scholarly journals Prefabricated Futures: Adaptable and productive construction methods for New Zealand dwellings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mitchell Holden
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Package Design ◽  
Home Owner ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Physical Scale ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Roof Panel ◽  
Traditional Construction

<p>The traditional construction method of the New Zealand home has remained largely unchanged over the last century. These housing solutions that have supported our nation no longer suffice and the ‘young home owner’ is becoming a distant dream. New Zealand needs homes, and fast. Specialised trades create fragmentation in construction. This results in inefficient processes that divide the stages of constructing a home. What lacks in these instances is accessibility to design. Architects tend to focus on one-off, bespoke builds, whilst transportable home companies create generic, minimum spec designs. It can be argued that current prefabricated solutions are not complete, requiring sub-trades and work onsite that causes delays and construction related setbacks.  Investigation into a key historic precedent has driven this research. This demonstrates that attempts have been made to change the housing model in New Zealand with some success. The precedent aligns with past notions in considering core parts of the home as products. This can create efficiencies in construction. The current demand for housing provides the perfect opportunity to reboot the method in which we build.  This thesis questions how offsite panel assemblies can create a complete prefabricated housing product and improve construction efficiencies. This will still offer architectural choice.  BIM (Building Information Modelling) and parameter driven design are used as a vehicle to demonstrate how more efficient, more collaborative and more controlled design approaches can be developed in order to create a complete construction package.  Design-led research involving constant scale model testing and development led to my prefabricated wall panel design. Named the LapLock panel, I have developed a complete wall, floor and roof panel product system. Designed to be fully fabricated from structure to claddings and services in factory. This produces ruthless efficiencies onsite. The work utilises BIM in the form of Revit and takes advantage of parameter driven families to allow for fast manipulation and output of drawings for panels. A constant conversation between analogue and digital tools (in the form of physical scale models and Revit) strengthened the understandings of the limitations throughout the research.  This thesis offers a new way of considering how New Zealand builds homes. By introducing adaptable and efficient panels that are complete on arrival to site, the Laplock solution provides accessible architectural choice to clients. This future-proofs the construction of the New Zealand home.</p>

scholarly journals Prefabricated Futures: Adaptable and productive construction methods for New Zealand dwellings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mitchell Holden
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Package Design ◽  
Home Owner ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Physical Scale ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Roof Panel ◽  
Traditional Construction

<p>The traditional construction method of the New Zealand home has remained largely unchanged over the last century. These housing solutions that have supported our nation no longer suffice and the ‘young home owner’ is becoming a distant dream. New Zealand needs homes, and fast. Specialised trades create fragmentation in construction. This results in inefficient processes that divide the stages of constructing a home. What lacks in these instances is accessibility to design. Architects tend to focus on one-off, bespoke builds, whilst transportable home companies create generic, minimum spec designs. It can be argued that current prefabricated solutions are not complete, requiring sub-trades and work onsite that causes delays and construction related setbacks.  Investigation into a key historic precedent has driven this research. This demonstrates that attempts have been made to change the housing model in New Zealand with some success. The precedent aligns with past notions in considering core parts of the home as products. This can create efficiencies in construction. The current demand for housing provides the perfect opportunity to reboot the method in which we build.  This thesis questions how offsite panel assemblies can create a complete prefabricated housing product and improve construction efficiencies. This will still offer architectural choice.  BIM (Building Information Modelling) and parameter driven design are used as a vehicle to demonstrate how more efficient, more collaborative and more controlled design approaches can be developed in order to create a complete construction package.  Design-led research involving constant scale model testing and development led to my prefabricated wall panel design. Named the LapLock panel, I have developed a complete wall, floor and roof panel product system. Designed to be fully fabricated from structure to claddings and services in factory. This produces ruthless efficiencies onsite. The work utilises BIM in the form of Revit and takes advantage of parameter driven families to allow for fast manipulation and output of drawings for panels. A constant conversation between analogue and digital tools (in the form of physical scale models and Revit) strengthened the understandings of the limitations throughout the research.  This thesis offers a new way of considering how New Zealand builds homes. By introducing adaptable and efficient panels that are complete on arrival to site, the Laplock solution provides accessible architectural choice to clients. This future-proofs the construction of the New Zealand home.</p>

scholarly journals Roughness Lengths for Momentum and Heat Derived from Outdoor Urban Scale Models

2007 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1067-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kanda ◽  
M. Kanega ◽  
T. Kawai ◽  
R. Moriwaki ◽  
H. Sugawara
Keyword(s):  
Wind Direction ◽  
Roughness Length ◽  
Scale Dependence ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Physical Scale ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Roughness Lengths ◽  
Urban Sites ◽  
Obstacle Height

Abstract Urban climate experimental results from the Comprehensive Outdoor Scale Model (COSMO) were used to estimate roughness lengths for momentum and heat. Two different physical scale models were used to investigate the scale dependence of the roughness lengths; the large scale model included an aligned array of 1.5-m concrete cubes, and the small scale model had a geometrically similar array of 0.15-m concrete cubes. Only turbulent data from the unstable boundary layers were considered. The roughness length for momentum relative to the obstacle height was dependent on wind direction, but the scale dependence was not evident. Estimated values agreed well with a conventional morphometric relationship. The logarithm of the roughness length for heat relative to the obstacle height depended on the scale but was insensitive to wind direction. COSMO data were used successfully to regress a theoretical relationship between κB−1, the logarithmic ratio of roughness length for momentum to heat, and Re*, the roughness Reynolds number. Values of κB−1 associated with Re* for three different urban sites from previous field experiments were intercompared. A surprising finding was that, even though surface geometry differed from site to site, the regressed function agreed with data from the three urban sites as well as with the COSMO data. Field data showed that κB−1 values decreased as the areal fraction of vegetation increased. The observed dependency of the bulk transfer coefficient on atmospheric stability in the COSMO data could be reproduced using the regressed function of Re* and κB−1, together with a Monin–Obukhov similarity framework.

scholarly journals Retrofitting of Pressurized Sand Traps in Hydropower Plants

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 2515
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Richter ◽  
Kaspar Vereide ◽  
Gašper Mauko ◽  
Ola H. Havrevoll ◽  
Josef Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Cfd Simulations ◽  
Trap Efficiency ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
Sand Trap ◽  
Physical Scale ◽  
Scale Models

Unlined pressure tunnels in sound rock, combined with pressurized sand traps at the downstream end, allow for low-cost construction of hydropower tunnel systems. This design concept is utilized in hydropower plants across the world. Currently, many such power plants are being upgraded with higher installed capacity, which may result in challenges with the sand trap efficiency. A physical scale model test, accompanied by 3D CFD simulations of a case study pressurized sand trap, has been studied for economic retrofitting. The geometric model scale is 1:36.67 while the velocity scale and sediment scale are 1:1 (same average flow velocity and sediment size in model and prototype). This is currently an uncommon scaling approach but with several advantages, as presented in this paper. Various options for retrofitting were investigated. A combined structure of ramp and ribs was found to significantly improve the sediment trap efficiency. The main novelties from this work are the proposed design of the combined ramp and rib structure. Secondary results include an efficient setup for physical scale models of pressurized sand traps and a methodology that combines the benefits of 3D CFD simulations with physical scale models testing for sand trap engineering and design.

scholarly journals Sustainable BIM-Based Construction Engineering Education Curriculum for Practice-Oriented Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanghyo Lee ◽  
Joosung Lee ◽  
Yonghan Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Information Modeling ◽  
Construction Engineering ◽  
Educational Curriculum ◽  
Construction Companies ◽  
Process Innovations ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
New Information ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Traditional Construction ◽  
Productivity Gains

The latest IT technology integration movements, such as building information modeling (BIM), have engendered changes in the technology and participatory organizations in the construction industry, which have resulted in process innovations and productivity gains. BIM lays the foundation for using a variety of new information that is not applicable to traditional construction methods. Construction companies are applying such information to various analyses, simulations, and learning and education projects to stimulate innovation. In Korea, however, since BIM was introduced in 2008, it has been used in various ways across diverse fields, but its contribution remains minimal. This is due to the inadequate competence level of BIM managers, who emerge from a system incapable of adequately educating BIM managers. In other words, the curriculum has not been able to impart the BIM skills necessary to accommodate the requirements of the industry. Only the most basic BIM modeling course is offered, and even such a course is dependent on external instructors. This creates a gap with the existing construction engineering educational curriculum. This study proposes a BIM-based construction engineering educational curriculum that has not been attempted before to overcome these limitations and generate a BIM workforce to cater to the industry.

scholarly journals CONSTRUINDO MAQUETES - UMA ESTRATÉGIA DIDÁTICA INTERDISCIPLINAR NO EIXO GEOMETRIAS: ESPAÇO E FORMA

EAD em FOCO ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Denize Ott Felcher ◽  
Crisna Daniela Krause Bierhalz ◽  
Lisete Funari Dias
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Strategy ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Virtual Learning Environment ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Learning Centers ◽  
Physical Scale ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Interdisciplinary Theory

Este trabalho tem por objetivo socializar e discutir os resultados de aprendizagem relacionados a uma estratégia didática: a construção de maquetes virtuais e físicas propostas no Curso de Licenciatura em Matemática a Distância (CLMD), da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Projeto Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB3/ PARFOR), no segundo semestre de 2012. O currículo, organizado por Eixos Temáticos, tem seu planejamento com enfoque interdisciplinar. O foco deste trabalho é o Eixo Geometrias: Espaço e Forma. A base teórica deste trabalho utiliza a teoria da interdisciplinaridade, apoiada em Almeida e Passini (2002), Oliveira e Velasco (2007), Lenoir (2012), Trindade (2013) e Mello (1998). A pesquisa caracteriza-se metodologicamente como um estudo de caso, com análise qualitativa sobre dados coletados no Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (Moodle), tais como os blogs dos polos e os registros nos portfólios virtuais, um dos instrumentos de avaliação propostos. Utiliza-se, para esta análise, a metodologia da Análise Documental (Ludke e Andre, 1986). Destaca-se, como resultado, que a estratégia didática ultrapassou os objetivos estabelecidos pelos professores, pois além dos conceitos geométricos, de física e de educação ambiental, a construção da maquete envolveu conhecimentos históricos e culturais da região em um trabalho colaborativo. Foi uma experiência significativa, segundo os registros dos próprios alunos pois, além de servir para construção da sua aprendizagem, a maquete foi utilizada pelos alunos que já atuam como professores nas suas práticas pedagógicas.Palavras-Chave: Educação a Distância; Maquete; Interdisciplinaridade. Aprendizagem significativa. Building Maquetes: Interdisciplinary Teaching Strategy in Axle and Shape of Space Geometry UFPel Abstract This paper aims at socializing and discussing the learning outcomes related to a teaching strategy: the construction of virtual and physical scale models proposed in the Mathematics Degree Distance Course (CLMD), from Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Project Open University in Brazil (UAB3/PARFOR) in the second half of 2012. The curriculum is organized by Thematic Groups, with interdisciplinary focus. The focus of this work is the Axis Geometries: Space and Shape. The theoretical basis of this work uses the interdisciplinary theory, supported by Almeida and Passini (2002), Oliveira and Velasco (2007), Lenoir (2012), Trindade (2013) and Mello (1998). The research is conducted methodologically as a case-study with a qualitative analysis of data collected in the Virtual Learning Environment (Moodle), such as learning centers blogs and records from the virtual portfolios, which are some of the proposed assessment tools. For this analysis, it is used the Document Analysis (LUDKE and ANDRE, 1986) methodology. It is important to emphasize that, as a result, the teaching strategy exceeded the objectives set by teachers, because, besides the geometrical concepts, physical and environmental education, the process of building a scale model has involved the places historical and cultural knowledge in a collaborative work. It was a meaningful experience, according to the students because, besides serving for the construction of their learning, the scale model was used by students who are working already as teachers in their pedagogical practice.Keywords: Distance Education; Mockup; Interdisciplinary; Meaningful learning.

scholarly journals Application of an improved global-scale groundwater model for water table estimation across New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogier Westerhoff ◽  
Paul White ◽  
Gonzalo Miguez-Macho
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydraulic Head ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Model Equations

Abstract. Many studies underline the importance of groundwater assessment at the larger, i.e., global, scale. The large-scale models used for these assessments are often simplified and typically not used for smaller-scale, i.e., catchment-scale, studies, because hydrology and water policy are traditionally best constrained at the catchment scale, and because large-scale models are too uncertain for that scale. However, smaller-scale groundwater models can still have considerable uncertainty, especially in data-sparse areas. There is a potential for larger-scale models to constrain the uncertainty for small-scale models. That is because they can provide an extra source of information in data-sparse areas, such as the initial estimate of hydraulic head. Large-scale models, often quick and simple, can thus take away some of the computational burden of local and more sophisticated applications. The problem of this approach is that model uncertainty of large-scale models is often too large, because the quality of their, coarse and global-scale, input data is large, and often inconsistent with the input data of local models. What is needed is an approach where large-scale and local models can meet in the middle. This study uses an existing, global-scale, groundwater flow model. It feeds that model with national input data of New Zealand terrain, geology, and recharge. It then builds the first New-Zealand national-scale groundwater model. The resulting nationwide maps of hydraulic head and water table depths show that the model points out the main alluvial aquifers with fine spatial detail (200m grid resolution). The national input data and finer spatial detail result in better and more realistic variations of water table depth than the original, global-scale, model outputs. In two regional case studies in New Zealand, the hydraulic head matches the available groundwater level data well. The nationwide water tables show that the model is mostly driven by the elevation (gravity) and impeded by the geology (permeability). The use of this first New Zealand-wide model can aid in provision of water table estimates in data-sparse regions. The national model can also be used to solve inconsistency of models in areas of trans-boundary aquifers, i.e., aquifers that cover more than one region in New Zealand. Shortcomings of the model are caused by the simplified model properties, but also by the accuracy of input data. Future research should therefore not only focus on further improvements of model equations, but also improved estimation of hydraulic conductivity and the digital elevation model, especially in areas of shallow groundwater level. We further surmise that the findings of this study, i.e., application of a global-scale models at smaller-scales, will lead to subsequent improvement of the global-scale model equations.

DESIGN-BUILD: AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR ARCHITECTURE STUDIO EDUCATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Mohareb ◽  
Sara Maassarani
Keyword(s):  
Material Selection ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Design Project ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Physical Scale ◽  
Design Build ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Education Process ◽  
Real Target

Current architecture studios are missing an important phase in the education process, which is constructing the students’ conceptual ideas on a real physical scale. The design-build approach enables the students to test their ideas, theories, material selection, construction methods, environmental constraints, simulation results, level of space functionality and other important aspects when used by real target clients in an existing context. This paper aims to highlight the importance of using the design-build method through discussing a design project case study carried out by the Masters of Architecture design programme students at Beirut Arab University, who have built prototype units for refugees on a 1:1 scale.

scholarly journals The Winter Habitat Selection of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) Based on a Multi-Scale Model

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2454
Author(s):  
Yue Sun ◽  
Yanze Yu ◽  
Jinhao Guo ◽  
Minghai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Optimal Scale ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Selection Of

Single-scale frameworks are often used to analyze the habitat selections of species. Research on habitat selection can be significantly improved using multi-scale models that enable greater in-depth analyses of the scale dependence between species and specific environmental factors. In this study, the winter habitat selection of red deer in the Gogostaihanwula Nature Reserve, Inner Mongolia, was studied using a multi-scale model. Each selected covariate was included in multi-scale models at their “characteristic scale”, and we used an all subsets approach and model selection framework to assess habitat selection. The results showed that: (1) Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the response scale of red deer to environmental factors was different among different covariate. The optimal scale of the single covariate was 800–3200 m, slope (SLP), altitude (ELE), and ratio of deciduous broad-leaved forests were 800 m in large scale, except that the farmland ratio was 200 m in fine scale. The optimal scale of road density and grassland ratio is both 1600 m, and the optimal scale of net forest production capacity is 3200 m; (2) distance to forest edges, distance to cement roads, distance to villages, altitude, distance to all road, and slope of the region were the most important factors affecting winter habitat selection. The outcomes of this study indicate that future studies on the effectiveness of habitat selections will benefit from multi-scale models. In addition to increasing interpretive and predictive capabilities, multi-scale habitat selection models enhance our understanding of how species respond to their environments and contribute to the formulation of effective conservation and management strategies for ungulata.

scholarly journals Multiphasic Study of Fluid-Dynamics and the Thermal Behavior of a Steel Ladle during Bottom Gas Injection Using the Eulerian Model

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
Antonio Urióstegui-Hernández ◽  
Pedro Garnica-González ◽  
José Ángel Ramos-Banderas ◽  
Constantin Alberto Hernández-Bocanegra ◽  
Gildardo Solorio-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Steel Slag ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Discrete Ordinates ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Steel Ladle ◽  
Physical Scale

In this work, the fluid dynamic and thermal behavior of steel was analyzed during argon gas stirring in a 140-t refining ladle. The Eulerian multiphase mathematical model was used in conjunction with the discrete ordinates (DO) thermal radiation model in a steel-slag-argon system. The model was validated by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and the analysis of the opening of the oil layer in a physical scale model. The effect of Al2O3 and Mg-C as a refractory in the walls was studied, and the Ranz-Marshall and Tomiyama models were compared to determine the heat exchange coefficient. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between these heat exchange models; likewise, the radiation heat transfer model adequately simulated the thermal behavior according to plant measurements, finding a thermal homogenization time of the steel of 2.5 min for a gas flow of 0.45 Nm3·min−1. Finally, both types of refractory kept the temperature of the steel within the ranges recommended in the plant; however, the use of Al2O3 had better heat retention, which would favor refining operations.

Validating Numerical CFD Simulations With Experimental Data for Turbulence Phenomena in Axial Flow Gas Turbine Diffusers

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrokh Zarifi-Rad ◽  
Hamid Vajihollahi ◽  
James O’Brien
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Pressure Profiles ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Inlet Conditions

Scale models give engineers an excellent understanding of the aerodynamic behavior behind their design; nevertheless, scale models are time consuming and expensive. Therefore computer simulations such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are an excellent alternative to scale models. One must ask the question, how close are the CFD results to the actual fluid behavior of the scale model? In order to answer this question the engineering team investigated the performance of a large industrial Gas Turbine (GT) exhaust diffuser scale model with performance predicted by commercially available CFD software. The experimental results were obtained from a 1:12 scale model of a GT exhaust diffuser with a fixed row of blades to simulate the swirl generated by the last row of turbine blades five blade configurations. This work is to validate the effect of the turbulent inlet conditions on an axial diffuser, both on the experimental front and on the numerical analysis approach. The object of this work is to bring forward a better understanding of velocity and static pressure profiles along the gas turbine diffusers and to provide an accurate experimental data set to validate the CFD prediction. For the CFD aspect, ANSYS CFX software was chosen as the solver. Two different types of mesh (hexagonal and tetrahedral) will be compared to the experimental results. It is understood that hexagonal (HEX) meshes are more time consuming and more computationally demanding, they are less prone to mesh sensitivity and have the tendancy to converge at a faster rate than the tetrahedral (TET) mesh. It was found that the HEX mesh was able to generate more consistent results and had less error than TET mesh.

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