On the Role of Attention and Ascription in the Formation of Intentions within Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-196
Author(s):  
Michela Summa
Keyword(s):  
Intentional Behavior ◽  
Intentional Actions ◽  
Active Nature

This article explores the roots of action in behavior. Departing from the standard understanding of action as ‘intentional behavior’, we argue that this view is often based on the underestimation of the intentional structures that are already operative within behavior. Distinguishing between a broader and a narrower meaning of intentionality, we then elaborate on the processes that lead from the diffuse and operative intentionality of behavior to the focused intentionality of action. In order to properly appreciate these processes, we show that a reassessment of the phenomenon of attention – which takes into consideration its double (passive and active) nature as well as its social embedment – is required. Finally, we discuss the interplay between the obtained reframing of the genesis of intentional actions with the phenomenon of social ascription

scholarly journals Solidarity with disabled people in times of crisis: A comparative analysis of Italy and the UK

2021 ◽  
pp. 026858092199450
Author(s):  
Nicola Maggini ◽  
Tom Montgomery ◽  
Simone Baglioni
Keyword(s):  
Social Trust ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Social Embeddedness ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Piety ◽  
Active Nature ◽  
The One ◽  
The Uk

Against the background of crisis and cuts, citizens can express solidarity with groups in various ways. Using novel survey data this article explores the attitudes and behaviours of citizens in their expressions of solidarity with disabled people and in doing so illuminates the differences and similarities across two European contexts: Italy and the UK. The findings reveal pools of solidarity with disabled people across both countries that have on the one hand similar foundations such as the social embeddedness and social trust of citizens, while on the other hand contain some differences, such as the more direct and active nature of solidarity in Italy compared to the UK and the role of religiosity as an important determinant, particularly in Italy. Across both countries the role of ‘deservingness’ was key to understanding solidarity, and the study’s conclusions raise questions about a solidarity embedded by a degree of paternalism and even religious piety.

scholarly journals Using Destination Image and Place Attachment to Explore Support for Tourism Development: The Case of Tourism Versus Non-tourism Employees in EILAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 951-973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Stylidis
Keyword(s):  
Place Attachment ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Behavior Support ◽  
Intentional Behavior ◽  
Two Factors

Apart from the economic motive, little attention has been given to factors such as destination image and place attachment in explaining how potential differences in intentional behavior (support for tourism, intention to recommend) develop between tourism employees and non-tourism employees in a community. This study, conducted in the remote resort of Eilat, explores whether these resident groups’ representations of and attachment to their place shape their intentional behavior toward tourism, and tests the explanatory ability of the two factors to account for potential differences in groups’ intentional behavior. Findings suggest that the relationships between: (a) place attachment and destination image, (b) place attachment and intention to recommend, and (c) between destination image and intention to recommend, vary across the two groups. The study contributes to tourism theory by empirically validating the role of image and attachment as antecedent of such differentiation. Additional implications to tourism theory and practice are discussed.

William James and the Role of Psychology in Philosophy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo de Freitas Araujo ◽  
Lisa M. Osbeck
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Radical Empiricism ◽  
First Case ◽  
Active Nature ◽  
Cross Fertilization

James’s work is admittedly cross-disciplinary to the extent that it defies traditional scholarly boundaries. One of the best examples is the cross-fertilization between his philosophical and psychological ideas, although the precise relation between them is not easy to frame. Notwithstanding this difficulty, one can say that James’s early psychology, developed between the 1870s and 1880s, illuminates many aspects of his later philosophical positions, including pragmatism, radical empiricism, and pluralism. First, James defends the teleological nature of mind, which is driven by subjective interests and goals that cannot be explained by the immediate interchange with the external environment. They are spontaneous variations that constitute the a priori, properly active nature of the human mind. This idea helps him not only explain important features of scientific and philosophical theories, but also reject certain philosophical doctrines such as materialism, determinism, agnosticism, and so on. It represents, so to speak, the relevance of the subjective method for deciding moral and metaphysical issues. Second, James claims that certain temperaments underlie the choice of philosophical systems. Thus, both pragmatism and pluralism can be seen as philosophical expressions of subjective influences. In the first case, pragmatism expresses a temperament that combines and harmonizes the tender-minded and the tough-minded. In the second, pluralism reflects the sympathetic temperament in contrast with the cynical character drawn to materialism. Finally, James proposes a distinction between the substantive and the transitive parts of consciousness, meaning that consciousness has clearly distinguishable aspects as well as more obscure points, although human beings tend to focus only on the first part, ignoring the other. This idea plays a decisive role in the elaboration of radical empiricism. Such illustrations, far from exhausting the relations between James’s psychology and philosophy, invite new insights and further scholarship.

The role of goals and goal barriers in predicting the outcomes of intentional actions in the contexts of narrative text

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
Lillian K. E. Asiala ◽  
Greta C. Chan ◽  
Christopher A. Kurby ◽  
Joseph P. Magliano
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Text ◽  
Intentional Actions

Capturing the Complex, Situated, and Active Nature of Teaching Through Inquiry-Oriented Standards for Teaching

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Sinnema ◽  
Frauke Meyer ◽  
Graeme Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Teaching Standards ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Widespread Acceptance ◽  
Active Nature ◽  
Nature Of Teaching

Given widespread acceptance of the role of teaching in improving student outcomes, it is not surprising that policy makers have turned to teaching standards as a lever for educational improvement. There are, however, long-standing critiques of standards that suggest they are reductionist and promote a dualism between theory and practice. Our purpose here is to propose a model of Teaching for Better Learning ( TBL) that responds to those critiques and that captures the complexity of teaching rather than focusing on discrete elements. Our model foregrounds the salience of teachers’ own situations and the active nature of teachers’ practice in a way that integrates practice with relevant theory. We outline how the TBL model can be used to derive inquiry-oriented teaching standards, an alternative approach that challenges widely accepted conventions for the design of standards and, we argue, might better support the improvement of teaching and learning.

scholarly journals Ecological Representations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Golonka ◽  
Andrew D Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Intentional Behavior ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Potential Basis

AbstractMainstream cognitive science and neuroscience both rely heavily on the notion of representation in order to explain the full range of our behavioral repertoire. The relevant feature of representation is its ability todesignate(stand in for) spatially or temporally distant properties, When we organize our behavior with respect to mental or neural representations, we are (in principle) organizing our behavior with respect to the property it designates. While representational theories are a potentially a powerful foundation for a good cognitive theory, problems such as grounding and system-detectable error remain unsolved. For these and other reasons, ecological explanations reject the need for representations and do not treat the nervous system as doing any mediating work. However, this has left us without a straight-forward vocabulary to engage with so-called ‘representation-hungry’ problems or the role of the nervous system in cognition.In an effort to develop such a vocabulary, here we show that James J Gibson’s ecological information functions to designate the ecologically-scaled dynamical world to an organism. We then show that this designation analysis of information leads to an ecological conceptualization of the neural activity caused by information, which in turn we argue can together support intentional behavior with respect to spatially and temporally distal properties. Problems such as grounding and error detection are solved via law-based specification. This analysis extends the ecological framework into the realm of ‘representation-hungry’ problems, making it as powerful a potential basis for theories of behavior as traditional cognitive approaches. The resulting analysis does, according to some definitions, allow information and the neural activity to be conceptualized as representations; however, the key work is done by information and the analysis remains true to Gibson’s ecological ontology.

Communication in the Context of COVID

2022 ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Ghiță Cristina
Keyword(s):  
School Success ◽  
Effective Communication ◽  
Intentional Actions ◽  
Learning Tasks ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Role Of Information

Effective communication in the context of COVID-19 is the key element that underlies school success, consisting of a complex repertoire of intentional actions capable of producing positive changes or transformations in the field of cognition, affect, and behavior, on the personality as a whole. The communication aims to be convincing by students taking over an idea, behavior, or attitude based on arguments, realistic evidence, and to determine involvement, trust, openness, and dedication in achieving the goal and persuasive through the ability to change certain ideas or behaviors through logos, pathos, and ethos. The teacher has not only the role of information, but also to communicate with the children in his class about values, ideals, attitudes with a role in their formation and development. Feedback becomes effective when students show intrinsic involvement in learning tasks.

scholarly journals Regional Policy as a Factor in Shaping Regional Development in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-104
Author(s):  
Maciej Czaplewski ◽  
Rafał Klóska
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Intentional Actions ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

AbstractRegional development is firmly rooted in the theory of land management, and today’s considerations and analyses in this area are gaining special importance. The relationship between specific conditions and the observed effects of regional development was considered under various theoretical concepts. Additionally, the interdependence of processes taking place on the international, national and regional level renders it necessary to pursue, inter alia, an effective regional policy. In this study, particular attention was given to the premises and objectives of intentional actions taken both at supra-regional level (inter-regional policy) and regional level (intra-regional policy). The theoretical considerations concerning the regional policy carried out were supplemented with current statistics regarding the development of regions in Poland. The aim of the study is to show the role of regional policy in shaping regional development and to analyse its current state on the basis of own research using multidimensional comparative analysis (MCA) methods. The considerations presented in the article lead to the conclusion that regional policy is an important factor in regional development, and the presented research results allow to assess the current level and diversity of this development in Poland.

scholarly journals Zooming in and Out: A Holistic Framework for Research on Maternal, Late Fetal, and Newborn Survival and Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha S Singh ◽  
Andrea K Blanchard ◽  
Hannah Blencowe ◽  
Adam D Koon ◽  
Ties Boerma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Health ◽  
Health Service Delivery ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Newborn Mortality ◽  
Intentional Actions ◽  
Individual Household ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health Policy And Systems ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract Research is needed to understand why some countries succeed in greater improvements maternal, late fetal and newborn health and reducing mortality than others. Pathways towards these health outcomes operate at many levels, making it difficult to understand which factors contribute most to these health improvements. Conceptual frameworks provide a cognitive means of rendering order to these factors, and how they interrelate to positively influence maternal, late fetal and newborn health. We developed a conceptual framework by integrating theories and frameworks from different disciplines to encapsulate the range of factors that explain reductions in maternal, late fetal and newborn mortality and improvements in health. We developed our framework iteratively, combining our interdisciplinary research team’s knowledge, experience, and review of the literature. We present a framework that includes health policy and systems levers (or intentional actions that policy makers can implement) to improve maternal, late fetal and newborn health; service delivery and coverage of interventions across the continuum of care, and epidemiological and behavioural risk factors. The framework also considers the role of context in influencing for whom and where health and non-health efforts have the most impact, to recognise ‘the causes of the causes’ at play at the individual/household, community, national and transnational levels. Our framework holistically reflects the range of interrelated factors influencing improved maternal, late fetal and newborn health and survival. The framework lends itself to studying how different factors work together to influence these outcomes using an array of methods. Such research should inform future efforts to improve maternal, late fetal and newborn health and survival in different contexts. By re-orienting research in this way, we hope to equip policymakers and practitioners alike with the insight necessary to make the world a safer and fairer place for mothers and their babies.

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