scholarly journals Malaria incidence and mortality in Italy in 1999-2000

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Romi ◽  
D Boccolini ◽  
G Majori
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Permanent Residents

In 1999-2000, a total of 2060 malaria cases were reported by the ISS. Most of the patients took inappropriate treatments or did not have any prophylaxis. Ninety-three per cent became infected in African malarious countries, 4% in Asian countries, and 3% in Latin America. P. falciparum accounted for 84% of the cases, followed by P. vivax (8%), P. ovale (5%), and P. malariae (2%). Deaths corresponded to an annual case fatality rate of 0.3% in 1999 and 0.5% in 2000. In general, imported malaria cases reflect the number of Italian travellers who underestimate the infection risk in Asian and Latin American malarious countries and permanent residents of African origin who visit their relatives in their native countries.

scholarly journals Managing older adults’ fear of coronavirus disease: A new role for social work practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 147332502097329
Author(s):  
Hamed Mortazavi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Social Work Practice ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

As the number of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19) increases, the number of deaths has also been increasing. According to World Health Organization (WHO), as of 4 October 2020, 34,804,348 cases had tested positive for nCOVID-19 globally, which among them, 1,030,738 confirmed deaths had occurred, equivalent to a case-fatality rate of 2.96%. However, in comparison with global statistics, the incidence and mortality of the nCOVID-19 infection are higher in Iran. As reported by the National Committee on COVID-19 Epidemiology of Ministry of Health of Iran, the total number of patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection has reached 468,119, of which 26,746 have died, equivalent to a case-fatality rate of 5.71%. Currently, there is solid evidence that older adults are at a higher risk of severe disease following infection from COVID-19.

scholarly journals Age-Dependent Serotype-Associated Case-Fatality Rate in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Autonomous Community of Madrid between 2007 and 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2286
Author(s):  
Sara De Miguel ◽  
Pello Latasa ◽  
José Yuste ◽  
Luis García ◽  
María Ordobás ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Common Serotypes ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Quellung Reaction

The aim of this study was to investigate the serotype-associated fatality rate in cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the Spanish region of Madrid between 2007 and 2020. Serotyping was performed by Pneumotest Latex and the Quellung reaction using commercial antisera. Case-fatality rate was estimated as the ratio between the number of deaths at hospital discharge and the number of cases attributable to each serotype. To evaluate the association measures, the odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval were calculated. Twenty five pneumococcal serotypes were associated to mortality and comprised 87.8% of the total number of isolates characterized. Serotypes 8, 3, 19A, 1, 7F, 22F, 12F, and 11A were the most prevalent (≥3% each). Serotypes 31, 11A, and 19F were significantly associated to high case-fatality rates (>20% each). The lower significantly associated case-fatality rate (<10% each) was found in serotypes 5, 1, 12B, 7F, 12F, 8, 33, and 10A. The serotypes with higher mortality levels (≥0.04 per 100,000 population) were 11A (fatality 24.0%), 3 (fatality 18.7%), 19A (fatality 12.5%), and 8 (fatality 7.2%). Serotype 3 was worrisome because it is associated with important fatality levels combined with very high incidence and mortality rates. Serotype 11A also showed a high fatality with marked incidence and mortality levels. Some few frequent serotypes as 31, 19F, and 15A despite its high fatality had low levels of mortality. By contrast other serotypes as 8 showing low fatality had high mortality ranges because it shows a wide extended distribution. Finally, common serotypes, such as 1 and 5, presented small mortality length, due to their low case-fatality rates.

scholarly journals Association Between Air Pollution in Lima and the High Incidence of COVID-19: Findings from a Post Hoc Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Vasquez-Apestegui ◽  
Enrique Parras-Garrido ◽  
Vilma Tapia ◽  
Valeria M. Paz-Aparicio ◽  
Jhojan P. Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Food Markets ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Background Corona virus disease (COVID-19) originated in China in December 2019. Thereafter, a global logarithmic expansion of the cases has occurred. Some countries have a higher rate of infections despite of early implementation of quarantine. Air pollution could be related to the high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and the associated case-fatality rates (deaths/cases*100). Lima, Peru has the second highest incidence of COVID-19 in Latin America and it is also one of the cities with highest levels of air pollution in the Region. Methods This study investigated the association of the levels of PM2.5 exposure in the previous years (2010–2016) in 24 districts of Lima with the cases, deaths and case-fatality rates of COVID-19. Results Until June 12, 2020, there were 6,308 deaths and 220,749 SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in Peru. In Lima, the total number of COVID-19 deaths in all metropolitan areas was 2,382. The case-fatality rate at the national level was 2.58% and 1.93% in Lima. Higher PM2.5 levels are associated with higher number of cases and deaths of COVID-19. The case-fatality rate (Deaths/cases*100) did not increase with the increase in PM2.5 levels. A higher number of food markets was associated with higher incidence and mortality of COVID-19 (p < 0.01 for both); these associations persisted when cases (r = 0.49; p < 0.01) and deaths (r = 0.58; p < 0.01) were adjusted by the population density. The association of PM2.5 with cases of COVID-19 was maintained after controlling analysis by age, sex and number of food markers. Conclusions the higher rates of COVID-19 in Metropolitan Lima is attributable, among others, to the increased PM2.5 exposure in the previous years after adjusting for age, sex and number of food markets. Reduction of air pollution since a long term perspective, and social distancing are needed to prevent spreads of virus outbreak.

scholarly journals Protective role of intravesical BCG in COVID-19 severity

BMC Urology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Gallegos ◽  
Pablo A. Rojas ◽  
Francisca Sepúlveda ◽  
Álvaro Zúñiga ◽  
Ignacio F. San Francisco
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Intravesical Bcg

Abstract Objectives To establish the role of BCG instillations in the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. Patients and methods NMIBC patients in instillations with BCG (induction or maintenance) during 2019/2020 were included, establishing a COVID-19 group (with a diagnosis according to the national registry) and a control group (NO-COVID). The cumulative incidence (cases/total patients) and the case fatality rate (deaths/cases) were established, and compared with the national statistics for the same age group. T-test was used for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Results 175 patients were included. Eleven patients presented CIS (11/175, 6.3%), 84/175 (48.0%) Ta and 68/175 (38.9%) T1. Average number of instillations = 13.25 ± 7.4. One hundred sixty-seven patients (95.4%) had complete induction. Forty-three patients (cumulative incidence 24.6%) were diagnosed with COVID-19. There is no difference between COVID-19 and NO-COVID group in age, gender or proportion of maintenance completed. COVID-19 group fatality rate = 1/43 (2.3%). Accumulated Chilean incidence 70–79 years = 6.3%. Chilean fatality rate 70–79 years = 14%. Conclusions According to our results, patients with NMIBC submitted to instillations with BCG have a lower case-fatality rate than the national registry of patients between 70 and 79 years (2.3% vs. 14%, respectively). Intravesical BCG could decrease the mortality due to COVID-19, so instillation schemes should not be suspended in a pandemic.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic and clinical determinants of in-facility case fatality rate for 938 Ebola patients treated in Sierra Leone

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Bainga Kangbai ◽  
Christian Heumann ◽  
Michael Hoelscher ◽  
Foday Sahr ◽  
Guenter Froeschl
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Muscle Pain ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Conjunctival Injection ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Time Of Admission

Abstract Background The 2013 – 2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak recorded the highest incidence and mortality since the discovery of the virus in Zaire in 1976. Studies relating to previous outbreaks usually involved small sample sizes. In this study we are set to identify those sociodemographic and clinical features that predict in-facility mortality among EVD patients using a large sample size. Methods We analysed the anonymized medical records of 938 laboratory-confirmed EVD patients 15 years old and above that received treatment at the 34 Military Hospital and the Police Training School EVD Treatment Centers in Sierra Leone in the period June 2014 to April 2015. We used both univariable and multivariable logistic regression to determine the predictors for in-facility mortality of these patients based on their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Results The median age of the EVD cases was 33 years (interquartile range = 25 to 40 years). The majority of the EVD cases were male (59.0%) and had secondary level education (79.3%). A low overall in-facility case fatality rate of 26.4% was shown. The associations between case fatality rates and EVD patients who reported fever, abdominal pain, cough, diarrhoea, vomiting, fatigue, haemorrhage, dysphagia, conjunctival injection, dyspnoea, and skin rash at the time of admission were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Our preferred model with age group of EVD patients and the presence of the symptoms diarrhoea, vomiting, fatigue, dysphagia, conjunctival injection, dyspnoea and muscle pain produced a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with an AUC (area under the curve) value of 0.94. Conclusions The age of EVD patients, as well those patients who reported vomiting, diarrhoea, fatigue, dysphagia, conjunctival injection, dyspnoea and muscle pain have increased odds of dying during treatment and hence will require prompt and intensive treatment at the time of admission. We argue that the high proportion of individuals with higher educational levels may have been a critical determinant for the low case fatality rate.

Slow Improvement of Clinically-Diagnosed Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Case Fatality Rates

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelma S Magpusao ◽  
Alan Monteclar ◽  
Jacqueline L Deen
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Fever Case ◽  
The Past ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Before And After

Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is recognized as a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in many Southeast Asian countries. This study reviews the case fatality rates of DHF cases admitted to a referral hospital in Cebu (Philippines) over the past 5 years. Information on patients 14 years old or younger admitted from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2001 with the final clinical diagnosis of DHF was collated and analysed. Case fatality rates were compared before and after a standardized management protocol was implemented by the healthcare staff and after introduction of revisions to that protocol. The case fatality rate during the 2-year periods prior and after introduction of the management protocol decreased significantly from 197/2644 (7.45%) to 39/1182 (3.30%) ( P<0.01). Following the introduction of revisions to the protocol, the case fatality was reduced even further to 52/1697 (3.06%) ( P=0.7). In this government hospital the introduction of a standardized management protocol for DHF was associated with a significant improvement in the case fatality rate of hospitalized children with clinically diagnosed DHF. However, compared with reports from hospitals in other dengue-endemic countries, the improvement has been slow. Possible ways to decrease fatality rates further have been identified.

Mortality in Digestive Cancers, 2012: International Data and Data from Romania

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Valean ◽  
Monica Acalovschi ◽  
Mircea Diculescu ◽  
Mircea Manuc ◽  
Adrian Goldis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Digestive Cancers ◽  
The Difference

We aimed to compare the difference in case fatality rate between more developed and very high Human Development Index (HDI) regions, less developed and low HDI regions, and Romania. The incidence and mortality rates for digestive cancers were obtained from the IARC/WHO 2012 database. World mean mortality-to-incidence ratios registered the highest values in pancreatic cancer (0.97/0.94), and liver cancer (0.93/0.96) in males/females, respectively. The lowest values were recorded in colorectal cancer (0.48 in both sexes). Mortality-to-incidence ratios were generally higher in less developed areas, low HDI populations, and in Romania. The difference in case fatality rate between different areas showed higher variations for colorectal, gastric and gallbladder cancers, and smaller variations for esophageal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. In summary, mortality-to-incidence ratios of digestive cancers were high in 2012; higher values were registered in less developed and low HDI regions, and in Romania. Mortality-to-incidence ratios were similar in both sexes, even though the incidence was generally higher in men. Digestive cancer mortality variation suggests the necessity of finding better strategies for prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of digestive cancers. Abbreviations: ASRWs: age-standardized rate (World Standard Population) per 100,000 population; CRC: colorectal cancer; GC: gastric cancer; HDI: Human Development Index; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; IARC: International

scholarly journals Deskripsi Kejadian Malaria di Kecamatan Cempaka

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Abdul Khair ◽  
Noraida Noraida
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Mosquito Net ◽  
Endemic Disease ◽  
Peak Incidence ◽  
History Of

Abstract: Based on the data obtained from Puskesmas Cempaka, it is known that malaria is an endemic disease in the Kecamatan Cempaka. The cases of malaria in the Kecamatan Cempaka in 2011, 2012, and 2013 respectively were 58, 60, and 61. Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of malaria in the Kecamatan Cempaka in 2013 was 3.18%. This study aimed to describe the distribution of malaria incidence by age, sex, place of residence, history of the scene, and the time of occurrence. This research is descriptive. The sample is the malaria patients who were living in the Kecamatan Cempaka, as many as 61 people. The results showed entire that the age of patients ranged from 8 to 63 years with an average of 29 years. The men are most affected by malaria (95%). Most malaria patients (49%) came from the Kelurahan Sei.Tiung. All the history of malaria incidence derived from outside the Kecamatan Cempaka, because most patients go home after work in the KabupatenTanah Bumbu (29%). Peak incidence of malaria is occurred in May of 2013 (27%). Epidemic of malaria has the potential to occur in the Kecamatan Cempaka due to the presence of Anopheles. Therefore, people need to avoid being bitten by Anopheles. The methods such as using the mosquito net while sleeping at night.Keywords: malaria incidence; Kecamatan Cempaka

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI PENCEGAHAN DIFTERI PADA BAYI MELALUI PROGRAM IMUNISASI DPT DI LUNG MANE

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-159
Author(s):  
Zakiyuddin .
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Emerging Disease ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Indian Country ◽  
The World ◽  
Aceh Province

Diphtheria cases in the Southeast Asia Region each year rank first in diphtheria cases in the world. This problem can be seen from the position in the Southeast Asia Region since 2000-2015 which always shows the highest number of diphtheria cases in the world. While Indonesia is the country with the second highest incidence of diphtheria compared to other Southeast Asian countries, after India. The reported diphtheria incidence in Indonesia from 2011-2015 was 3,203 cases, while the Indian country was still the country with the highest cases of diphtheria in the world with 18,350 cases of diphtheria. Diphtheria is still endemic in some developing countries even though diphtheria sufferers have dropped dramatically. The number of diphtheria cases in East Java Province still reached 348 cases with a Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of 1.72. The case of diphtheria in Aceh is a case of re-emerging disease because the case of diphtheria has actually declined in 1985, but has increased again in 2017 when there was an outbreak in Aceh Province and tended to increase cases. This service in the form of socialization aims to improve preventive measures or prevent the increase in the prevalence of diphtheria by optimizing the DPT immunization program for mothers who have infants and as health policy makers for the Nagan Raya health service. Kasus difteri di Wilayah Asia Tenggara setiap tahunnya menempati urutan pertama kasus difteri di dunia. Masalah tersebut terlihat dari posisi di Wilayah Asia Tenggara sejak tahun 2000-2015 yang selalu menunjukkan jumlah kasus difteri paling banyak di dunia. Sedangkan Indonesia merupakan negara dengan kasus insiden difteri terbanyak kedua dibandingkan negara di Asia Tenggara lainnya, setelah India. Kejadian difteri yang dilaporkan di Indonesia dari tahun 2011-2015 sebesar 3.203 kasus, sedangkan Negara India masih menjadi negara dengan kasus difteri tertinggi di dunia dengan jumlah kasus difteri sebesar 18.350 kasus. Difteri masih endemik di beberapa negara berkembang meskipun penderita difteri sudah menurun drastis. Jumlah kasus difteri di Provinsi Jawa Timur masih mencapai 348 kasus dengan Case Fatality Rate (CFR) sebesar 1,72. Kasus difteri di Aceh merupakan kasus re-emerging disease karena kasus difteri tersebut sebenarnya sudah menurun pada tahun 1985, namun kembali meningkat pada tahun 2017 saat terjadi KLB di Provinsi Aceh dan cenderung mengalami peningkatan kasus. Pengabdian dalam bentuk Sosialisasi ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan tindakan preventif atau pencegahan kenaikan tingkat prevalensi penyakit difteri dengan optimalisasi program imunisasi DPT kepada ibu yang memilki bayi dan sebagai penentu kebijakan Kesehatan bagi dinas kesehatan  Nagan Raya

scholarly journals Spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of malaria in the state of Acre, western Amazon, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Augusto Kohara Melchior ◽  
Francisco Chiaravalloti Neto
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Malaria Mortality ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Since 2005, the State of Acre, western Amazon, Brazil, has reported the highest annual parasite incidence (API) of malaria among the Brazilian states. This study examines malaria incidence in Acre using spatial and spatio-temporal analysis based on an ecological time series study analyzing malaria cases and deaths for the time period 1992- 2014 and using secondary data. API indexes were calculated by age, sex, parasite species, ratio of <em>Plasmodium vivax</em> to <em>P. falciparum</em> malaria, malaria mortality rate and case fatality rate. SaTScan was used to detect spatial and spatio-temporal clusters of malaria cases and data were represented in the form of choropleth maps. A high-risk cluster of malaria was detected in Vale do Juruá and three low-risk clusters in Vale do Acre for both parasite species. Those younger than 19 years of age and females showed a high incidence of malaria in Vale do Juruá, but working-age males were the most affected in Vale do Acre. The malaria mortality rate showed a decreasing trend across the state, while the case fatality rate increased only in the micro-region of Rio Branco during the study period. We conclude that malaria is a focal disease in Acre showing different spatial and spatio-temporal patterns of cases and deaths that vary by age, sex, and parasite species. Malaria incidence is thought to be influenced by factors related to regional characteristics; therefore, appropriate disease and vector control strategies must be implemented at each locality.

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