scholarly journals Distributed Small-Scale Wind in New Zealand: Advantages, Barriers and Policy Support Instruments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Martin Barry
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Industry Growth

<p>Despite having one of the best wind resources in the world, New Zealand’s wind energy industry is growing at a slower rate than the OECD average. This is arguably due to a lack of appropriate government support, with industry development largely being left to the market. These conditions have created a wind industry with the following four characteristics: a trend toward large-scale wind farms (leading to increased local opposition), a small number of investors, a high geographic concentration of wind capacity and a limited local turbine manufacturing industry. These characteristics are arguably limiting the potential growth of New Zealand’s wind industry. This thesis investigates whether small-scale wind (SSW) farms can alleviate these limiting characteristics and thus provide for a higher rate of industry growth. The approach is to investigate the advantages of, barriers to, and most effective policy instruments for SSW internationally, and apply these to the New Zealand context. Local research was conducted through interviews with 19 energy industry stakeholders and a rural mail survey questionnaire, to which 338 people responded. Research found that SSW offers a number of advantages: significantly higher local public acceptance; facilitation of community ownership; the potential for distributed generation benefits and support for the local turbine manufacturing industry. Given these findings, it is argued that SSW can provide for a higher rate of industry growth in New Zealand. The key barriers constraining SSW in New Zealand are its high cost, obtaining resource consent, a high degree of perceived investment risk, the electricity pricing system and the electricity market structure. The feed-in tariff appears to be the best policy instrument to overcome these barriers, along with the provision of investment subsidies and the classification of SSW as a controlled activity under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA).</p>

scholarly journals Distributed Small-Scale Wind in New Zealand: Advantages, Barriers and Policy Support Instruments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Martin Barry
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Industry Growth

<p>Despite having one of the best wind resources in the world, New Zealand’s wind energy industry is growing at a slower rate than the OECD average. This is arguably due to a lack of appropriate government support, with industry development largely being left to the market. These conditions have created a wind industry with the following four characteristics: a trend toward large-scale wind farms (leading to increased local opposition), a small number of investors, a high geographic concentration of wind capacity and a limited local turbine manufacturing industry. These characteristics are arguably limiting the potential growth of New Zealand’s wind industry. This thesis investigates whether small-scale wind (SSW) farms can alleviate these limiting characteristics and thus provide for a higher rate of industry growth. The approach is to investigate the advantages of, barriers to, and most effective policy instruments for SSW internationally, and apply these to the New Zealand context. Local research was conducted through interviews with 19 energy industry stakeholders and a rural mail survey questionnaire, to which 338 people responded. Research found that SSW offers a number of advantages: significantly higher local public acceptance; facilitation of community ownership; the potential for distributed generation benefits and support for the local turbine manufacturing industry. Given these findings, it is argued that SSW can provide for a higher rate of industry growth in New Zealand. The key barriers constraining SSW in New Zealand are its high cost, obtaining resource consent, a high degree of perceived investment risk, the electricity pricing system and the electricity market structure. The feed-in tariff appears to be the best policy instrument to overcome these barriers, along with the provision of investment subsidies and the classification of SSW as a controlled activity under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA).</p>

Control of chironomid midge larvae in wastewater stabilisation ponds: comparison of five compounds

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (12) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Craggs ◽  
L. Golding ◽  
S. Clearwater ◽  
L. Susarla ◽  
W. Donovan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Valuable Component ◽  
Pre Treatment

Chironomid midge larvae are a valuable component of wastewater stabilisation pond (WSP) ecology. However, in high numbers, adult midge swarms can be a nuisance to near-by urban areas. Improving WSP treatment by incorporating aerobic or maturation ponds or by the addition of pre-treatment to reduce organic loading also increases the availability of aerobic sediment (midge larva habitat) in the pond system and the potential for midge nuisance problems. The efficacy of Maldison, an organophosphate traditionally used to control midge larvae in New Zealand WSPs, was compared to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti), Methoprene, Pyriproxyfen and Diflubenzuron which are all more specific to insects and have fewer adverse environmental effects. Initial laboratory trials established the concentration of each compound required to achieve 95% control of the midge population. During 21-day small-scale trials within the WSP, Bti, Diflubenzuron and Maldison reduced live larvae numbers substantially (80–89%) compared to controls and adult midge emergence was markedly reduced by all compounds (72–96%). Large-scale trials with Bti (Vectobac® WG) powder (1000 μg/L) only caused a slight reduction in midge larvae numbers compared to controls and had little effect on adult emergence, however, Methoprene (Prolink XRG granules) (50 μgAI/L) reduced midge adult emergence by ∼80% over 25 days and has been used successfully to control several midge nuisance outbreaks.

Scheduling Algorithms Using Metaheuristics for Production Processes with Crane Interference

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Tanizaki ◽  
Hideki Katagiri ◽  
António Oliveira Nzinga René ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Computer Experiments ◽  
Scheduling Algorithms ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Large Scale Problems ◽  
Operational Constraints ◽  
Short Time

This paper proposes scheduling algorithms using metaheuristics for production processes in which cranes can interfere with each other. There are many production processes that involve cranes in manufacturing industry, such as in the steel industry, so a general purpose algorithm for this problem can be of practical use. The scheduling problem for this process is very complicated and difficult to solve because the cranes must avoid interfering with each other plus each machine has its own operational constraints. Although several algorithms have been proposed for a specific problem or small-scale problem, general purpose algorithms that can be solved in real time (about 30 minutes or less) in the company’s production planning work have not been developed for large-scale problems. This paper develops some metaheuristic algorithms to obtain suboptimal solutions in a short time, and it confirms their effectiveness through computer experiments.

scholarly journals The first century of Phalaris aquatica L. cultivation and genetic improvement: a review

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Oram ◽  
V. Ferreira ◽  
R. A. Culvenor ◽  
A. A. Hopkins ◽  
A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Phalaris Aquatica ◽  
Seed Retention ◽  
The Usa

2006 marked the centenary of the commercial propagation of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) as a cultivated pasture plant, firstly in Australia, and soon after in New Zealand, South Africa, and North and South America. Small-scale evaluation of cv. Australian began in the Toowoomba Botanic Gardens, Queensland, in 1884. The first recorded large-scale production of seed was at the Glen Innes Research Farm of the NSW Department of Agriculture in February 1906. By 1908–15, several graziers in Australia and New Zealand sold seed widely within Australia, New Zealand, USA, Argentina, and South Africa. Factors affecting the utilisation of the original cultivar in Australia over the first half-century are reviewed. Thereafter, the need to extend the area of perennial pastures into regions unsuitable for cv. Australian led CSIRO and the US Department of Agriculture to collect germplasm widely in the Mediterranean region. Selection between and within Moroccan populations produced cvv. Sirocco and El Golea in Australia, and cv. Perla koleagrass in the USA. In Argentina, selection within cv. Australian produced the very successful, seed-retaining cv. Pergamino El Gaucho INTA, which was re-selected in Australia to produce cv. Seedmaster. The discovery of a single seed-retaining plant within a certified line of cv. Australian gave cv. Uneta, which had excellent seed retention because the rachillae of most seeds remained intact at maturity. In Australia, selection in populations derived from crosses between cv. Australian and Mediterranean ecotypes gave a succession of winter-active cultivars: Sirosa, Sirolan, Holdfast, Landmaster, Atlas PG, Advanced AT, and Holdfast GT. The latter 5 have Uneta-type seed retention, reduced tryptamine and tyramine alkaloids, and adaptation to different soil and climatic niches. Populations for the hotter, drier inland slopes of NSW are being field-tested. Also, a promising but unstable semi-dwarf line has been found: dwarfism appears to be caused by a transposable element. Breeding and selection programs in Argentina, several states of the USA, New Zealand, Israel, Tunisia, and Greece also produced cultivars with specific adaptations. Active breeding programs are continuing at Ardmore, OK, USA, and Pergamino, Argentina. A major remaining obstacle to the further improvement and utilisation of phalaris is the unknown chemical nature of the toxin(s) causing ‘sudden death’, which temporarily interfere with nitrogen metabolism in the brains of herbivores, especially ruminants.

scholarly journals PROTOTIPE INSTALASI PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN IKAN DI KECAMATAN MUNCAR, KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Setiyono . ◽  
Satmoko Yudo
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Industry Growth ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
High Level

Muncar region known as the area of the fish and the fish processing industry. Many of the fish processing industries in large scale, small scale and household at this time growing so rapidly. With the rapid growth of the fish processing industry in the Muncar city has provided a very significant impact on the city growth, which eventually brought the various impacts, whether they are positive or negative. One of the negative impact of processing industry growth in Muncar is environmental of pollution is the discharge of liquid waste from industrial fish-processing industry. Low level of understanding IPAL waste management system and cause difficulties to manage the waste, therefore almostall waste that generated in the region immediately removed to the public channels. Waste disposal without treatment is causing high level of environmental pollution in the vicinity of the location of industry. One effort to solve the problem of waste-processing technology is determine processingof waste water and fish processing, it has been done to test prototype installation processing waste water in one of the fish processing industry in the Muncar District. Key words : fish processing industry waste water, environmetal pollution, waste water processing prototype.

scholarly journals Unorthodox: An ancient tradition - A contemporary context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Anne Isaac
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Migrant Communities ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Sense Of Identity ◽  
Church Design ◽  
The Impact

<p>For decades, New Zealand historians and architects have sought answers to the question: What is New Zealand architecture? New Zealand longs for a place in the architectural world, seeking the significance of our buildings in the wider realm of world architecture. In 2016, in a presentation based on his book Worship: a history of New Zealand church design, Bill McKay suggested that perhaps, “our most interesting architecture lies in the intersections of our cultures”.  An opportunity is offered by the current shifts of New Zealand society where the impact of immigration on society is one of the most pressing issues that currently needs addressing. This thesis endeavours to explore the specific relationship between the heritage and culture of the existing Assyrian community and its context of Wellington, with reference to McKay’s suggestion that our most interesting architecture is birthed from the intersection of different cultures.  Socially speaking, sense of identity and place attachment play a vital role in the integration of migrant communities into their new home country. Recalling and employing elements of not only tangible Assyrian heritage, but also the intangible qualities found in traditional Assyrian architecture, has the potential to create the connection and enhance the sense of identity which allows for the feeling of belonging in migrants in their host society. This thesis focuses on the space of worship.   This project of an Assyrian Orthodox church building in New Zealand might reflect the life of the migrants who occupy it. Is it a replica of the traditional building in its original context, unchanged and uninfluenced by the shift to a new place? Or is it influenced and integrated; a building which can identify with the soil it stands on? Furthermore, if one considers that architecture reflects society, it is hoped that this design led research will participate in the discussion about New Zealand architecture’s unique identity and emerging new societal makeup.  This design led research discovers that creating a sense of belonging relies on both keeping aspects of the traditional and gaining influence from its new context. As focus shifts from the design of the building at a large scale to details and objects at a small scale, it becomes more important to reflect and retain the traditional qualities of the architecture. At a large scale, the building may be influenced by its context so as to be integrated into its new place, as if it belongs within its new urban fabric. As we move into the smaller scale in design, we draw closer to the body. It is these elements of the design which an occupant experiences more intimately, and through sensory experience and triggering memories of home, can help to create a feeling of belonging. The main findings of this research express the close relationship between architectural scales of intervention and the effects of individual and collective memory.</p>

scholarly journals Research on the Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Credit Risk Assessment of Minor Enterprises

CONVERTER ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 696-706
Author(s):  
Huichao Mi
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Learning Algorithms ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithms ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Data

Under the influence of COVID-19, minor enterprises, especially the manufacturing industry, are facing greater financial pressure and the possibility of non-performing loans is increasing. It is very important for financial institutions to reduce financial risks while providing financial support for minor enterprises to promote industrial development and economic recovery. In order to understand the function of machine learning algorithms in predicting enterprise credit risk, the research designs five models, including Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Naïve Bayesian, Support Vector Machine and Deep Neural Network, and adopts SMOTE and Undersampling to process imbalanced data. Experiments show that machine learning algorithms have high accuracy for both large-scale data and small-scale data.

An Overview on Pulp and Paper Manufacturing Process and its Waste Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1060-1064
Author(s):  
C. Arshiya ◽  
G. Aravind ◽  
S.Sangeetha Gandhi ◽  
A.Ajay Arokiyaraj ◽  
T.A. Saufishan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Paper Manufacturing

The pulp and paper industry has a great impact in the world. It has been manufactured for ages and ages, it is still booming up as industry in small scale and large scale levels. Despite the fact that they produce printing and writing papers, paper rolls, packaging material etc. they also produce large amount of waste materials from their Industry by Manufacturing. This when left untreated leads to environmental pollution, harsh contamination and so on. As every industry has its own waste water treatment methods to recycle, reuse and reduce pollution. This Industry also has its own criteria to carry out the process of waste water treatment, yet it lags in being efficient in it. By the sources collected and compared with other kinds of industries it is listed that pulp and paper manufacturing industry is one of the top most industries to produce large volumes of waste water which has degradable organics at higher level. Hence this paper aims to study the manufacturing process, waste water components released and its effect on environment, the treatment methods carried out and how it can be improvised efficiently in forthcoming days

Leave no one behind? Transitioning from the military to civilian life in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Andrew Cardow ◽  
Jean-Sebastien Imbeau ◽  
Bill Willie Apiata ◽  
Jenny Martin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Civilian Life ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Transition Experience ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Transition

Abstract Transition from the military environment into a civilian environment is a topic that has seen increasing attention within the last two decades. There is, in the literature, a clearly articulated issue that transition from the military to the civilian world is somewhat different to transitioning from school to work, or from career to career, or from work to retirement. Many, but not all, of the extant examples regarding military transition are case studies, focus groups or small-scale qualitative surveys. The following article details a large-scale survey that took place in New Zealand in 2019. From just over 1400 responses, a wide range of information was gathered. The aim of the survey was to uncover the experiences of military who had undergone transition within New Zealand. In this respect, the survey was exploratory. We report here the qualitative results that expand the existing body of knowledge of military transition. Our results are in line with international results and demonstrate that a large majority of respondents had a less than desirable transition experience. The contribution made therefore is a reinforcement that current practice in this area is needing a great deal of attention. The following outlines the experiences our New Zealand-based respondents had and how this mirrors the extant international literature. As this was the first survey of its kind to attract large numbers of respondents within New Zealand, the results and discussion that follow present aspects of transition that the Ministry of Defence and the New Zealand Defence Force may wish to consider when planning future transition programmes.

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