Factors predicting citizens’ risk tolerance regarding earthquakes

<p>People tolerate different levels of risk from different hazards in their day-to-day life. Perceptions of risks and the amount of risk mitigation people desire for different hazards vary. Previous research shows that the psychometric properties of different hazards predict the level of risk people tolerate for various hazards, but not for earthquakes. Risk tolerance is likely to also be affected by factors other than the psychometric properties of hazards. This research tested how earthquakes score on psychometric risk properties compared to five other hazards, and aimed to replicate previous research on the risk factors predicting risk tolerance. Secondly, the research aimed to test if other factors, namely framing effects, risk perception and fatalistic thinking predict risk tolerance for earthquakes. In Study 1, participants from Wellington, New Zealand (N = 139) rated six different hazards (nuclear power, smoking, alcohol, driving, flying and earthquakes) on several risk characteristics and measures of risk tolerance. The results showed that the different hazards were perceived differently in terms of risk tolerance and that participants thought different risk mitigation actions were appropriate for the six hazards. Factor analysis showed that factors derived from risk characteristics did not predict risk tolerance. Study 2 (N = 173) assessed the effects of framing messages, risk perception and fatalism on risk tolerance (judgments about the firmness of the legislation; willingness to pay tax) and judgments about who should pay. The frames had an effect on participants’ concern about the risk, but did not affect the other measures. Generally participants thought that the Government should pay for strengthening buildings, however, those participants who perceived damage as preventable (fatalism measure) thought that private owners should pay for strengthening.</p>

Factors predicting citizens’ risk tolerance regarding earthquakes

10.26686/wgtn.17008360 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Liv Henrich

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Psychometric Properties ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Risk Mitigation ◽

Risk Tolerance ◽

Risk Characteristics ◽

Tolerance Study ◽

Measures Of Risk ◽

The Government ◽

Stakeholders’ Risk Perception: A Perspective for Proactive Risk Management in Residential Building Energy Retrofits in China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su12072832 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 2832

Author(s):

Ling Jia ◽

Queena K. Qian ◽

Frits Meijer ◽

Henk Visscher

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Risk Perception ◽

Risk Mitigation ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Residential Building ◽

Building Energy ◽

Design Work ◽

Energy Retrofit ◽

Stakeholder Groups ◽

The implementation of energy retrofit of residential buildings faces many risks around the world, especially in China, leading to low retrofit progress. Stakeholders’ proactive risk management is the key to the smooth implementation of retrofit projects but is normally affected by risk perception. Perceived risks instead of real risks are the motivators of their proactive behaviours. This paper aims to understand and address the present risk perception of stakeholders in order to drive effective proactive risk mitigation practices. Based on a risk list identified through a literature review and interviews, a questionnaire survey was then made to analyse and compare different stakeholders’ perceptions of each risk by measuring the levels of their concern about risks. It is validated that all the stakeholder groups tend to mitigate risks perceived highly proactively. Proactive risk management of risk-source-related stakeholders deserves more attention and responsibility-sharing with transaction costs (TCs) considerations contribute to the enhancement of risk perception. More responsibilities of construction quality and maintenance is taken by the government and contractors should be clarified, and the government should also be responsible for assisting design work. Effective information is beneficial to the decrease in homeowners’ risk perception that can motivate their initiative of cooperation.

The Institutional Donor Perspective

10.1093/oso/9780199366088.003.0014 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Mary Kay Gugerty ◽

Dean Karlan

Keyword(s):

Social Problem ◽

Monitoring And Evaluation ◽

Risk Tolerance ◽

Data Requirements ◽

This chapter considers the perspective of institutional donors like foundations and government in right-fit monitoring and evaluation. Institutional donors may have different data needs than the organizations they fund. This may occur when a donor wants to use the same metrics across its entire portfolio; when a donor supports organizations addressing different aspects of a broad social problem; when donors and organizations have different levels of trust in organizational staff; when they have different views on how to best apply the CART principles; when they have different levels of risk tolerance or place different levels of priority on generating transportable knowledge; or, when donor data requirements create internal tension within organizations. The chapter then examines how Pay for Success (PFS) programs can help to harmonize funder and fundee data incentives, as well as some of the drawbacks of the PFS approach.

Fisheries: A Missing Link in Greenhouse Gas Emission Policies in South Korea

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13115858 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 5858

Author(s):

Kyumin Kim ◽

Do-Hoon Kim ◽

Yeonghye Kim

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Bioeconomic Model ◽

Negative Externalities ◽

Fishing Vessel ◽

Gas Emission ◽

Fishing Vessels ◽

The Government ◽

Recent studies demonstrate that fisheries are massive contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The average Korean fishing vessel is old, fuel-inefficient, and creates a large volume of emissions. Yet, there is little research on how to address the GHG emissions in Korean fisheries. This study estimated the change in GHG emissions and emission costs at different levels of fishing operations using a steady-state bioeconomic model based on the case of the Anchovy Tow Net Fishery (ATNF) and the Large Purse Seine Fishery (LPSF). We conclude that reducing the fishing efforts of the ATNF and LPSF by 37% and 8% respectively would not only eliminate negative externalities on the anchovy and mackerel stock respectively, but also mitigate emissions and emission costs in the fishing industry. To limit emissions, we propose that the Korean government reduce fishing efforts through a vessel-buyback program and set an annual catch limit. Alternatively, the government should provide loans for modernizing old fishing vessels or a subsidy for installing emission abatement equipment to reduce the excessive emissions from Korean fisheries.

Distrust in government and its relationship with mental health after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident

International Journal of Social Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0020764020968129 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002076402096812

Author(s):

Maiko Fukasawa ◽

Norito Kawakami ◽

Maki Umeda ◽

Tsuyoshi Akiyama ◽

Naoko Horikoshi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Power Plant ◽

Nuclear Power Plant ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Residential Area ◽

National Government ◽

Nuclear Power Plant Accident ◽

Fukushima Prefecture ◽

Background: Distrust in authorities has negative effects on mental health. Aims: In this study, we aimed to explore whether the impact of distrust in government on mental health became stronger in the area heavily affected by the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. Methods: We examined the effects of distrust in the national government on depressive symptoms three years after the accident among community residents in Fukushima prefecture using those in the Kanto area (the area surrounding Tokyo) as a control. A questionnaire survey was administered to a random sample of 1000 residents in Fukushima prefecture and 1650 residents in the Kanto area. Distrust in the national government was assessed using a four-point single-item scale. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The associations of residential area (i.e. living in Fukushima prefecture or in the Kanto area) and distrust in the national government with depressive symptoms were examined, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics and disaster-related experiences using multivariate linear regression analyses. We used the interaction term of residential area and distrust in the government to explore the difference in the association between the respondents in Fukushima prefecture and those in the Kanto area. Results: Valid responses were obtained from 976 (36.8%) residents. Distrust in the government was associated with depressive symptoms and the association was stronger in Fukushima prefecture than in the Kanto area. Conclusion: The deleterious effects of distrust in the government on mental health may become more serious after a nuclear power plant accident and require careful attention during support activities in an affected area.

The institutional structure for decommissioning Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant

Annals of the ICRP ◽

10.1177/01466453211015396 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 014664532110153

Author(s):

Hajimu Yamana

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Nuclear Power Plant ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Institutional Structure ◽

Legal Responsibility ◽

Radiological Protection ◽

Ministry Of Education ◽

Sports Science ◽

Fukushima Daiichi ◽

This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. This article describes the institutional structure established for decommissioning Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. To deal with the aftermath of the unprecedented nuclear accident in Fukushima, several responsible institutions such as Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) have worked together at the initiative of the Government of Japan. In this structure, Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings (TEPCO) implements the decommissioning due to its legal responsibility, while the essential direction and milestones are set by the Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters of the Government of Japan. Nuclear Damage Compensation and Decommissioning Facilitation Corporation, a government-affiliated organisation, oversees and facilitates the decommissioning by TEPCO, and the Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates safety from an independent standpoint. The main basic elements essential for the success of this long-term project have been developed, such as the technical strategy, financial system, and organisational capability. Decommissioning is making progress.

Psychological Factors Affecting Risk Perception of COVID-19: Evidence from Peru and China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18126513 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (12) ◽

pp. 6513

Author(s):

Fredy S. Monge-Rodríguez ◽

He Jiang ◽

Liwei Zhang ◽

Andy Alvarado-Yepez ◽

Anahí Cardona-Rivero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Risk Communication ◽

Online Survey ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Global Pandemic ◽

Negative Effect ◽

The Government ◽

Using Data ◽

Health Field

COVID-19 has spread around the world, causing a global pandemic, and to date is impacting in various ways in both developed and developing countries. We know that the spread of this virus is through people’s behavior despite the perceived risks. Risk perception plays an important role in decision-making to prevent infection. Using data from the online survey of participants in Peru and China (N = 1594), data were collected between 8 July 31 and August 2020. We found that levels of risk perception are relatively moderate, but higher in Peru compared to China. In both countries, anxiety, threat perception, self-confidence, and sex were found to be significant predictors of risk perception; however, trust in the information received by government and experts was significant only in Peru, whereas self-confidence had a significant negative effect only for China. Risk communication should be implemented through information programs aimed at reducing anxiety and improving self-confidence, taking into consideration gender differences. In addition, the information generated by the government should be based on empirical sources. Finally, the implications for effective risk communication and its impacts on the health field are discussed.

Model-Driven Architectural Framework towards Safe and Secure Nuclear Power Reactors

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21155136 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 5136

Author(s):

Bassem Ouni ◽

Christophe Aussagues ◽

Saadia Dhouib ◽

Chokri Mraidha

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Power ◽

Nuclear Reactors ◽

System Development ◽

Levels Of Abstraction ◽

Model Driven ◽

Case System ◽

Architectural Framework ◽

Performance Check ◽

High Level ◽

Sensor-based digital systems for Instrumentation and Control (I&C) of nuclear reactors are quite complex in terms of architecture and functionalities. A high-level framework is highly required to pre-evaluate the system’s performance, check the consistency between different levels of abstraction and address the concerns of various stakeholders. In this work, we integrate the development process of I&C systems and the involvement of stakeholders within a model-driven methodology. The proposed approach introduces a new architectural framework that defines various concepts, allowing system implementations and encompassing different development phases, all actors, and system concerns. In addition, we define a new I&C Modeling Language (ICML) and a set of methodological rules needed to build different architectural framework views. To illustrate this methodology, we extend the specific use of an open-source system engineering tool, named Eclipse Papyrus, to carry out many automation and verification steps at different levels of abstraction. The architectural framework modeling capabilities will be validated using a realistic use case system for the protection of nuclear reactors. The proposed framework is able to reduce the overall system development cost by improving links between different specification tasks and providing a high abstraction level of system components.

Risk Perception and Anxiety Regarding Radiation after the 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident: A Systematic Qualitative Review

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph14111306 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (11) ◽

pp. 1306 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Yoshitake Takebayashi ◽

Yuliya Lyamzina ◽

Yuriko Suzuki ◽

Michio Murakami

Keyword(s):

Risk Perception ◽

Power Plant ◽

Nuclear Power Plant ◽

Nuclear Power ◽

Nuclear Power Plant Accident ◽

Qualitative Review

Principal operators' farm risk attitudes in hot and cold climates

Agricultural Finance Review ◽

10.1108/afr-06-2021-0087 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Zia Wahdat ◽

Michael Gunderson

Keyword(s):

Risk Mitigation ◽

Risk Attitude ◽

Cold Climate ◽

Risk Attitudes ◽

Ordered Logit ◽

Climate Classification ◽

Content Type ◽

Hot Climate ◽

The Us ◽

PurposeThe study investigates whether there is an association between climate types and farm risk attitudes of principal operators.Design/methodology/approachThe study exploits temperature variation in the diverse climate types across the US and defines hot- and cold-climate states. Ordered logit and generalized ordered logit models are used to model principal operators' farm risk attitudes, which are measured on a Likert scale. The study uses two datasets. The first dataset is a 2017 survey of US large commercial producers (LCPs). The second dataset provides a Köppen-Geiger climate classification of the US at a spatial resolution of 5 arcmin for a 25-year period (1986–2010).FindingsThe study finds that principal operators in hot-climate states are 4–5% more likely to have a higher willingness to take farm risk compared to principal operators in cold-climate states.Research limitations/implicationsIt is likely that farm risk mitigation decisions differ between hot- and cold-climate states. For instance, the authors show that corn acres' enrollment in federal crop insurance and computers' usage for farm business are pursued more intensely in cold-climate states than in hot-climate states. A differentiation of farm risk attitude by hot- and cold-climate states may help agribusiness, the government and economists in their farm product offerings, farm risk management programs and agricultural finance models, respectively.Originality/valueBased on Köppen-Geiger climate classification, the study introduces hot- and cold-climate concepts to understand the relationship between climate types and principal operators' farm risk attitudes.