William James and the Role of Psychology in Philosophy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saulo de Freitas Araujo ◽  
Lisa M. Osbeck
Keyword(s):  
William James ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Radical Empiricism ◽  
First Case ◽  
Active Nature ◽  
Cross Fertilization

James’s work is admittedly cross-disciplinary to the extent that it defies traditional scholarly boundaries. One of the best examples is the cross-fertilization between his philosophical and psychological ideas, although the precise relation between them is not easy to frame. Notwithstanding this difficulty, one can say that James’s early psychology, developed between the 1870s and 1880s, illuminates many aspects of his later philosophical positions, including pragmatism, radical empiricism, and pluralism. First, James defends the teleological nature of mind, which is driven by subjective interests and goals that cannot be explained by the immediate interchange with the external environment. They are spontaneous variations that constitute the a priori, properly active nature of the human mind. This idea helps him not only explain important features of scientific and philosophical theories, but also reject certain philosophical doctrines such as materialism, determinism, agnosticism, and so on. It represents, so to speak, the relevance of the subjective method for deciding moral and metaphysical issues. Second, James claims that certain temperaments underlie the choice of philosophical systems. Thus, both pragmatism and pluralism can be seen as philosophical expressions of subjective influences. In the first case, pragmatism expresses a temperament that combines and harmonizes the tender-minded and the tough-minded. In the second, pluralism reflects the sympathetic temperament in contrast with the cynical character drawn to materialism. Finally, James proposes a distinction between the substantive and the transitive parts of consciousness, meaning that consciousness has clearly distinguishable aspects as well as more obscure points, although human beings tend to focus only on the first part, ignoring the other. This idea plays a decisive role in the elaboration of radical empiricism. Such illustrations, far from exhausting the relations between James’s psychology and philosophy, invite new insights and further scholarship.

scholarly journals Role of Samyoga Viruddha Ahara in Kustha Vyadhi - An Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 86-91
Author(s):  
Raosaheb A. Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Diseased State

Food plays a decisive role in development, sustain, reproduction and termination of life. Through centuries, Food has been recognized as an important factor for human beings, in health and diseased state. Viruddha Ahara is one potent causative factor for several diseases. Consumption of Viruddha Ahara gives rise to various disturbances of mild to violent nature and disease of acute to chronic nature including the eight Maharogas, genetic disturbances and even sometimes causes death of the person. To conduct on observational study to access the role of Samyoga Viruddha Ahara is one of the Nidana for manifestation of Kustha Vyadhi. In the present observational study were selected of total 50 patients was conducted at O.P.D, Patients were screened on the basis of specially prepared questionnaires format. On Observational study majority of patients i.e. 82% of patients were consumed Samyoga Viruddha Ahara majority of patients i.e. 58% were consuming Viruddha Ahara (Samyogaja Viruddha Ahara), 26% were doing Malamutra Vega Dharana, 16% were doing Vyayama after Bhojana and 36% patients were doing Diwaswapna.

Pragmatic Humanism and the Posthumanist Challenge: Between Biocentrism and the New Human Being

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Ana Honnacker
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
William James ◽  
Viable Alternative ◽  
Political Agency ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Human Potentials

Humanism is charged with fostering a harmful anthropocentrism that has led to the exploitation of non-human beings and the environment. Posthumanist and transhumanist ideas prominently aim at rethinking our self-understanding and human-nature relations. Yet these approaches turn out to be flawed when it comes to addressing the challenges of the “age of the humanity”, the Anthropocene. Whereas posthumanism fails in acknowledging the exceptional role of human beings with regard to political agency and responsibility, transhumanism overemphasizes human capabilities of controlling nature and only deepens the human-nature dualism. Therefore, a critical and humble version of humanism is suggested as a viable alternative. Drawing on pragmatist thinkers William James and F.C.S. Schiller, a resource for de-centering the human being is provided that critically reflects our role in the larger ecosystem and underlines human potentials as well as human responsibilities.

The Role of Criminalistic Classification and Defendants’ Typification in the Formation of Forensic Recommendations for Prosecuting in Court

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
S. L. Kislenko
Keyword(s):  
Decisive Role ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Public Prosecutor ◽  
Criminal Prosecution ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
First Case ◽  
Court Proceedings

Systemic characteristics of the doctrine dealing with the person committing a crime predetermine the complexity of the use of information about him or her in the process of criminal prosecution. Systemic information on the behavioral aspects of the person in the process of genesis of criminal and post-criminal activity, as well as its procedural status, will be of great importance in the work of law enforcement agencies as a systematic structure. Criminalistically significant aspects of criminal activity (and behavior) as a systemic holistic structure should be discussed when the decisive role of personal features is determined not only in the mechanism of the criminal act, but also beyond it. The activity of the person that takes place both before the criminal prosecution (criminal aspect) and during the proceedings (post-criminal aspect) should be investigated. Therefore, the identity of the defendant should be considered in the context of such categories as the identity of an offender and the identity of an accused (a suspect). The typification of defendants is necessary In order to improve the effectiveness of the prosecution of offenders in court proceedings. The classification approach allows us to develop targeted recommendations (methods, tactical complexes) to maintain the prosecution. Obtaining and using information about the identity of the defendant implies the need for the public prosecutor to interact with other authorities involved in prosecution process. The author comes to the conclusion that the study of personal and behavioral characteristics of the defendant has important theoretical and practical significance. In the first case, the generalization of such knowledge contributes to the development of criminalistic theory in general and its certain sections in particular. From a practical point of view, accumulation of such knowledge contributes to the formation of targeted criminalistic recommendations used to improve the effectiveness of criminal prosecution of persons who committed crimes within the framework of criminal proceedings.

Predestination and freedom in Milton's Paradise Lost

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-80
Author(s):  
Benjamin Myers
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Paradise Lost ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Fluid Sphere ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
History Of

John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost (1667) offers a highly creative seventeenth-century reconstruction of the doctrine of predestination, a reconstruction which both anticipates modern theological developments and sheds important light on the history of predestinarian thought. Moving beyond the framework of post-Reformation controversies, the poem emphasises both the freedom and the universality of electing grace, and the eternally decisive role of human freedom in salvation. The poem erases the distinction between an eternal election of some human beings and an eternal rejection of others, portraying reprobation instead as the temporal self-condemnation of those who wilfully reject their own election and so exclude themselves from salvation. While election is grounded in the gracious will of God, reprobation is thus grounded in the fluid sphere of human decision. Highlighting this sphere of human decision, the poem depicts the freedom of human beings to actualise the future as itself the object of divine predestination. While presenting its own unique vision of predestination, Paradise Lost thus moves towards the influential and distinctively modern formulations of later thinkers like Schleiermacher and Barth.

scholarly journals Neuromarketing – The Potential Tool for Sales of Aesthetic Lasers

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 1510-1513
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Buying Behavior ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Marketing Tool ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potential Tool

Marketing began in 1920s during economic prosperity as the supply was greater than demand. Industries started innovations to sell their products to unwilling customers in the scientific manner analyzing the consumer behaviors. Scientific analysis and research spread towards many fields, from economics to medicines, engineering and marketing, leading to new disciplines, such as Neuro economics, Neuro designs and Neuromarketing. Neuromarketing is the integration or coming together of distinct and separate factors or convergence of evolutionary biology, psychology, genetic, neuroscience, with marketing and economics. Neuromarketing is gaining momentum and the brain science is ruling the market for the consumer buying behavior. In the last two decades, cognitive neuroscience and psychology has made progress in the study of the human mind and behavior. Neuro design” provides the knowledge on the functioning of the human brain for the design of more effective products, size, colours, packaging etc. This paper emphasizeNeuromarketing as an effective marketing tool for sales of aesthetic laser products, so as to make products and messages more effective. Neuromarketing is everything in understanding the design cues and aesthetics, that appeal to human beings’ inner truths and sensibilities, which formed a lakh year ago. Therefore, in this study, the researcher has highlighted the opinion of the field experts that neuro variables play a decisive role in the minds of customers while choosing and buying aesthetic products.

scholarly journals Mediating role of employee green behaviour towards sustainability performance of banks

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malsha K. P. P. H. G. N. ◽  
A Anton Arulrajah ◽  
Samithamby Senthilnathan
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Green Is ◽  
Sustainability Performance ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Relationship

Nowadays, due to the huge deterioration of the environment, not only human beings but also the day-to-day business environment suffers adversely. Hence, the “Go Green” behaviour becomes a globally accepted direction of every individual and business. “Go Green” is an earth-friendly living approach and banks play a decisive role in safeguarding the environment to make our livelihood better. As there is an emerging trend to update traditional banking system with green banking strategies in the modern banking system, bank employees are directed to play a vital behavioural role (Norton, Parker, Zacher, & Ashkanasy, 2015) to keep better banking practices, more environmentally friendly, to have bank sustainability performance. Therefore, this study critically examines the relationships between Green banking practices (GBP), Employee green behaviour (EGB), and Sustainability performance of banks (SPB) in the Sri Lankan context. This study specifically examines the mediating role of EGB in the relationship between GBP and SPB. The results confirm the partial mediation role of EGB in the relationship between GBP to SPB. Moreover, both direct and indirect effects of mediation analysis reveal the same direction, significantly. This study becomes vital for understanding the mediating role of EGB, empirically between GBP and SPB.

Theoreticians' obligation of transparency: when parsimony, reflexivity, transparency and reciprocity meet

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 973-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIKI ISH-SHALOM
Keyword(s):  
Social Scientist ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Social World ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Moral Principle ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Principle ◽  
Theoretical Mechanism

AbstractOne way to describe the role of the social sciences (international relations included) is by relating to its function of rendering the social world transparent. This is a major conception of moral significance. The social world is a world of moral subjects. To render this world of moral subjects transparent involves exposing the inner states of the human mind. Moreover, according to the moral principle of reciprocity, those who make others transparent should be also transparent themselves. Furthermore, as facts do not order themselves objectively into parsimonious theory, the social scientist requires an extra-theoretical mechanism to classify and filter out data on the way to constructing theory. This extra-mechanism comprises the scientist'sa prioriassumptions of normative, ontological, and epistemological types:a prioriassumptions that constitute the inner states of the theoretician's mind and necessarily precede theory. It is argued here that according to the moral and social principle of reciprocity, theoreticians have an individual and communal moral obligation to ensure that theory and theorising are transparent; an obligation attainable and preceded by strong individual and communal reflexivity. The extra-theoretical mechanism, and especially the ideological inclinations and normative convictions of theoreticians that allows parsimonious theory to be constructed from unbounded social complexity, should be made visible to the public.

Things in Themselves and their Relation to Appearances

2021 ◽  
pp. 245-318
Author(s):  
Anja Jauernig
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Secondary Qualities ◽  
The Difference

The theses that things in themselves exist and ground appearances by affecting sensibility are discussed, a discussion that includes an examination of the difference between the empirical and transcendental distinction between things in themselves and appearances and of the role of the analogy between secondary qualities and spatiotemporal determinations in Kant’s explanation of critical idealism. The relation between the transcendental and the empirical self is revisited, and the two-world reading of this relation is confirmed and integrated with an account of Kant’s conception of human beings as composed of various distinct parts, including a body, an empirical self, and a transcendental self. The account, begun in chapter 3, of how critical idealism differs from ordinary idealism is further refined, and Kant’s arguments for the existence and grounding theses are reconstructed and shown to ultimately rely on the assumption that the human mind is essentially finite. Finally, two versions of critical idealism are distinguished—bold critical idealism and timid critical idealism—and it is argued that Kant is a bold critical idealist.

scholarly journals Reconceptualizing patient engagement within research contexts through a relational approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Richard Hovey
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Relational Approach ◽  
Team Meetings ◽  
Research Communities ◽  
First Case ◽  
Whole Person

Currently within the Canadian research landscape, inclusion of patients as partners, research ambassadors have become part of the fabric for research funding;"nothing about me without me". My recent personal experiences at pain conferences and from research team meetings as a patient or more precisely, a person living with chronic pain (PLCP), who is also an academic researcher, suggest we need to evolve a philosophy of engagement that serves both the PLCPs as research ambassadors, rather than patent partners. This presentation is intended to open up conversations about the role of patient experience and the interconnections needed to build strong research communities, through a consideration of a whole person care relational model. In order to meaningfully locate and describe the role of the patient within the structure of a scientific research community I turn to Merleau-Ponty who aptly described the two main perspectives from which we research as, “[t]he world and man [human-beings] are accessible through two kinds of investigations, in the first case explanatory [scientific] and in the second case reflective [philosophical]”. Suggesting, that the language and relationships the emerge and nurtured within research communities need a shared understanding derived from a relational approach rather than a business model of efficiency, experts and teams. A relational approach works toward co-creating a sense of belonging and purpose rather than mere inclusion to meet research funding application criteria. The focus of this presentation is to explore how to co-create a relational approach for researchers with people living with chronic pain. 

Collection of Ego-Centered Network Data with Computer-Assisted Interviews

Methodology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Gerich ◽  
Roland Lehner
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Full Network

Although ego-centered network data provide information that is limited in various ways as compared with full network data, an ego-centered design can be used without the need for a priori and researcher-defined network borders. Moreover, ego-centered network data can be obtained with traditional survey methods. However, due to the dynamic structure of the questionnaires involved, a great effort is required on the part of either respondents (with self-administration) or interviewers (with face-to-face interviews). As an alternative, we will show the advantages of using CASI (computer-assisted self-administered interview) methods for the collection of ego-centered network data as applied in a study on the role of social networks in substance use among college students.

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