scholarly journals Chikungunya virus outbreak in Sint Maarten, 2013–2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Henry ◽  
Lorraine Francis ◽  
Virginia Asin ◽  
Karen Polson-Edwards ◽  
Babatunde Olowokure
Keyword(s):  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Saint Martin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

This report describes the outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in Sint Maarten, a constituent country of Kingdom of the Netherlands comprising the southern part of the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, from 22 December 2013 (first reported case) through 5 December 2014. The outbreak was first reported by the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin in the northern part of the island—the first site in the Americas to report autochthonous transmission of CHIKV. By 5 December 2014, Sint Maarten had reported a total of 658 cases—an overall attack rate of 1.76%. Actual prevalence may have been higher, as some cases may have been misdiagnosed as dengue. Fever and arthralgia affected 71% and 69% of reported cases respectively. Of the 390 laboratory-confirmed cases, 61% were female and the majority were 20–59 years old (mean: 42; range: 4–92). The spread of CHIKV to Sint Maarten was inevitable given the ease of movement of people, and the vector, island-wide. Continuing their history of collaboration, the French and Dutch parts of the island coordinated efforts for prevention and control of the disease. These included a formal agreement to exchange epidemiological information on a regular basis and provide alerts in a timely manner; collaboration among personnel through joint island-wide planning of mosquito control activities, especially along borders; notification of all island visitors, upon their arrival at airports and seaports, of preventative measures to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes; dissemination of educational materials to the public; and island-wide public awareness campaigns, particularly in densely populated areas, for both residents and visitors. The information provided in this report could help increase understanding of the epidemiological characteristics of CHIKV and guide other countries dealing with vector-borne epidemics.

scholarly journals Vaccine and Therapeutic Options To Control Chikungunya Virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control ◽  
Integrated Vector Control

SUMMARYBeginning in 2004, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) went from an endemic pathogen limited to Africa and Asia that caused periodic outbreaks to a global pathogen. Given that outbreaks caused by CHIKV have continued and expanded, serious consideration must be given to identifying potential options for vaccines and therapeutics. Currently, there are no licensed products in this realm, and control relies completely on the use of personal protective measures and integrated vector control, which are only minimally effective. Therefore, it is prudent to urgently examine further possibilities for control. Vaccines have been shown to be highly effective against vector-borne diseases. However, as CHIKV is known to rapidly spread and generate high attack rates, therapeutics would also be highly valuable. Several candidates are currently being developed; this review describes the multiple options under consideration for future development and assesses their relative advantages and disadvantages.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Overview of the Monogamous Marriage in a Multiregion Framework: Modelling and Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Mustapha Lhous ◽  
Omar Zakary ◽  
Mostafa Rachik
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Optimal Strategies ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The main objective of this paper is to develop a new mathematical model to study, analyze, and control the family status in several regions and to discuss the impact of the connectivity of regions and the mobility of residents on the marital status of the family, by adopting a multiregion discrete-time model. The modelling and the control process of the system that describes the case of monogamous marriages in a multiregion framework are considered. Two combined control strategies are proposed, which allow reducing the virgin and divorced individuals and increasing the number of married individuals in a specific region. The first control is considered as the impact of public awareness campaigns to educate virgin men and women about the benefits of marriage for the individual and the society; the second control characterizes the legal procedures, administrative complications, and the heavy financial and social consequences of divorces. The optimal control theory is applied to characterize such optimal strategies and determined numerically using a progressive-regressive discrete scheme to discuss the obtained results.

scholarly journals Assessment of Tobacco Consumption and Control in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 117991611875928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Mohan ◽  
Harry A Lando ◽  
Sigamani Panneer
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Tobacco consumption is a huge public health issue in India and its impact is especially devastating among the poor. Effective tobacco control should be a top priority, both as a health issue and as a method to reduce poverty. Tobacco use is deeply ingrained as a cultural practice and there are a myriad of tobacco types. We reviewed multiple determinants of tobacco consumption including socio-economic status, marriage, population growth, marketing strategies, and price. We also considered the tobacco burden including economic and social costs and adverse health impacts especially those resulting from oral cancer. We then addressed the history of tobacco control legislation in India and challenges in implementation. Tobacco consumption in India is continuing to increase despite tobacco control policy. Needed are more visible and aggressive anti-tobacco campaigns including increased public awareness of tobacco harms and active engagement of worksites and health professionals in promoting tobacco cessation.

scholarly journals Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and related factors in adult Iranian Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mirzaei ◽  
Masoud Mirzaei ◽  
Behnam Bagheri-Fahraji ◽  
Ali Dehghani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Hypertension, known as the silent killer, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Awareness and treatment of hypertension is not appropriate in the world, and this has led to an increase in mortality and morbidity caused by uncontrolled hypertension.This study aims to estimate awareness, treated, and controlled hypertensive and relevant predictors in an adult Iranian population.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 10000 adults aged 20-69 years in Yazd, Iran. They were selected through multi-stage random cluster sampling in 2015-2016. Blood pressure was measured three-time with standard protocol by trained health workers. Those with a positive history of hypertension and using anti-hypertensive drugs, prescribed by a physician, were considered hypertensive. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP of ≥90 mmHg. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined in accordance with recommended treatment targets by the Joint National Committee (JNC7). Logistic regression was used to assess the predictors of hypertension awareness, treatment and control.Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 37.3%, and the prevalence of pre-hypertension was 46.4%. 49.7% of People with hypertension were aware of their disease, and 71.5% of them were using antihypertensive drugs prescribed by physicians. Blood pressure was controlled in 38.9% of the treated patients. In the adjusted model, older age, female sex, and history of diabetes mellitus were positively associated with higher awareness. High physical activity, tobacco smoking, and diabetes are the only predictors of treated high blood pressure. Younger age, female sex, and higher education were determinants of controlled hypertension. Having health insurance was significantly correlated with awareness and control of hypertension.Conclusion: Hypertension is a public health problem in this population, which is not well controlled. Half of the patients were unaware. Intervention for increased screening coverage is needed. It should plan to raise public awareness about hypertension and improve hypertension control under the supervision of physicians. Implement a family physician program is recommended in the health system.

EPPO perspective on Agrilus planipennis (Emerald Ash Borer) and Agrilus anxius (Bronze Birch Borer)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Petter ◽  
A Orlinski ◽  
M Suffert ◽  
A S Roy ◽  
M Ward
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Horizon Scanning ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Bronze Birch Borer ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract One of the main aims of EPPO is to help its member countries to prevent entry or spread of dangerous pests (plant quarantine). The Organization has therefore been given the task of identifying pests which may present a risk (early warning/horizon scanning), evaluating their risk for the region and making proposals on the phytosanitary measures which can be taken against them (Pest Risk Analysis). Standards are also developed, including standards on how to eradicate and control pests. In addition to the development of Standards, activities on communication and citizen science (development of guidelines on raising public awareness and the production of toolkits to use in raising awareness campaigns) have also recently been started. The EPPO Secretariat was alerted by the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of Sweden in 2003, and Norway in 2010, to two potential new pests, Emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire) and Bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius (Gory) respectively. Because of the importance of these two pests for forest species in the EPPO region, member countries agreed that EPPO recommendations should be prepared. The different EPPO activities relevant to A. planipennis and A. anxius are presented, highlighting the challenges they currently pose to the region.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and public awareness.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (08) ◽  
pp. 1710-1716
Author(s):  
Naveed Ahmed ◽  
Azka Rizvi ◽  
Ayesha Naeem ◽  
Waqas Saleem ◽  
Altaf Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Multiple Choice Questions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Total Data ◽  
Mode Of Transmission ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Objectives: To determine and assess the level of awareness and knowledge regarding COVID-19 the among residents of Lahore. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study. Setting: Different Institutions in Lahore. Period: March 2020. Material & Methods: The present study was organized by the Department of Microbiology, Pakistan kidney and liver institute & research center. Respondents filled a pre-tested structured questionnaire consisting of 21 multiple-choice questions. The variables were accessed their knowledge of disease regarding etiology, mode of transmission, prevention and control measures of COVID-19 infection. A total of 1875 questionnaires were collected. Results: The data showed that 49.6% of respondents were male and rest 50.4% were females. From the total data 6.56% of respondents were doctors by profession. While 14.4% were nurses, 6.08% laboratory & other medical staff and 72.96% were students. 74.68% of respondents give correct answers on their knowledge about COVID-19, while 13.92% of respondents were wrong. 65.6% were aware about cause of COVID-19. However, 34.4% of participants were not aware of its cause. 60.0% of our respondents were not aware about symptoms and treatment. 89.04% of participants have no knowledge about transmission. 26.96% of respondents even didn’t know how to prevent this pandemic disease. Conclusion: Awareness campaigns should be conducted to make people aware of the ways COVID-19 spreads, its mode of transmission, severity of infection and preventive measures to minimize its spread as well as chances to acquire COVID-19 infections. It is important to understand the need to educate people, especially from lower socio-economic statuses as they might not know about these infections and how its spreads.

scholarly journals Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and related factors in adult Iranian Population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mirzaei ◽  
Masoud Mirzaei ◽  
Behnam Bagheri-Fahraji ◽  
Ali Dehghani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Iranian Population ◽  
Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Hypertension, known as the silent killer, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Awareness and treatment hypertension is not appropriate in the world, and this has led to an increase in mortality and morbidity caused by uncontrolled hypertension.This study aims to estimate awareness, treated, and controlled hypertensive and relevant predictors in an adult Iranian population.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 10000 adults aged 20-69 years in Yazd, Iran. They were selected through multi-stage random cluster sampling in 2015-2016.Blood pressure was measured three-time with standard protocol by trained health workers. Those with a positive history of hypertension and using anti-hypertensive drugs, prescribed by a physician, were considered hypertensive. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP of ≥90 mmHg. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined in accordance with recommended treatment targets by the Joint National Committee (JNC7). Logistic regression was used to assess the predictors of hypertension awareness, treatment and control.Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 37.3%, and the prevalence of pre-hypertension was 46.4%. 49.7% of People with hypertension were aware of their disease, and 71.5% of them were using antihypertensive drugs prescribed by physicians. Blood pressure was controlled in 38.9% of the treated patients. In the adjusted model, older age, female sex, and history of diabetes mellitus were positively associated with higher awareness. High physical activity, tobacco smoking, and diabetes are the only predictors of treated high blood pressure. Younger age, female sex, and higher education were determinants of controlled hypertension. Having health insurance was significantly correlated with awareness and control of hypertension.Conclusion: Hypertension is a public health problem in this population, which is not well controlled. Half of the patients were unaware. Intervention for increased screening coverage is needed. It should plan to raise public awareness about hypertension and improve hypertension control under supervision of physicians. Implement a family physician program is recommended in the health system.

The LYMFASIM Simulation Program for Modeling Lymphatic Filariasis and its Control

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 97-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Subramanian ◽  
P. K. Das ◽  
W. Souza ◽  
T. Lapa ◽  
A. F. Furtado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

Abstract:The LYMFASIM modeling framework for the transmission and control of the tropical parasitic disease lymphatic filariasis is described and its use in the context of an endemic community in north-eastern Brazil is illustrated. Lymphatic filariasis is a disease with a complex natural history with many unknowns. This complicates decision making with respect to control strategies. With LYMFASIM, a variety of hypotheses can be tested about the life history of the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti, its transmission from man to man through mosquitoes, the role of the immune system in regulating parasite numbers, the development of disease symptoms, and the effects of control measures (drug treatment or mosquito control). The implications of alternative assumptions and uncertainty about the quantification of parameters for the effectiveness of control strategies can be investigated. Thanks to the use of stochastic microsimulation, LYMFASIM is highly flexible and can be adapted and extended as new knowledge emerges.

The History of Anti-vivisection Legislation in Turkey and the Role of a New Association

2020 ◽  
pp. 026119292097834
Author(s):  
Oğuzcan Kınıkoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Learning Tools ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Association ◽  
Animal Use

A new anti-vivisection association (Deneye Hayır Derneği) was recently established in Turkey with the aim of carrying out advocacy and lobbying activities to end non-human animal use by replacing animal-based experiments with alternative scientific methods. To achieve this end-goal, the Association works hard to create awareness of animal experiments and to protect the rights of animals. Complementary to our lobbying efforts to bring about a ban on animal use, we undertake a wide range of public awareness campaigns and other activities, such as: publishing communication material; organising workshops; participating in outreach events; networking with universities to promote the adoption of alternative methods and best practice learning tools; informing the general public via social media.

scholarly journals Knowledge, awareness and practices of Pakistani professionals amid-COVID-19 outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samea Khan ◽  
Usman Shah Gilani ◽  
Syed Muhammad Muslim Raza ◽  
Tanveer Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pakistani Population ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Populous Country

AbstractEnd of the year 2019 marks an unprecedented outbreak of a pandemic named COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2. It was first discovered in China and later spread to the whole world, currently inflicting almost 200 countries. After China, few other countries have emerged as potential epicenters of this disease including the US, Italy, Spain and Pakistan, as indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Since proper preventive and curative measures in the form of a vaccine or medication are currently unavailable throughout the world, the only remedy devised to stop the spread of this virus is self-isolation. Such a measure necessitates ample awareness and understanding among people to avoid actions that lead to the spread of this virus. Pakistan is the fifth-most populous country in the world (212.2 million) and has a record of contagious outbreaks in the past. Therefore, it is key to evaluate the general understanding regarding the cause, spread and control of this disease in Pakistani population and acquire data to anticipate the possible spread and persistence of this disease to design relevant preventive measures. We have attempted to collect such data from professionals who are susceptible to acquiring the infection due to an unavoidable exposure. Keeping in view the current lock down, we have relied on an internet based collection of data by filling a self-designed questionnaire that is responded to by 1132. Descriptive and Frequency Analysis were performed on the responses received using MS Excel and SPSS software. A total of 1132 individuals responded to the questionnaire among which include academic (45.8%), non-academic (20.8%), healthcare (7.8%), security (5.9%) and other (19.7%) professionals. The questionnaire addressed the level of basic information regarding the cause, spread, cure and prevention of this disease among professionals, in an attempt to provide directions for awareness campaigns at different levels in Pakistan and provide a model for similar outbreaks in the future.To our expectations, almost after a month of the coronavirus outbreak in Pakistan, above 50% to up to 90% of the recorded responses against every question showed ample understanding regarding the cause, spread and control of the disease which is an indicator of effective public awareness campaigns throughout the country largely based on media drive.

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