scholarly journals Analisa Perbandingan Citra Hasil Segmentasi Menggunakan Metode K-Means dan Fuzzy C Means pada Citra Input Terkompresi

eLEKTRIKA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
I Wayan Angga Wijaya Kusuma ◽  
Afriliana Kusumadewi
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Tomography ◽  
Processing Application ◽  
Fuzzy C Means ◽  
Cat Scan ◽  
Global Consistency ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

<p><em style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;" lang="EN">In pattern recognition, image processing plays a role in automatically separating objects from the background. In addition, the object will be processed by the pattern classifier. In the medical world, image processing plays a very important role. CT Scan (Computed Tomography) or CAT Scan (Computed Axial Tomography) is an example of an image processing application that can be used to view fragments or cross sections of parts of the human body. Tomography is the process of producing two-dimensional images from three-dimensional film through several one-dimensional scans. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the image most often used in the field of radiology. MRI images can display the anatomical details of objects clearly in multiple sections (multiplanar) without changing the patient's position. In this study, two methods were compared, namely K-Means and Fuzzy C Means, in a segmentation process with the aim of separating between normal areas or areas with disturbances (lesions). The images used are brain and chest MRI images with a total of 10 MRI images. The image quality of the segmentation results is compared with the quality test using the Variation of Information (VOI) parameters, Global Consistency Error (GCE), MSE (Mean Square Error), PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and segmentation time.</span></em></p><pre style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;"><em><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN;" lang="EN">In pattern recognition, image processing plays a role in automatically separating objects from the background. In addition, the object will be processed by the pattern classifier. In the medical world, image processing plays a very important role. CT Scan (Computed Tomography) or CAT Scan (Computed Axial Tomography) is an example of an image processing application that can be used to view fragments or cross sections of parts of the human body. Tomography is the process of producing two-dimensional images from three-dimensional film through several one-dimensional scans. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the image most often used in the field of radiology. MRI images can display the anatomical details of objects clearly in multiple sections (multiplanar) without changing the patient's position. In this study, two methods were compared, namely K-Means and Fuzzy C Means, in a segmentation process with the aim of separating between normal areas or areas with disturbances (lesions). The images used are brain and chest MRI images with a total of 10 MRI images. The image quality of the segmentation results is compared with the quality test using the Variation of Information (VOI) parameters, Global Consistency Error (GCE), MSE (Mean Square Error), PSNR (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) and segmentation time.</span></em></pre>

Image processing algorithms in the assessment of grain damage degree

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Maliga ◽  
Włodzimierz Dudziński ◽  
Magdalena Łabowska ◽  
Jerzy Detyna ◽  
Marcin Łopusiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Damage Degree ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
Analyse Sample

Abstract Objectives The paper presents preliminary results on the assessment of algorithms used in image processing of the grain damage degree. The purpose of the work is developing a tool allowing to analyse sample cross-sections of rye germs. Methods The analysis of the grain cross-sections was carried out on the basis of a series their photos taken at equal time intervals at a set depth. The cross-sections will be used to create additional virtual cross-sections allowing to analyse the whole sample volume. The ultimate plan is to generate two cross-sections perpendicular to each other. Based on volumetric data read from the sample section, a three-dimensional model of an object will be generated. Results The analysis of model surface will allowed us to detect possible grain damage. The developed method of preparing the research material and the proprietary application allowed for the identification of internal defects in the biological material (cereal grains). Conclusions The presented methodology may be used in the agri-food industry in the future. However, much research remains to be done. These works should primarily aim at significantly reducing the time-consuming nature of individual stages, as well as improving the quality of the reconstructed image.

Analysis of Insole Geometry and Deformity by Using a Three-Dimensional Image Processing Technique: A Preliminary Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
Kit-lun Yick ◽  
Wai-ting Lo ◽  
Sun-pui Ng ◽  
Joanne Yip ◽  
Hung-hei Kwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Orthotic Treatment

Background: Accurate representation of the insole geometry is crucial for the development and performance evaluation of foot orthoses designed to redistribute plantar pressure, especially for diabetic patients. Methods: Considering the limitations in the type of equipment and space available in clinical practices, this study adopted a simple portable three-dimensional (3-D) desktop scanner to evaluate the 3-D geometry of an orthotic insole and the corresponding deformities after the insole has been worn. The shape of the insole structure along horizontal cross sections is defined with 3-D scanning and image processing. Accompanied by an in-shoe pressure measurement system, plantar pressure distribution in four foot regions (hallux, metatarsal heads, midfoot, and heel) is analyzed and evaluated for insole deformity. Results: Insole deformities are quantified across the four foot regions. The hallux region tends to show the greatest changes in shape geometry (17%–50%) compared with the other foot regions after 2 months of insole wear. As a result of insole deformities, plantar peak pressures change considerably (–4.3% to +69.5%) during the course of treatment. Conclusions: Changes in shape geometry of the insoles could be objectively quantified with 3-D scanning techniques and image processing. This investigation finds that, in general, the design of orthotic insoles may not be adequate for diabetic individuals with similar foot problems. The drastic changes in the insole shape geometry and cross-sectional areas during orthotic treatment may reduce insole fit and conformity. An inadequate insole design may also affect plantar pressure reduction. The approach proposed herein, therefore, allows for objective quantification of insole shape geometry, which results in effective and optimal orthotic treatment.

Hypofrontality in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence*

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Axial Tomography ◽  
Cat Scan ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Frontal Lobe Function ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Computerized Axial Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Pet Scans

This paper reviews the possible role of frontal lobe dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Pathological, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have indicated that a substantial number of schizophrenic patients show structural abnormalities in the frontal lobe areas and other parts of the brain. In some cases, these changes can be correlated with negative symptoms. Attempts to study frontal lobe function with neuropsychological tests, topographic EEG, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans have also indicated that a substantial number of schizophrenics show abnormalities compared to normal controls. However, these abnormalities can be seen to some degree in other conditions. As well, patients early in the course of their illness tend not to show frontal lobe functional abnormalities. The implications of these findings for current theories of schizophrenia are discussed.

scholarly journals 3D reconstruction of ablation lesions from in-vitro preparations using MRI

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Pollnow ◽  
Areg Noshadi ◽  
Michael Kircher ◽  
Gisela Guthausen ◽  
Thomas Oerther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rapid Acquisition ◽  
3D Geometry ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
3D Volume ◽  
Steady State Precession ◽  
Weighted Sequences

AbstractRadiofrequency ablation is the gold standard for treating cardiac arrhythmias. However, the success rate of this procedure depends on numerous parameters. Wet lab experiments provide the opportunity to investigate cardiac electrophysiology under reproducible conditions. To evaluate the electrophysiological changes of ablated myocardium in these studies it is necessary to consider the three-dimensional (3D) geometry of the lesions. For this purpose, we investigated the usage of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences as well as an image processing procedure to analyze in-vitro preparations. To differentiate signal intensities between nonablated and ablated tissue we evaluated FISP (fast imaging with steady-state precession; delivering dominantly T1-weighted images) and RARE (rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement; delivering dominantly T2-weighted images). After image processing, the ablated tissue was segmented in each image slice forming a 3D volume. The geometry of the lesion was modeled by the boundary of this volume. It was generally feasible to distinguish between healthy myocardium and ablated tissue as well as to determine lesion transmurality. The analysis of the reconstructed lesion geometries from FISP and RARE MRI showed a high agreement, however T2-weighted sequences showed larger lesion volumes as well as higher variations in segmentation compared to T1- mapping. FISP with higher quality may be used to reconstruct the 3D geometry of the ablation lesions.

CONSTRUCTION OF ANATOMICALLY ACCURATE FINITE ELEMENT MODELS OF THE HUMAN HAND AND A RAT KIDNEY

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (05) ◽  
pp. 1141-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI ZHONG MU ◽  
HONG WEI SHAO ◽  
YING HE ◽  
TOSHIAKI ODA ◽  
XUE MEI JIA
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Human Hand ◽  
Finite Element Models ◽  
Transfinite Interpolation ◽  
Boundary Information ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

The aim of the paper is to develop a method for generating three-dimensional (3D) models of organs from medical images (computerized tomography (CT) images, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc.). There were three main steps in the development of the model: the first step was image processing. Different image-processing operators including blurring, sharpening, edge detection, region segmentation, mathematical morphology transformation, rotation, and movement of the kidney slices were performed to automatically construct the accurate boundary information. The second step was mesh generation of each slice based on the boundary information by using the transfinite interpolation (TFI) technique. In this paper, the TFI method was improved to create grids from images directly. The last step was reconstructing the models by stacking the 2D grid models and visualizing the result in the Advanced Visual System (AVS) software. In order to verify the effectiveness of this method, the finite element (FE) models of a rat kidney, human hand, and blood vessels were reconstructed and good results were obtained.

A Novel High-Speed, Low-Power CNTFET-Based Inexact Full Adder Cell for Image Processing Application of Motion Detector

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (05) ◽  
pp. 1750082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yavar Safaei Mehrabani ◽  
Reza Faghih Mirzaee ◽  
Zahra Zareei ◽  
Seyedeh Mohtaram Daryabari
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Full Adder ◽  
Motion Detector ◽  
Processing Application ◽  
Image Processing Application ◽  
Area Occupation ◽  
Error Distance

This paper presents a novel inexact full adder based on carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFET) for approximate computations, which has soared in popularity especially for image processing applications. The proposed design generates the output carry without error. Therefore, the propagation of incorrect value to higher bit positions is avoided. It has the least relative error distance (Relative ED) compared to other approximate full adders reported in the literature. Practical simulations by using MATLAB demonstrate higher peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and image quality for motion detector image processing application. HSPICE simulations also confirm the efficiency of the proposed design. Moreover, area occupation is investigated by using electric tool. Power consumption, delay, area and ED are important evaluating factors in this subject. Comparisons are made by a comprehensive parameter (PDAEDP), based on which the new design has 23.8%, 41.5%, 70.5%, 78% and 83.6% higher performance than TGA1, TGA2, AXA1, AXA2 and AXA3, respectively.

scholarly journals Enhancing SNR and generating contrast for cryo-EM images with convolutional neural networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Palovcak ◽  
Daniel Asarnow ◽  
Melody G. Campbell ◽  
Zanlin Yu ◽  
Yifan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Processing Pipeline ◽  
Visual Contrast ◽  
Low Pass

AbstractIn cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) of radiation-sensitive biological samples, both the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the contrast of images are critically important in the image processing pipeline. Classic methods improve low-frequency image contrast experimentally, by imaging with high defocus, or computationally, by applying various types of low-pass filter. These contrast improvements typically come at the expense of high-frequency SNR, which is suppressed by high-defocus imaging and removed by low pass filtration. Here, we demonstrate that a convolutional neural network (CNN) denoising algorithm can be used to significantly enhance SNR and generate contrast in cryo-EM images. We provide a quantitative evaluation of bias introduced by the denoising procedure and its influences on image processing and three-dimensional reconstructions. Our study suggests that besides enhancing the visual contrast of cryo-EM images, the enhanced SNR of denoised images may facilitate better outcomes in the other parts of the image processing pipeline, such as classification and 3D alignment. Overall, our results provide a ground of using denoising CNNs in the cryo-EM image processing pipeline.

The Florescence of Electron Crystallography

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 66-67
Author(s):  
Robert M. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spatial Averaging ◽  
Microscope Images ◽  
Recorded Image

The use of electron microscopy and electron diffraction for structure analysis of biological macromolecules was greatly advanced when DeRosier and Klug demonstrated the usefulness of a numerical (digital) image processing which is strongly crystallographic in its orientation. A crystallographic approach to image processing and three-dimensional structure analysis is made possible by the fact that the image intensity, for reasonably thin specimens, can be understood as representing a two-dimensional projection of the original object. For this reason, electron microscope images are, to a crystallographer, “holograms” in which the crystallographic phase information is preserved in the experimentally recorded image intensities. Images (projections) obtained at different tilt angles are equivalent to “two-dimensional central sections” of the three dimensional Fourier transform of the object. This crystallographic perspective, which is summarized in Fig. 1, has proven to be enormously helpful in enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio of periodic objects by spatial averaging, as well as in reconstructing three-dimensional features from multiple projections.

scholarly journals Short communication. Tomography as a method to study umbrella pine (Pinus pinea) cones and nuts

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. eSC10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Nunes ◽  
Helena Pereira ◽  
Margarida Tomé ◽  
Joao Silva ◽  
Luis Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Pinus Pinea ◽  
Stone Pine ◽  
Axial Tomography ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Pine Cones

Aim of study: Umbrella or stone pine (Pinus pinea) nuts are one of the most valuable and expensive non-wood forest products in Portugal. The increasing market and landowner's interest resulted on a high expansion of plantation areas. This study tests the feasibility of using tomography to characterize pine cones and nuts.Area of study: The research was carried out in pine stand, with nine years, grafted in 2011, on Herdade of Machoqueira do Grou, near Coruche, in Portugal’s central area.Material and Methods: Starting in June 2015, ten pine cones in their final stage of development, were randomly monthly collected, and evaluated with tomography equipment commonly used in clinical medicine, according to Protocol Abdomen Mean. A sequence of images corresponding to 1mm-spaced cross-sections were obtained and reconstructed to produce a 3D model. The segmented images were worked using free image processing software, like RadiAnt Dicom Viewer, Data Viewer and Ctvox.Main results: The cone’s structures were clearly visible on the images, and it was possible to easily identify empty pine nuts. Although expensive, tomography is an easy and quick application technique that allows to assess the internal structures, through the contrast of materials densities, allowing to estimate pine nut’s size and empty nut’s proportion. By analysis of ninety images, it was obtained, an estimated mean value of 25.5 % empty nuts.Research highlights: Results showed the potential of tomography as a screening tool to be used in industry and research areas, for analysis and diagnostic of stone pine cone’s structures.Keywords: pine cone; pine nuts; stone pine; tomography; CAT.Abbreviations: CAT: computerized axial tomography; 3D: three dimensional; HU: Hounsfield Units.

Digital reconstruction of calcified early metazoans, terminal Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia

Paleobiology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesley A. Watters ◽  
John P. Grotzinger
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Image Processing ◽  
Delaunay Triangulation ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Mathematical Description ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Image Processing Techniques ◽  
Digital Reconstruction ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
The Mathematical Model

A method is presented for the digital reconstruction of weakly calcified fossils within the Nama Group, Namibia. These recently described fossils (Grotzinger et al. 2000) are preserved as calcitic void-fill in a calcite matrix, and individual specimens cannot be freed by conventional techniques. The technique presented here has several integrated steps: (1) the analysis of cross-sections of fossil specimens, (2) the construction of a three-dimensional “tomographic” model that is assembled from the cross-sections, (3) the development of an idealized mathematical model based upon geometric parameters measured from the tomographic model, and (4) the visualization of randomly oriented cross-sections through the mathematical model, which can be compared with fossil cross-sections in outcrop.In this procedure, rocks containing the fossils are ground and digitally photographed at thickness intervals of 25 μm. A battery of image-processing techniques is used to obtain the contour outlines of the fossils in serial cross-sections. A Delaunay triangulation method is then used to reconstruct the morphology from tetrahedrons which connect the contours in adjacent layers. We found that most of the fossils represent a single morphology with some well-defined characters that vary slightly among individual specimens. This fossil morphology was described by Grotzinger et al. (2000) as Namacalathus hermanastes. A mathematical description of the morphology is used to obtain a database of randomly oriented synthetic cross-sections. This database reproduces the vast majority of cross-sections observed in outcrop.

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