scholarly journals Investigating the Relationship Between the Therapeutic  Alliance and Treatment Outcome in Violent Offender  Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elizabeth C. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Therapeutic Alliance ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Violent Offender ◽  
Offender Treatment ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
Client Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

<p>The role of the therapeutic alliance (TA) has largely been ignored in the field of high-risk violent offender treatment. The focus on effective manualised treatment that reduces recidivism has led to improvements in treatment programme delivery, but at the cost of examining the therapy process. Considering previous research has consistently linked levels of alliance with treatment outcome in clinical and community treatment settings, it is imperative to investigate the role of the TA within high-risk violent offender treatment, because of the particularly challenging group that they represent. The aim of this thesis was to examine the relationship between the TA and treatment outcome, and the various factors that influence this relationship, within a violence prevention setting. To achieve this aim, a longitudinal study was conducted at the Rimutaka Violence Prevention Unit (RVPU) in Wellington, New Zealand, with a cohort of 70 men in treatment and their therapists, examining the TA, treatment outcome and associated variables over four time points throughout the eight month treatment programme. The results of this research are reported as four related studies. Study One explored the structure and patterns of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI). Study One Part A was a Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the WAI, which tested the competing models of the factor structure of the WAI and explored whether rater perspective (client, therapist, observer) had an effect on the structure. It was found that a two-factor structure was the best fit for the WAI, and that all rater perspectives shared this structure. Study One Part B explored the pattern of the WAI over the four time periods of this study in order 8 to understand how the WAI changes over time, and whether this pattern differed by rater perspective. The results confirmed that changes in all rater perspectives showed a linearly increasing pattern of alliance over time. Study Two explored the client factors that affect the initial formation of the TA and examined whether these factors were specific to an "offender" or "general" client profile informed by previous research. Two client factors specific to an offender profile - motivation to change and criminal attitudes - were found to be significantly associated with the initial formation of the TA. Study Three examined the relationship between the TA and treatment outcome, and explored whether there were any factors that co-varied with or moderated this relationship. A small but significant association between alliance and outcome was found; however no significant co-varying or moderating factors were discovered. Lastly, Study Four drew together the data from Study Two and Study Three and tested whether these results fit the Revised Theory of the Therapeutic Alliance (RTTA) model (Ross, Polaschek, & Ward, 2008), or other models previously reported in the literature. Several significant models were found that partly supported the RTTA. The best of these models incorporated client motivation to change, TA and treatment outcome as measured by change in risk of violent reoffending. Overall, the results of this study support the importance of the TA and client motivation to change in violent offender treatment. The implications for these results and the clinical applications are discussed, limitations are outlined, and directions for future research are suggested.</p>

scholarly journals Investigating the Relationship Between the Therapeutic  Alliance and Treatment Outcome in Violent Offender  Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Elizabeth C. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Therapeutic Alliance ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Violent Offender ◽  
Offender Treatment ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
Client Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

<p>The role of the therapeutic alliance (TA) has largely been ignored in the field of high-risk violent offender treatment. The focus on effective manualised treatment that reduces recidivism has led to improvements in treatment programme delivery, but at the cost of examining the therapy process. Considering previous research has consistently linked levels of alliance with treatment outcome in clinical and community treatment settings, it is imperative to investigate the role of the TA within high-risk violent offender treatment, because of the particularly challenging group that they represent. The aim of this thesis was to examine the relationship between the TA and treatment outcome, and the various factors that influence this relationship, within a violence prevention setting. To achieve this aim, a longitudinal study was conducted at the Rimutaka Violence Prevention Unit (RVPU) in Wellington, New Zealand, with a cohort of 70 men in treatment and their therapists, examining the TA, treatment outcome and associated variables over four time points throughout the eight month treatment programme. The results of this research are reported as four related studies. Study One explored the structure and patterns of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI). Study One Part A was a Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the WAI, which tested the competing models of the factor structure of the WAI and explored whether rater perspective (client, therapist, observer) had an effect on the structure. It was found that a two-factor structure was the best fit for the WAI, and that all rater perspectives shared this structure. Study One Part B explored the pattern of the WAI over the four time periods of this study in order 8 to understand how the WAI changes over time, and whether this pattern differed by rater perspective. The results confirmed that changes in all rater perspectives showed a linearly increasing pattern of alliance over time. Study Two explored the client factors that affect the initial formation of the TA and examined whether these factors were specific to an "offender" or "general" client profile informed by previous research. Two client factors specific to an offender profile - motivation to change and criminal attitudes - were found to be significantly associated with the initial formation of the TA. Study Three examined the relationship between the TA and treatment outcome, and explored whether there were any factors that co-varied with or moderated this relationship. A small but significant association between alliance and outcome was found; however no significant co-varying or moderating factors were discovered. Lastly, Study Four drew together the data from Study Two and Study Three and tested whether these results fit the Revised Theory of the Therapeutic Alliance (RTTA) model (Ross, Polaschek, & Ward, 2008), or other models previously reported in the literature. Several significant models were found that partly supported the RTTA. The best of these models incorporated client motivation to change, TA and treatment outcome as measured by change in risk of violent reoffending. Overall, the results of this study support the importance of the TA and client motivation to change in violent offender treatment. The implications for these results and the clinical applications are discussed, limitations are outlined, and directions for future research are suggested.</p>

Governing International Cooperation in Criminal Matters: The Role of the aut dedere aut judicare Principle

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Caligiuri
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Status ◽  
Criminal Matters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The aim of the study is to ascertain how the original Grotian formula ‘aut dedere aut punire’ has been implemented and evolved in international law. The first step is to classify the multilateral conventions that have accepted an aut dedere aut judicare clause. The goal is to bring out peculiarities of the different treaty texts, describing the relationship between the two options dedere and judicare, and the different obligations that arise for the contracting states. We will then examine the content of the two options, to define the legal boundaries within which the contracting states shall or may operate. At this point, we will focus on the legal nature of the aut dedere aut judicare principle that over time may have risen to the status of customary rule. The study will conclude with analysis of reactions to the breach of the aut dedere aut judicare clause by non-complying countries.

“Until the Day of His Death”

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (139) ◽  
pp. 52-74
Author(s):  
Henrique Espada Lima
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Human Aging ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Contractual Arrangements ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Slave Society ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article examines postmortem inventories and notarial records from Brazilian slaveholders in southern Brazil in the nineteenth century. By discussing selected cases in detail, it investigates the relationship between “precarious masters” (especially the poor and/or disabled, widows without family, and single elderly slaveholding women and men) and their slaves and former slaves to whom they bequeathed, in their testaments and final wills, manumission and property. The article reads these documents as intergenerational contractual arrangements that connected the masters’ expectations for care in illness and old age with the slaves’ and former slaves’ expectations for compensation for their work and dedication. Following these uneven relationships of interdependence and exploitation as they developed over time, the article suggests a reassessment of the role of paternalism in Brazil during the country’s final century of slavery. More than a tool to enforce relations of domination, paternalism articulated with the dynamics of vulnerability and interdependency as they changed over the life courses of both enslaved people and slave owners. This article shows how human aging became a terrain of negotiation and struggle as Brazilian slave society transformed throughout the nineteenth century.

Patterns of Symptom Distress in Adults Receiving Treatment for Lung Cancer

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Cooley ◽  
Thomas H. Short ◽  
Helene J. Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Symptom Distress ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Lung Cancer Patients ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Knowledge of the patterns of symptom distress in adults receiving treatment for lung cancer is an important first step in developing interventions that can potentially lessen symptom distress. The purposes of this secondary analysis were to describe the changes in patterns of symptom distress over time in adults receiving treatment for lung cancer, and to examine the relationship of selected demographic and clinical characteristics to symptom distress. Complete data were available for 117 patients. The patterns of symptom distress in adults receiving treatment for lung cancer varied between treatment groups and over time. Symptom distress scores were moderate to high on entry into the study, indicating that symptom management in newly diagnosed lung cancer patients is essential and should begin early in the course of illness. Moreover, clinical interventions should be tailored to the type of treatment. Various demographic and clinical variables were weak and inconsistent predictors of symptom distress, underscoring the importance of examining the role of psychosocial factors in mediating symptom distress.

Values and Political Predispositions in the Age of Polarization: Examining the Relationship between Partisanship and Ideology in the United States, 1988–2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert N. Lupton ◽  
Steven M. Smallpage ◽  
Adam M. Enders
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Mass Public ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The correlation between ideology and partisanship in the mass public has increased in recent decades amid a climate of persistent and growing elite polarization. Given that core values shape subsequent political predispositions, as well as the demonstrated asymmetry of elite polarization, this article hypothesizes that egalitarianism and moral traditionalism moderate the relationship between ideology and partisanship in that the latter relationship will have increased over time only among individuals who maintain conservative value orientations. An analysis of pooled American National Election Studies surveys from 1988 to 2012 supports this hypothesis. The results enhance scholarly understanding of the role of core values in shaping mass belief systems and testify to the asymmetric nature and mass public reception of elite cues among liberals and conservatives.

scholarly journals The Role of eu Agencies in Fighting Transnational Environmental Crime: New Challenges for Eurojust and Europol

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valsamis Mitsilegas ◽  
Fabio Giuffrida
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Environmental Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Environmental Crime ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The last decades have witnessed a growing emphasis on the relationship between environmental law and criminal law. Legislation aimed at tackling environmental crime has been adopted at national,eu, and international level and has been gradually evolving over time. These developments notwithstanding, the current legal framework faces a number of challenges in tackling the largely inter-related phenomena of transnational, organised and economic environmental crime. This study of Valsamis Mitsilegas and Fabio Giuffrida addresses these challenges by focusing on the role of the European Union- and more specifically its criminal justice agencies (Europol and Eurojust)- in tackling transnational environmental crime. The study analyses the role of Eurojust and Europol in supporting and coordinating the competent national authorities dealing with investigations and/or prosecutions on transnational environmental crime, and it shows that, for the time being, the full potential of these agencies is not adequately fulfilled with regard to fighting this phenomenon effectively.

Associations of caregiver-oncologist discordance in prognostic understanding with caregiver-reported therapeutic alliance and anxiety.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (31_suppl) ◽  
pp. 15-15
Author(s):  
Kah Poh Loh ◽  
Huiwen Xu ◽  
Ronald M. Epstein ◽  
Supriya Gupta Mohile ◽  
Holly Gwen Prigerson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Therapeutic Alliance ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Patient Death ◽  
System A ◽  
Caregiver Anxiety ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Clinical Trial Information

15 Background: Discordance in prognostic understanding between caregivers of adults with cancer and the patient’s oncologist is common. However, the relationship between caregiver-oncologist discordance and caregiver bereavement outcomes is unknown. We evaluated the associations of caregiver-oncologist discordance in beliefs about the patient’s curability and life expectancy with caregiver-reported therapeutic alliance and anxiety. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a multicenter study that assessed the effect of a communication intervention among patients with advanced cancer and their caregivers. Prior to intervention exposure, caregivers and oncologists were asked about their belief in the patient’s chances for cure and living ≥2 years: 100%, about 90%, about 75%, about 50/50, about 25%, about 10%, and 0%. Discordance was defined as a difference by 2 response levels on each prognostic understanding item. Outcomes at 7 months after patient death included caregiver-reported therapeutic alliance [modified 5-item Human Connection (THC) scale] and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7). We used multivariable linear regression models to assess the independent associations of discordance with therapeutic alliance and anxiety. Results: We included 97 caregivers (mean age 63, range 22-83). Approximately 40% of caregiver-oncologist dyads had discordant beliefs about curability (caregivers were more optimistic in 100% of dyads) and 63% had discordant beliefs about life expectancy (caregivers were more optimistic in 94% of dyads). On multivariate analysis, discordance in beliefs about prognostic estimates was associated with lower THC score (b = -6.94, SE 3.17, p = 0.03). Discordance in beliefs about curability was associated with lower anxiety levels (b = -1.79, SE 0.90, p = 0.05). Conclusions: Caregiver-oncologist discordance may decrease caregiver-reported therapeutic alliance and anxiety, both of which may shape how caregivers interact with the healthcare system. A better understanding the role of caregivers’ prognostic understanding will guide interventions to improve caregiver-oncologist therapeutic alliance and caregiver anxiety. Clinical trial information: NCT01485627.

scholarly journals The Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown on Athletes’ Subjective Vitality: The Protective Role of Resilience and Autonomous Goal Motives

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Martínez-González ◽  
Francisco L. Atienza ◽  
Inés Tomás ◽  
Joan L. Duda ◽  
Isabel Balaguer
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Subjective Vitality ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Mediational Role ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The lockdown resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a huge impact on peoples’ health. In sport specifically, athletes have had to deal with frustration of their objectives and changes in their usual training routines. The challenging and disruptive situation could hold implications for their well-being. This study examined the effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on changes in athletes’ reported eudaimonic well-being (subjective vitality) and goal motives (autonomous and controlled) over time (i.e., pre-lockdown and during lockdown). The relationship of resilience to changes in subjective vitality was also determined, and changes in athletes’ goal motives were examined as potential mediators. Participants were 127 Spanish university athletes aged between 18 and 34 years (M = 21.14; SD = 2.77). Approximately 4 months before the start of the lockdown in Spain (T1), athletes responded to a questionnaire assessing their resilience, goal motives, and subjective vitality. Around 6 months later into the lockdown period (T2), athletes’ goal motives and subjective vitality were assessed again. Growth modeling using hierarchical linear models revealed a significant decrease of autonomous goal motives and subjective vitality during the lockdown, but athletes did not show change over time in controlled goal motives. Path analysis, adjusting T2 measures for their corresponding T1 measures, showed that resilience significantly predicted changes in athletes’ autonomous goal motives, which then accounted for changes in subjective vitality. The indirect effect was significant. Resilience did not predict changes in athletes’ controlled goal motives. However, changes in controlled goal motives negatively predicted changes in subjective vitality during lockdown. The findings suggest negative impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown on athletes’ goal motives and eudaimonic well-being. Results also support the hypothesized mediational role of autonomous goal motives in the relationship between resilience and subjective vitality during the lockdown. As such, findings confirm the relevance of resilience to a key feature of athletes’ eudaimonic well-being and the importance of enhancing their autonomous goal striving.

scholarly journals Does perceived manager support reduce hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion? The mediating role of control over time and negative emotions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Chen ◽  
Yvette Green ◽  
Kim Williams
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Exhaustion ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Manager Support ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

PurposeSupervisory employees in the hotel industry experience high levels of emotional exhaustion. The current study aims to examine the impact of perceived manager support, perceived control over time and negative emotions at others on hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion. It further investigates the mediating role of perceived control over time and negative emotions at others on the relationship between perceived manager support and hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion.Design/methodology/approachPaper questionnaires were distributed at a hotel supervisor training seminar. A total of 155 usable responses were collected from hotel supervisors. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used for hypotheses testing.FindingsResults showed that perceived manager support and perceived control over time both were negatively associated with hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion. Negative emotions at others were positively related to hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion. Both perceived control over time and negative emotions at others were found to mediate the relationship between perceived manager support and hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion.Originality/valueThe study applied the job demand–resources model and the affective event theory to examine hotel supervisors' emotional exhaustion. The mediating role of perceived control over time and negative emotions at others added to the current knowledge of factors that are associated with hotel supervisory employees' emotional exhaustion.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurial thinking and action in opportunity development: A conceptual process model

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Tommy Høyvarde Clausen
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Translation Theory ◽  
Entrepreneurial Opportunities ◽  
Lateral Translation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Action ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

This article develops a conceptual process model of how founders develop entrepreneurial ideas into opportunities. Drawing on translation theory, I conceptualise opportunity development as a process of translation between three interlinked but distinct entities over time: ostensive ideas (abstract entrepreneurial ideas), performative ideas (context-specific entrepreneurial ideas) and venture offerings. Whereas ostensive and performative ideas reside in the realm of conceptual and entrepreneurial thinking, venture offerings reside in actual business worlds and entrepreneurial action. The model identifies learning about the abstract nature of the entrepreneurial idea itself (ostensive) through lateral translation and abstraction and separates this from developing a concrete manifestation of the idea in time and space (performative) through vertical translation and concretisation. This is different from the venture offering, which is a specific empirical translation of the performative idea. Entrepreneurs receive feedback about the viability of the venture offering from social interaction that influence further opportunity development. The model portrays opportunity development as a triple-looped process driven by distinct types of translation, lateral, vertical and empirical. It clarifies the relationship between entrepreneurial ideas and entrepreneurial opportunities and maps the role of thinking and action in this regard.

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