scholarly journals “Concerning the Recently Notorious Issue of Rejuvenation”: Geneticist Yuri Filipchenco’s Letter to the Director of the Institute of Experimental Biology, Nikolai Koltsov (August 29, 1923)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1143-1154
Author(s):  
Valeria V. Sliskova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Experimental Biology ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Soviet Science ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The publication aims to introduce into scientific use the letter written by Russian geneticist Yuri A. Filipchenco. It was sent to the head of the Institute of Experimental Biology, Nikolai K. Koltsov on 29 August 1923. The published document thematically falls within the field of the history of science — Soviet biomedicine — in the early Soviet period. One of the documents attached to the letter was the Yu. A. Filipchenco’s response to the Rejuvenation: Collected papers published under N. K. Koltsov’s editorship in 1923. The collection included works of leading foreign specialists who had studied aging processes and rejuvenation in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. The popularity of the idea of rejuvenation increased and scientists attempted to achieve it venturing into methods of biology and medicine. Their efforts contributed to the development of scientific disciplines focusing on the idea. By early 1920s, rejuvenation had become one of the most popular ideas — there were numerous publications in periodicals devoted to biomedical methods for preventing aging processes. The major scientific center was Institute of Experimental Biology founded in 1917. Another document attached to the letter was Yu. A. Filipchenco’s review of the work of American geneticist R. Goldschmidt. By contrast to the Rejuvenation: Collected papers, this work directly related to his professional interests, as in collaboration with N. K. Koltsov he took part in institutionalization of genetics and eugenics in the first post-revolutionary years. The unpublished materials deposited in the archives of both scientists are important for history of Soviet science in 1920s. The published document has been found in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ARAN) in the fond of N. K. Koltsov (fond 450). The letter adds to the history of national genetics and rejuvenation studies in the early Soviet period. It also illustrates some nuances of the scientists’ everyday life, as they are mentioned in the letter. The document is published in compliance with current spelling and punctuation rules. The author’s notes and underlining are preserved. Information on the mentioned persons and works is given in the footnotes. Commentary, preceding the publication of the document, assesses its significance.

scholarly journals On the Biological Term “Gene” in the History of Science

ENDOXA ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Kurt Plischke ◽  
Alfons Labisch
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Biological Principle ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Contemporary philosophy of science sets the origins of the predominantattributes of the term “gene” in the year 1900 when Gregor Mendel’s work was rediscovered. Yet it was the speculative biology of the second half of the 19th century that opened up the epistemic sphere for a new conception of heredity: heredity as the transmission of particulate, hereditable material units with a tendency for self-preservation. The then young discipline of biology dissociated its terminology from the preconceptions of natural philosophy. In the early 20th century, the postulated hereditary particles were associated with the chromosome and, at least in the 1940s, with nucleic acid: which was being stable and, at the same time, mutable, as well as capable of self-reproduction, self-selectivity, and memory. DNA epitomizes the perfect biological principle. But the most recent conception of the gene is not free from anthropomorphisms.

History of Science: Projects and Realities

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Natalia I. Kuznetsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Science Projects ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes the key methodological problems of the contemporary research in the field of the history of science. It is shown that in the 18th and 19th centuries works on the history of science demonstrated the difficult paths of scientists to the heights of scientific discoveries. The positivism of the 19th century has opened the field of the philosophy of science, emphasizing the crucial role of scientific knowledge for the development of civilization. The history of science is fundamental for the justification of this thesis. However, in the 20th century, the history of science has solved mainly applied problems. It was necessary as a cursory review of the main achievements of various scientific disciplines arranged in chronological order. In fact, the history of science was based on the cumulative concept of the development of science. The criticism of cumulatism and the fight against anti-historical stereotypes emerged thanks to T. Kuhn. Later, the criticism of presentism in the community of science historians has become the main methodology for reconstructing the development of cognition. It is shown in the paper that the history of science was closely connected with the philosophy of science. However, genuine cooperation between philosophers and historians of science had not yet occurred. The situation has changed with the advent of a new philosophical discipline – historical epistemology.

scholarly journals Jadidist schools in Turkestan and Tatars (based on materials of the Tatar and Uzbek press of early 20th century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-480
Author(s):  
Lyalya R. Murtazina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Educational Literature ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of

The article highlights contribution of Tatar teachers in organizing Jadidist schools and educating children of the local peoples in Turkestan. Opinions of scientists of the early twentieth century, the Soviet period, and also modern researchers on this problem are presented. Based on the materials from newspapers and magazines of the early 20th century in the Tatar and Uzbek languages, the article highlights the history of the opening of certain schools and their activities. The issues of the the local population representatives’ attitide to the work of Tatar teachers are revealed. In addition, the role and influence of Tatar teachers and their textbooks on publishing educational literature written in the Turkestan peoples’ languages is also emphasized.

scholarly journals RUSSIAN ORIENTAL STUDIES IN THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SERGEI OLDENBURG AND VASILY BARTHOLD

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
V. G. Ananiev ◽  
◽  
M. D. Bukharin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Soviet Science ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Science And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

One of the most important sources on the history of Russian academic historical science in general and on the history of Russian Oriental studies in particular is the correspondence between the largest researchers of the history of the Near and Middle East, Academician Vasily Bartold and the permanent secretary of the IAS (RAS/AS of the USSR) in 1904–1929 Academician Sergei Oldenburg. The correspondence is kept in the St. Petersburg branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The documents themselves have not yet been published, and their commented introduction into scientific circulation is only expected. The documents contain detailed information on the development and implementation (both successful and unsuccessful) of research plans of these two major Russian scholars on various turns of Russian history in the late 19th – first third of the 20th century in general and Russian humanities in particular, as well as numerous details of their personal relations and relations with colleagues for more than 30 years. The letters indicate the position of Bartold and Oldenburg not only on the most important academic issues related to European Oriental studies, but also on issues of social and political importance for the fate of Russia. An important aspect of the activities of Bartold and Oldenburg was the work to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of Russia, as well as to support public education and higher education. The correspondence between Bartold and Oldenburg is the most important source for reconstructing the scientific biographies of both scholars, as well as for reconstructing the history of Russian (Soviet) science and culture of the late 19th – first third of the 20th century. A brief overview of archival documents predates the publication of all correspondence between Bartold and Oldenburg.

Book reviews

2018 ◽  
pp. 150-152
Author(s):  
L. M. Besov
Keyword(s):  
History Of Science ◽  
State Institution ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Fundamental Science ◽  
Technical Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Presidents of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine for 100 years of its existence: Scientific and organizational cont ribution to the progress of fundamental science / VN Gamalia, Yu. K. Duplenko, V. I. Onoprienko, S. P. Ruda, V. S. Savchuk; for ed. V.I. Onoprienko; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; State Institution "G. M. Dobrov Institute Research of Scientific-Technical Potential and History of Science". - Kyiv: SE "Inf.-analytical Agency ", 2018. - 215 p.

“History Misappropriation or Compreension?” (Russian Lihuanian Studies in the 19th and the Beginning of the 20th Century)

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 219-236
Author(s):  
Andrey Yu. Dvornichenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Medieval History ◽  
Scientific Paradigm ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The abundant Russian historiography of the medieval history of Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian-Russian State) has become in the last decades the centre of the discussions and is often subject to groundless criticism. This historiography was not very lucky in the Soviet period of the 20th century either, as it was severely criticized from the Marxist-Leninist position. When discussing Russian historiography the author of this article is consciously committed to the Russian positions. There are no reasons to consider this historiography branch either Byelorussian or Ukrainian one, as that was really Russian historiography, - the phenomenon that formed under the favorable specific conditions of Russian Empire before the beginning of the 20th century. The said phenomenon can be studied in different ways: according to the existing then main trends and schools or according to their affiliation with specific universities of Russian Empire. But according to the author of this article the best way to study the issue is in accordance with the main concepts of history. And then the pre-revolutionary historiography appears as an integral scientific paradigm that turns out to be the most divaricate branch of the Lithuanian studies of the time. It created, in its turn, the most vivid and objective historical picture that can still serve as the basis for the studies of Lithuanian-Russian state.

Public Libraries of the Vladimir and Kostroma Provinces' District Towns in the Second Half of the 19th — early 20th Century

2010 ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Native Population ◽  
History Of

On the history of the first public libraries in the province towns of Vladimirskaya and Kostromskaya provinces in the second half of the 17th century - early 20th century. The author considers main statistical data of libraries and analyses necessity and influence of these libraries and reading rooms on the native population.

ABOUT CUSTOMS BUSINESS IN TURKESTAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th -EARLY 20th CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
Chinpulat Kurbanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stage Development

The author in this scientific article examines the stage-by-stage development and formation of customs in Turkestan in the second half of the 19th -early 20th centuries. The author studied the history of customs in Turkestan and its role in establishing a single customs line in the future with neighboring khanates. The author focuses on the role of Russia in the establishment of a single customs line and the development of customs in Turkestan

‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech’: New Essays on the History of Archeology

2018 ◽  
pp. 1274-1279
Author(s):  
Elena V. Olimpieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Manuscript Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Publication Practices ◽  
Controversial Nature

The article reviews O. A. Shashkova’s ‘... Call the Mute Artifacts to Speech.’ Essays on the History of Archaeography of the 15th - Early 20th Century. Wide array of sources and broad geographical frameworks allow Shashkova to present emergence and development of Russian and European archaeography from the 15th to early 20th century intelligibly enough for educational purposes. A whole chapter is devoted to the manuscript tradition and publishing of sources before Gutenberg. When considering the formation of archaeographical tradition, the author uses comparative method. O. A. Shashkova offers a historical overview and analyzes theoretical and practical issues of archaeography. The reviewer notes the significance of the chosen topic due to a need to reconsider the development of publishing in light of modern views on archaeography and to make it accessible to students and non-professionals. She notes traditional academic approach of O. A. Shashkova to presentation of the development publication practices. The review considers the possibility of using the ‘Essays...’ in studying the history of archaeography and offers possible directions for a broader consideration of historical experience, in particular, of Novikov’s publication projects. The review notes the controversial nature of the author’s approach to systematization of her large historical material in order to consider issues concerning the study of archaeographical practices. It stresses that coverage of issues of development of methods of preparation of publications separately from its historical and practical aspects hinders successful mastering of the material by an untrained reader. It concludes that the publication has high practical value for specialists in archaeography and students.

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