scholarly journals Social Aspects of Discussions Affect Capitulation and Susceptibility to False Memories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Yseult French
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Information ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Series Of Experiments

<p>People talk. People talk to entertain each other, to divulge news, and to gain support. Additionally, people talk about shared experiences to figure out what "really" happened. But does talking about the past change what we remember? That is the overarching question of the research presented in this thesis. People remember the same events in different ways; consequently, when people discuss the past, they might come across new information. To examine how discussion affects people's memories, we must know what happened during a target event and must create conflicts in the discussion to see how those conflicts affect people's memories. To overcome these challenges, I used the MORI technique to present different viewers with different movies on the same screen at the same time (Mori, 2003; 2007). The MORI technique allows people to feel that they have shared an experience--they sit side-by-side and ostensibly watch the same--yet systematic differences are introduced into their memories, and the effect of those differences can be tracked through discussion. I report a series of experiments that examine the efficacy of the MORI technique and investigate how different social factors contribute to false memories. Each experiment used a variation of the same basic three-stage procedure. First, pairs of people each unwittingly watched slightly different versions of an event. Next, pairs answered questions about the event together; some questions guided them to discuss details for which they had seen contradictory information. Finally, subjects completed a memory test individually to determine what each person really remembered about the event. In short, when people watched a movie via the MORI technique, they could see and remember the details of the movie (Experiments 1A and 1B), and they did not notice or implicitly remember details from the alternate (blocked) movie version--the version their partner saw (Experiments 3A and 3B). Additionally, discussion corrupted people's memories (Experiments 2A, 2B, 4, 5 and 6). 'People were influenced by their partner's suggestions: they falsely remembered details from their partner's version of the event, even though those details contradicted what they personally saw. Consistent with the Source Monitoring Framework, the corrupting influence of the discussion depended on social factors in the interaction (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993; Lindsay, 2008). For instance, people were more likely to remember false details that their romantic partner suggested than false details that a stranger suggested (Experiment 4). Additionally, leading people to believe that their counterpart's vision was better or worse than their own led them to be more or less influenced by their counterpart's false suggestions (Experiment 6). In sum, when people share an experience and discuss it they can come to remember seeing things that they were only told about after the event. In other words, corroboration does not equal accuracy. I discuss the possible-beneficial-mechanisms underlying these memory errors; draw parallels between my research and research on social influence, group remembering and transactive memory systems; discuss theoretical, methodological and practical implications, and suggest potential applications of my findings and avenues for future research.</p>

scholarly journals Social Aspects of Discussions Affect Capitulation and Susceptibility to False Memories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Yseult French
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Information ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Series Of Experiments

<p>People talk. People talk to entertain each other, to divulge news, and to gain support. Additionally, people talk about shared experiences to figure out what "really" happened. But does talking about the past change what we remember? That is the overarching question of the research presented in this thesis. People remember the same events in different ways; consequently, when people discuss the past, they might come across new information. To examine how discussion affects people's memories, we must know what happened during a target event and must create conflicts in the discussion to see how those conflicts affect people's memories. To overcome these challenges, I used the MORI technique to present different viewers with different movies on the same screen at the same time (Mori, 2003; 2007). The MORI technique allows people to feel that they have shared an experience--they sit side-by-side and ostensibly watch the same--yet systematic differences are introduced into their memories, and the effect of those differences can be tracked through discussion. I report a series of experiments that examine the efficacy of the MORI technique and investigate how different social factors contribute to false memories. Each experiment used a variation of the same basic three-stage procedure. First, pairs of people each unwittingly watched slightly different versions of an event. Next, pairs answered questions about the event together; some questions guided them to discuss details for which they had seen contradictory information. Finally, subjects completed a memory test individually to determine what each person really remembered about the event. In short, when people watched a movie via the MORI technique, they could see and remember the details of the movie (Experiments 1A and 1B), and they did not notice or implicitly remember details from the alternate (blocked) movie version--the version their partner saw (Experiments 3A and 3B). Additionally, discussion corrupted people's memories (Experiments 2A, 2B, 4, 5 and 6). 'People were influenced by their partner's suggestions: they falsely remembered details from their partner's version of the event, even though those details contradicted what they personally saw. Consistent with the Source Monitoring Framework, the corrupting influence of the discussion depended on social factors in the interaction (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993; Lindsay, 2008). For instance, people were more likely to remember false details that their romantic partner suggested than false details that a stranger suggested (Experiment 4). Additionally, leading people to believe that their counterpart's vision was better or worse than their own led them to be more or less influenced by their counterpart's false suggestions (Experiment 6). In sum, when people share an experience and discuss it they can come to remember seeing things that they were only told about after the event. In other words, corroboration does not equal accuracy. I discuss the possible-beneficial-mechanisms underlying these memory errors; draw parallels between my research and research on social influence, group remembering and transactive memory systems; discuss theoretical, methodological and practical implications, and suggest potential applications of my findings and avenues for future research.</p>

scholarly journals False Memories in Native and Foreign Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Dolgoarshinnaia ◽  
Beatriz Martin-Luengo
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Monitoring Task ◽  
Memory Functioning ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Processing Information ◽  
Memory Monitoring

Human memory is prone to memory errors and distortion. Evidence from studies on cognitive functions in bilinguals indicates that they might be prone to different types of memory errors compared to monolinguals; however, the effect of language in false memories is still understudied. Source monitoring processes required for proper memory functioning, presumably, rely on inhibitory control, which is also heavily utilized by bilinguals. Moreover, it is suggested that thinking in a second language leads to more systematic and deliberate reasoning. All these results lead to expect that bilinguals are more analytical when processing information in their second language overcoming some memory errors depending on the language of information. To test this hypothesis, we run a classical misinformation experiment with an explicit source monitoring task with a sample of Russian–English bilinguals. The language of the misinformation presentation did not affect the degree of the misinformation effect between the Russian and English languages. Source monitoring demonstrated an overall higher accuracy for attributions to the English source over the Russian source. Furthermore, analysis on incorrect source attributions showed that when participants misattributed the sources of false information (English or Russian narrative), they favored the Russian source over the not presented condition. Taken together, these results imply that high proficiency in the second language does not affect misinformation and that information processing and memory monitoring in bilinguals can differ depending on the language of the information, which seems to lead to some memory errors and not others.

scholarly journals Social Value Chains: A New Organizational Framework for Studies on State-Society Relations in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Han ◽  
Ji Ma ◽  
Zhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Value ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Sector ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Organizational Framework ◽  
New Framework

In the past three decades, a large number of studies has emerged to conceptualize the changing state-society relations in China. Yet, little attention has been paid to what kinds of social sector organizations these competing and conflicting studies were empirically examining or based upon. No synergy of the organizational foundations of these studies results in deep fragmentation and weak generalization of the arguments on state-society relations in China. To address this issue, this article systematically reviews organizational bases of extant literature on Chinese state-society relations, and then constructs an inclusive organizational framework, namely “social value chains”, by combining two mainstream organizational forms in existing research along with two understudied organizational types, as a new framework to guide future research on state-society relations in China. Social value chains include four types of social sector organizations: infrastructure organizations, financial organizations, support organizations, and operating organizations. In the end, this paper points out the potential applications of this new framework in future research.

scholarly journals Communication studies about sex: Implications for relationships, health, culture, and identity. A review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimmie Manning
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Sexual Satisfaction ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Sexual Communication ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Communication Studies ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Sex Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sex And Sexuality

This article features a review of communication scholarship about sex from the past two decades (2000-2020). A typographic analysis of relevant research reveals 11 primary topic areas related to how interpersonal sexual communication is commonly researched in communication studies. Six of these topic areas are relationship-oriented in nature: flirting and initiation; pleasure and desire; sexual expectations; relational and sexual satisfaction; communication after sex; and negative aspects of sex and sexuality. Three of the topics are health-oriented in nature: sex education, especially in consideration of how parent-child talk happens in families; negotiation of safe sex practices; and sexual dysfunction. Finally, two of the topics are cultural in nature: social factors and influences; and media influences and representations. Scholarship is also reviewed in terms of theoretical commitments, with most research following sociopsychological or critical traditions but with a noteworthy number also embracing sociocultural or biological paradigms. Based on these observations, five directions are offered for future research: supporting programs of interpersonal sex research; advancing and/or creating methods related to communication sex research; eliminating heteronormativity; considering the practical aspects of sex research; and, perhaps most importantly, theorizing sex as communication.

scholarly journals Memory Accuracy for Emotional and Neutral Narratives: Investigating the Influence of Suggestive Misinformation on the Frequency of False Memories

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1 and 2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Paige ◽  
Elizabeth Kensinger
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Memory Errors ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Memory Accuracy ◽  
New Information ◽  
Reconstructive Process ◽  
Negative Condition

Memory is a reconstructive process, impressionable and not always vigilant in detecting devices working against its accuracy. False memory occurs when memory for an event is infiltrated by new information or alterations are made to the information that was previously stored. The present study investigated the effect of emotional valence on false memory occurrence through the misinformation effect – memory errors that arise as a consequence of exposure to misleading information - by presenting participants with narratives in one of three valence conditions (negative, positive, neutral) and subjecting them to suggestive questions providing credulous misinformation following a one-hour delay. Results revealed that when collapsing across negative and positive conditions, overall false memory occurrences were significantly reduced for these narratives compared to the neutral condition. Some of the effects of emotion on memory accuracy were more pronounced for negative information than for positive or neutral information; response rates in the negative condition, as compared to the two other valence conditions, revealed an increase in hits and a decrease in false alarms suggesting negative valence enhances discriminability.

scholarly journals Chemical Insights Into the Synthetic Chemistry of Quinazolines: Recent Advances

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faisal ◽  
Aamer Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Heterocyclic Compounds ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Different Parts

In medicinal chemistry, one of the most significant heterocyclic compounds are quinazolines, possessing broad range of biological properties such as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-HIV, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic potencies. Owing to its numerous potential applications, in the past two decades, there is an increase in the importance of designing novel quinazolines, exploring promising routes to synthesize quinazolines, investigating different properties of quinazolines, and seeking for potential applications of quinazolines. The present review article describes synthesis of quinazolines via eco-friendly, mild, atom-efficient, multi-component synthetic strategies reported in the literature. The discussion is divided into different parts as per the key methods involved in the formation of quinazoline skeletons, aiming to provide readers an effective methodology to a better understanding. Consideration has been taken to cover the most recent references. Expectedly, the review will be advantageous in future research for synthesizing quinazolines and developing more promising synthetic approaches.

scholarly journals An Electrophysiological Dissociation between Orbitofrontal Reality Filtering and Context Source Monitoring

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Bouzerda-Wahlen ◽  
Louis Nahum ◽  
Maria Chiara Liverani ◽  
Adrian G. Guggisberg ◽  
Armin Schnider
Keyword(s):  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Early Period ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Behavioral Correlates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Memory Control ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Participants

Memory influences behavior in multiple ways. One important aspect is to remember in what precise context in the past a piece of information was acquired (context source monitoring). Another important aspect is to sense whether an upcoming thought, composed of fragments of memories, refers to present reality and can be acted upon (orbitofrontal reality filtering). Whether these memory control processes share common underlying mechanisms is unknown. Failures of both have been held accountable for false memories, including confabulation. Electrophysiological and imaging studies suggest a dissociation but used very different paradigms. In this study, we juxtaposed the requirements of context source monitoring and reality filtering within a unique continuous recognition task, which healthy participants performed while high-resolution evoked potentials were recorded. The mechanisms dissociated both behaviorally and electrophysiologically: Reality filtering induced a frontal positivity, absence of a specific electrocortical configuration, and posterior medial orbitofrontal activity at 200–300 msec. Context source monitoring had no electrophysiological expression in this early period. It was slower and less accurate than reality filtering and induced a prolonged positive potential over frontal leads starting at 400 msec. The study demonstrates a hitherto unrecognized separation between orbitofrontal reality filtering and source monitoring. Whereas deficient orbitofrontal reality filtering is associated with reality confusion in thinking, the behavioral correlates of deficient source monitoring should be verified with controlled experimental exploration.

Warnings Reduce False Memories for Missing Aspects of Events

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Gerrie ◽  
Maryanne Garry
Keyword(s):  
False Recognition ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Monitoring Framework

When people see movies with some parts missing, they falsely recognize many of the missing parts later. In two experiments, we examined the effect of warnings on people’s false memories for these parts. In Experiment 1, warning subjects about false recognition before the movie (forewarnings) reduced false recognition, but warning them after the movie (postwarnings) reduced false recognition to a lesser extent. In Experiment 2, the effect of the warnings depended on the nature of the missing parts. Forewarnings were more effective than postwarnings in reducing false recognition of missing noncrucial parts, but forewarnings and postwarnings were similarly effective in reducing false recognition of crucial missing parts. We use the source monitoring framework to explain our results.

Old-growth forest reserves in Slovenia: the past, present, and future

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (6) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Nagel ◽  
Jurij Diaci ◽  
Dusan Rozenbergar ◽  
Tihomir Rugani ◽  
Dejan Firm
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Forest Reserves ◽  
The Past ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Old-growth forest reserves in Slovenia: the past, present, and future Slovenia has a small number of old-growth forest remnants, as well as many forest reserves approaching old-growth conditions. In this paper, we describe some of the basic characteristics of these old-growth remnants and the history of their protection in Slovenia. We then trace the long-term development of research in these old-growth remnants, with a focus on methodological changes. We also review some of the recent findings from old-growth research in Slovenia and discuss future research needs. The conceptual understanding of how these forests work has slowly evolved, from thinking of them in terms of stable systems to more dynamic and unpredictable ones due to the influence of natural disturbances and indirect human influences. In accordance with this thinking, the methods used to study old-growth forests have changed from descriptions of stand structure to studies that address natural processes and ecosystem functions.

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