scholarly journals Virtudes epidémicas reflexivas. El conocimiento como una cuestión de confianza

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Manuel Liz

Resumen De acuerdo a Ernest Sosa, el conocimiento re exivo debería ser capaz de integrar al- gunas circularidades epistémicas como fuentes virtuosas de conocimiento. Argumen- taremos que tal conocimiento re exivo tiene que estar basado en ciertas capacidades para delegar y aplazar de manera adecuada la justi cación de nuestras creencias de primer orden. También argumentaremos que entender esas capacidades comunitarias y temporales como constituyendo virtudes epistémicas re exivas nos conduce fuera de cualquier concepción criterial del conocimiento. Para estas concepciones, conocer siempre requiere saber que se han satisfecho determinados criterios. Si el conoci- miento propiamente humano inevitablemente necesita alguna dosis de re exión, y si nuestro conocimiento re exivo necesariamente depende del ejercicio virtuoso de ciertas capacidades para delegar y aplazar la justi cación, entonces en último término el conocimiento no puede ser criterial. El conocimiento humano es más bien una cuestión de con anza Palabras clave: Conocimiento; criterios; perspectiva epistémica; circularidad epistémica; conocimiento animal; conocimiento re exivo; ascenso epistémico; virtu- des epistémicas re exivas; delegación de la justi cación; aplazamiento de la justicación. AbstractAccording to Ernest Sosa, re ective knowledge would have to be able to integrate some epistemic circularities as virtuous sources of knowledge. We will argue that such re ective knowledge has to be based on some capacities for delegating and relegating in adequate ways the justi cation of our rst-order beliefs. Also, we will argue that to understand those communitarian and temporal capacities as constituting re ective epistemic virtues leads us outside any criterial conception of knowledge. For these conceptions, knowing always requires to know that certain criteria are ful lled. If human knowledge worth of the name unavoidably needs some amount of re ection, and if our re ective knowledge necessarily depends on virtuous delegation and deferring, then at the end of the day knowledge cannot be criterial. Human knowledge is rather a matter of trust.Keywords: Knowledge; criteria; epistemic perspective; epistemic circularity; animal knowledge; re ective knowledge; epistemic ascent; re ective epistemic virtues; delegation of justi cation; deferring of justication.  

Episteme ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Williams

AbstractUnlike animal knowledge, mature human knowledge is not a natural phenomenon. This claim is defended by examining the concept of such knowledge and showing that it is best analysed in deontic terms. To be knowledgeable is to possess epistemic authority. Such authority is assessable in two dimensions. The first is contextually appropriate truth-reliability. The second is epistemic responsibility in three senses of “responsibility”: accountability, due diligence and liability to sanction. The fact that knowledge can be impugned by non-culpable unreliability shows that, with respect to loss of authority, liability is strict. This entails that mature human knowledge requires some degree of epistemic self-consciousness: in particular, the conceptual capacities for critically examining one's beliefs. Arguments advanced by Kornblith for the claim that there is a vicious regress involved in this requirement are shown to depend on under-described examples. When the examples are fleshed out, we see that the “critical reflection” requirement does not demand constant self-monitoring but only the capacity to recognize and respond to appropriate epistemic queries. Recognizing that the practice of justifying one's beliefs conforms to a default and query structure also dispels the illusion that insisting that epistemic subjects have some sense of their own epistemic powers involves an unpalatable form of epistemic circularity.


Author(s):  
Hugo Amarillo ◽  
Natalia Di Primio ◽  
Nicolas Yromey ◽  
Luis Montilla ◽  
Roberto Manson
Keyword(s):  
De Re ◽  

Introducción: La perforación luego de una colonoscopia o de una polipectomía endoscópica, presenta un amplia gama de posibilidades diagnósticas y terapéuticas. Puede ser tratado en forma conservadora, con métodos endoscópicos y cirugía. Esta permite el abordaje mediante cirugía convencional o laparoscópica con posibilidad de realizar el diagnóstico definitivo de la perforación y todas las posibilidades terapéuticas resectivas y no resectivas. Objetivos: Presentar detalles técnicos del diagnóstico precoz luego de perforación por colonoscopia y tratamiento definitivo de la lesión, mediante resección de recto y anastomosis primaria laparoscópica. Materiales y métodos: Se presenta el caso de un paciente, varón de 61 años, que luego de colonoscopia por pesquisa se diagnostica lesión sésil de recto a 12 cm que se reseca con técnica de piece meal. Evoluciona a las 12 hs con dolor abdominal, fiebre y omalgia. En una radiografía de tórax se diagnostica neumoperítoneo difuso bilateral. Por signos incipientes de compromiso del estado general se decide laparoscopia exploradora. Resultados: Se realizó una laparoscopia exploradora evidencia líquido purulento en fondo de saco de Douglas. Se identifica sitio de la perforación por tatuaje distal realizado durante al colonoscopia. Se realiza resección anterior de recto oncológica por la lesión existente y anastomosis primaria mecánica sin protección. El paciente evoluciono en el postoperatorio en forma satisfactoria. Conclusión: Ante la necesidad de re intervención luego de perforación colonica o rectal luego de colonoscopia, el abordaje laparoscópico precoz permite el tratamiento correcto no solo de la complicación sino de la patología que motivo la perforación. Palabras clave: Perforación; Colonoscopia; Polipectomia


2021 ◽  
pp. 305-340
Author(s):  
Nicolás Daniel Fernández Álvarez

In this paper, we try to give a different perspective to the one that has been studied and offered in linguistics until now. Language starts as the main form of oral communication that is transmitted from generation to generation. Language is in constant evolution. One of the greatest evolutions in the linguistic field has been precisely writing. It represented perfectly the union of graphic ideas and concepts with the beginning of the religious beliefs. We also try to analyze which are the causes and consequences of interventionism in something as personal and private as language. We will try to demonstrate how socialism, even in linguistics, distorts the correct evolution of lan guage, remembering the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996) whose consequence is the strengthening of various nationalisms around the world. Finally, conclusions and solutions will be given to a very specific linguistic problem: Spain. Key words: Socialism, planification, spontaneous order, evolution, linguistics, language, pidgin, nationalism, economy, institution. JEL Classification: A1 (General Economics) → A12 (Relation of Economics to other Disciplines). Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar una perspectiva diferente a la que se viene estudiando y ofreciendo en lingüística, pues el lenguaje comienza a forjarse como forma de comunicación oral que se transmite de generación en generación y que no deja de evolucionar. Está en constante evolución. Una de las mayores evoluciones en el campo de la lingüística fue precisamente la escritura que representaba a la perfección la unión de ideas o conceptos de forma gráfica y el comienzo de las creencias religiosas. En este mismo artículo analizamos cuáles son las causas de una interven - ción desde los poderes públicos en algo tan personal e intransferible como el len guaje, así como sus posibles consecuencias. Intentaremos, pues, demos - trar cómo el socialismo en materia lingüística (o su imposibilidad) distorsiona la correcta evolución del lenguaje, comenzando por la Declaración de De - re chos Lingüísticos del año 1996 que no ha hecho sino fortalecer un gran nú mero de nacionalismos a lo largo y ancho del globo terráqueo. Finalmente, intentaremos humildemente extraer conclusiones y poner posibles soluciones en un ejemplo muy concreto: España. Palabras clave: Socialismo, planificación, órden espontáneo, evolución, lingüística, lenguaje, pidgin, nacionalismo, economía, institución. Clasificación JEL: Dentro de A1 (General Economics), el apartado A12 (Rela tion of Economics to other Disciplines).


2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Williams

AbstractIn his Reflective Knowledge, Ernest Sosa offers a theory of knowledge, broadly virtue-theoretic in character, that is meant to transcend simple ways of contrasting "internalist" with "externalist" or "foundationalist" with "coherentist" approaches to knowledge and justification. Getting beyond such simplifications, Sosa thinks, is the key to finding an exit from "the Pyrrhonian Problematic": the ancient and profound skeptical problem concerning the apparent impossibility of validating the reliability of our basic epistemic faculties and procedures in a way that escapes vicious circularity. Central to Sosa's anti-skeptical strategy is the claim that there are two kinds of knowledge. His thought is that animal knowledge, which can be understood in purely reliabilist terms, can ground justified trust in the reliability of our basic cognitive faculties, thus elevating us (without vicious circularity) to the level of reflective knowledge. I offer a sketch of an alternative approach, linking knowledge and justification with epistemic accountability and responsible belief-management, which casts doubt on the idea that "animal" knowledge is knowledge properly so-called. However, it turns out that this approach is (perhaps surprisingly) close in spirit to Sosa's. I suggest that the differences between us may rest on a disagreement over the possibility of providing a direct answer to the Pyrrhonian challenge.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Via Linda Siswati

Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy that reflects, radically and integral about the nature of knowledge itself. This writing aims to understand: (1) understanding of knowledge and science in etymology and terminology. (2) the difference of science, knowledge and religion in epistimology. (3) the extent of science in Islam. (4) the basic characteristics of science. (5) truth theory. (6) sources of knowledge. (7) the boundaries of science (8) the structure of knowledge. The results of this paper are: (1) science is from Arabic, 'alima. The meaning of this word is knowledge. And science in terminology is the whole conscious effort to investigate, find, and improve human understanding from various aspects of reality in human nature and we know (2) The location of the difference is the science is a summary of a collection of knowledge or the result of knowledge and facts, The order of faith or order of belief in the existence of something absolute outside man, in accordance and in line with the order of faith and order of worship. (3) The principal features of science are as follows: (a) Systematic, (b) Authenticity, (c) Rationality, (d) Objectivity, (e) Verifiability, (f) Communality. (4) The theory in a theory of truth there are 3 namely: Correspondence Theory, Coherence Theory, Theory of Pragmatism. (4) The source of human knowledge uses two ways of obtaining correct knowledge, first through rationality and secondly through experience. (5) Science limits its exploration to human experience, hence science begins on exploration of human experience and ceases to human experience, and that is the limit of knowledge. (6) Science is essentially a collection of knowledge that explains the various natural phenomena that allow humans to perform a series of actions to master these symptoms based on existing explanations.


Episteme ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-473
Author(s):  
Matthias Steup

AbstractAccording to externalist reliabilism and dogmatic foundationalism, it's possible to gain knowledge through a perceptual experience without being in a position to know that the experience is reliable. As a result, both of these views face the problem of making knowledge of perceptual reliability too easy, for they permit deducing perceptual reliability from particular perceptual experience without already knowing that these experiences are trustworthy. Ernest Sosa advocates a two-stage solution to the problem. At the first stage, a rich body of perceptual animal knowledge is acquired. At the second stage, perceptual knowledge becomes reflective after deducing perceptual reliability from the initial body of perceptual animal knowledge. I defend the alternative approach of rejecting both externalist reliabilism and dogmatic foundationalism. According to the alternative view, perceptual knowledge and knowledge of perceptual reliability require each other. Such a cognitive structure seems viciously circular. I propose that the appearance of vicious circularity dissipates when the relationship in question is viewed, not as one of temporal priority, but instead as synchronic mutual dependence. At a given time, one cannot have perceptual knowledge without knowledge of perceptual reliability, and vice versa. Such mutual dependence, I argue, is benign.


2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Via Linda Siswati

Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy that reflects, radically and integral about the nature of knowledge itself. This writing aims to understand: (1) understanding of knowledge and science in etymology and terminology. (2) the difference of science, knowledge and religion in epistimology. (3) the extent of science in Islam. (4) the basic characteristics of science. (5) truth theory. (6) sources of knowledge. (7) the boundaries of science (8) the structure of knowledge. The results of this paper are: (1) science is from Arabic, 'alima. The meaning of this word is knowledge. And science in terminology is the whole conscious effort to investigate, find, and improve human understanding from various aspects of reality in human nature and we know (2) The location of the difference is the science is a summary of a collection of knowledge or the result of knowledge and facts, The order of faith or order of belief in the existence of something absolute outside man, in accordance and in line with the order of faith and order of worship. (3) The principal features of science are as follows: (a) Systematic, (b) Authenticity, (c) Rationality, (d) Objectivity, (e) Verifiability, (f) Communality. (4) The theory in a theory of truth there are 3 namely: Correspondence Theory, Coherence Theory, Theory of Pragmatism. (4) The source of human knowledge uses two ways of obtaining correct knowledge, first through rationality and secondly through experience. (5) Science limits its exploration to human experience, hence science begins on exploration of human experience and ceases to human experience, and that is the limit of knowledge. (6) Science is essentially a collection of knowledge that explains the various natural phenomena that allow humans to perform a series of actions to master these symptoms based on existing explanations.


Author(s):  
Héctor Parra Peñuela ◽  
William Gómez Rivera ◽  
Hernán Cerón
Keyword(s):  
De Re ◽  

 La región de la punta en las aspa de un rotor eólico se presenta el fenómeno de arrastre inducido, el cual disminuye la eficiencia aerodinámica de la turbina  e incrementa los esfuerzos sobre la estructura. En este trabajo, se analizan computacionalmente (CFD) diferentes dispositivos de punta de aspa, con base en aplicaciones similares como Winglets, Split-Tips, Tip-Tanks, como alternativa de mejora de la aerodinámica. El Reynolds utilizado fue de Re =140000 y modelo RANS de turbulencia K-e, el ángulo de ataque (alfa) fue variado desde -25° hasta 25°. El análisis de los resultados mostró, respecto al aspa con punta base (sin modificación), incremento porcentual del coeficiente de sustentación (CL) así: Split-Tips = 3% Winglet = 4.6%, la punta tipo Tip-Tank no presentó mejora apreciable, La intensidad del vórtice de punta de aspa también mostró relación directa (incremento/disminución) cuando fue comparado con la variación del CD. Palabras clave: CFD, Punta de aspa, Vórtices, Winglets, HAWT.


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Juliana Lima Moreira Rhoden ◽  
Dóris Pires Vargas Bolzan

Este artigo é resultado de uma tese de doutorado que teve como proposta ampliar e trazer novas discussões em torno do professor(a) aposentado que (re)investiu na profissão, após aposentadoria, e retornou como voluntário(a). O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender os processos de mobilização que os professores voluntários produzem ao (re)investirem na carreira docente, após a aposentadoria. Teve como contexto de investigação a Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O percurso teórico-metodológico da investigação se direcionou pelos fundamentos da pesquisa qualitativa e se desenvolveu a partir da abordagem narrativa de cunho sociocultural. A pesquisa foi delineada em duas etapas. A primeira de caráter exploratório, onde se utilizou documentos como método investigativo, e seus resultados possibilitaram o conhecimento de aspectos da realidade do trabalho voluntário. A segunda visou à realização da entrevista narrativa com 12 professores aposentados que aderiram ao serviço voluntário, a quem nominamos “longedocentes”. De modo geral, o estudo revelou que o que mobiliza o professor voluntário a (re)investir na carreira docente, após a aposentadoria, é um entrelaçamento de acontecimentos e de experiências vivenciadas no percurso da carreira e trajetória profissional, que estão encadeados entre si, configurando-se em uma trama de sentidos, está envolvido em todo o ciclo profissional, que se atualiza, ampliando o ciclo, num novo modo, tempo e condição. Os achados também nos revelaram que existe uma tipologia de ciclo de vida profissional, após a aposentadoria, a que chamamos de ciclo da “Longedocência”, com aspectos que influenciam e características que marcam esta etapa de (re)investimento.HIGHER EDUCATION: the (re) investment of volunteer teachers after retirementAbstractThis article is the result of a doctoral dissertation that aimed to expand and bring new discussions around the retired teacher who (re) invested in the profession after retirement and returned as a volunteer. The aim of this study was to understand the mobilization processes that volunteer teachers produce by (re) investing in the teaching career after retirement. Its research context was the Federal University of Santa Maria. The theoretical-methodological course of the investigation was guided by the foundations of qualitative research and developed from the narrative approach of sociocultural.  The research was delineated in two steps.  The first was exploratory, where documents were used as an investigative method, and its results enabled the knowledge of aspects of the reality of voluntary work. The second view to the narrative interview with 12 retired teachers who joined the voluntary service, whom we named “longedocentes”.  In general, the study revealed that what mobilizes the volunteer teacher to (re) invest in the teaching career, after retirement, is an interweaving of events and experiences lived in the career path and professional career, which are linked together, configuring itself in a web of meanings, it is involved in the whole professional cycle, which is updated, expanding the cycle, in a new mode, time and condition. The findings also revealed to us that there is a typology of the professional life cycle after retirement, which we call the "Longedocencia" cycle, with aspects that influence and characteristics that mark this (re) investment stage.Keywords: Higher education. Retirement. Longedocencia. Trajectory. Narrative research."LONGEDOCENCIA" EN LA EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR: la (re) inversión de profesores voluntarios después de la jubilaciónResumenEste artículo es  resultado de una tesis de doctorado que tuvo como propuesta ampliar y traer nuevas discusiones en torno del profesor (a) jubilado que (re) invirtió en la profesión, después de la jubilación y regresa como voluntario (a). El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los procesos de movilización que los profesores voluntarios producen al (re) invertir en la carrera docente, después de la jubilación. La Universidad Federal de Santa María constituyó nuestro contexto investigativo. El camino teórico-metodológico de la investigación se orientó por los fundamentos de la investigación cualitativa y se desarrolló a partir de un abordaje narrativa de cuño sociocultural. La investigación fue delineada en dos etapas. La primera de carácter exploratorio, donde se utilizó documentos como método investigativo y sus resultados posibilitaron el conocimiento de nuevos aspectos de la realidad del trabajo voluntario. La segunda visó la realización de la entrevista narrativa con 12 profesores jubilados que se adhirieron al servicio voluntario, a quien denominamos "longedocentes". En general, el estudio reveló que lo que moviliza al profesor voluntario a (re) invertir en la carrera docente después de la jubilación es un entrelazamiento de acontecimientos y de experiencias vivenciadas en el recorrido de la carrera y trayectoria profesional que están encadenados entre sí, configurándose una trama de significados relativa al conjunto del ciclo profesional, y que se actualiza, ampliando el ciclo, en un nuevo modo, tiempo y condición. Los hallazgos también nos revelaron que existe una tipología de ciclo de vida profesional, después de la jubilación, a la que llamamos ciclo de la "Longedocencia", con aspectos que influencian y características que marcan esta etapa de (re) inversión. Palabras clave: Enseñanza superior. Jubilación. Longedocencia. Trayectoria. Investigación narrativa.


2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Matthew Soteriou

De acuerdo con Sosa, Descartes es un epistemólogo de virtudes, y podemos entender el proyecto epistemológico de Descartes sólo como un proyecto de segundo orden que concuerda con esta manera de entender su epistemología. Mi objetivo en este artículo es el de ahondar en esta comparación con la epistemología de Descartes, principalmente mediante la exploración de una manera en la que uno podría añadir ciertos detalles suplementarios a la postura general de Sosa, con la finalidad de que ésta concuerde de mejor manera con la postura de Descartes, o al menos con la que yo considero que es la postura de DescartesPalabras clave: Ernest Sosa, Descartes, conocimiento animal, conocimiento reflexivo, cognitio, scientia.AbstractAccording to Sosa, Descartes is a virtue epistemologist, and we can make sense of Descartes’ epistemological project only as a second-order project that fits with this view of his epistemology. My aim in this paper is to pursue this comparison with Descartes’ epistemology—principally through exploring a way in which one might add certain supplementary details to Sosa’s general approach, in order to bring it into closer alignment with Descartes’ view, or at least what I take to be Descartes’ view Keywords: Ernest Sosa, Descartes, animal knowledge, reflective knowledge, cognitio, scientia. 


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