anxiety-related behaviors in both stress groups. Zinc, magnesium, phosphate, copper and manganese levels were affected in the brain.

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