scholarly journals The impact of inflation on the cost of adjustable-rate mortgages

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 113-134
Author(s):  
Tomasz Musiałowski
Keyword(s):  
Inflation Rate ◽  
Mortgage Loan ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Adjustable Rate ◽  
Adjustable Rate Mortgage ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Aim: To assess how inflation affects the cost of adjustable-rate mortgage from the perspective of personal finances.Design / Research methods: Adjustable-Rate Mortgage simulations were carried out, showing both the nominal and real costs of a mortgage loan. The behavior and the relationship between the inflation rate and WIBOR 3M rate were compared.Conclusions / findings: The analysis shows that the real cost of mortgage decreases with an increase in inflation. During the period under review, inflation declined, reducing both the real and nominal cost of the loan. There was a strong positive correlation between the WIBOR 3M rate and the inflation rate. Equally strong, although a negative correlation was observed between the inflation rate and the real interest rate. With the decline in inflation, real mortgage rates increased, and vice versa. Particular attention was paid to the periods in which inflation was rising. WIBOR 3M rate reacted to this increase to a much lesser extent and with a lag compared to the inflation rate.Originality / value of the article: Considering that forecasts presented by the National Bank of Poland predict inflation growth in the coming years, a thorough examination of the inflation impact on the mortgage costs is an important issue for risk management in households with mortgage.

scholarly journals The real cost of training health professionals in Australia: it costs as much to build a dietician workforce as a dental workforce

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonie Segal ◽  
Claire Marsh ◽  
Rob Heyes
Keyword(s):  
Health Professional ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Training Costs ◽  
Training Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost ◽  
The Impact

Objectives We explored the real cost of training the workforce in a range of primary health care professions in Australia with a focus on the impact of retention to contribute to the debate on how best to achieve the optimal health workforce mix. Methods The cost to train an entry-level health professional across 12 disciplines was derived from university fees, payment for clinical placements and, where relevant, cost of internship, adjusted for student drop-out. Census data were used to identify the number of qualified professionals working in their profession over a working life and to model expected years of practice by discipline. Data were combined to estimate the mean cost of training a health professional per year of service in their occupation. Results General medical graduates were the most expensive to train at $451,000 per completing student and a mean cost of $18,400 per year of practice (expected 24.5 years in general practice), while dentistry also had a high training cost of $352,180 but an estimated costs of $11,140 per year of practice (based on an expected 31.6 years in practice). Training costs are similar for dieticians and podiatrists, but because of differential workforce retention (mean 14.9 vs 31.5 years), the cost of training per year of clinical practice is twice as high for dieticians ($10,300 vs. $5200), only 8% lower than that for dentistry. Conclusions Return on investment in training across professions is highly variable, with expected time in the profession as important as the direct training cost. These results can indicate where increased retention and/or attracting trained professionals to return to practice should be the focus of any supply expansion versus increasing the student cohort.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Reliability Costs Toward INA-CBGS Rates in Patients With Hypertension in Pandan Arang Boyolali District Hospital In 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
Isma Oktadiana
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The Cost

In Indonesia, the incidence of hypertension ranged from 6-15% and many patients are still not reached by health services, especially in rural areas. The research purposes to determine patterns of treatment of hypertension, the average cost of treatment, the factors that affect the total cost, and the cost of compliance with the real cost of the package INA-CBGs. The study was an observational cross-sectional study design according to the perspective of the hospital. Method of data collection was done in retrosfektif and data derived from quantitative data. Subjects were inpatients suffering from hypertension without comorbidities and hypertension with comorbid diabetes mellitus, heart failure and kidney failure. The results showed significant differences with the INA-CBG rates on total costs in outpatients differed significantly in 79 samples, while the real cost of Rp 335,145 was greater than the INA-CBGs rate of Rp. 181,400, while inpatients differed significantly in 63 samples at the grade I, grade 3, 2, 1 severity of Rp. Rp. , Rp. 1,438,069, Rp. 1,498,683, Rp. 2,000,685, the severity level II class 3 and class 1 was Rp. 1,540,134, Rp. 2,866,200, III and grade 1 III severity levels of Rp. 1,586,617 and Rp. 3,439,500. This difference shows a positive difference, where the total real cost is more.

scholarly journals An Insight Regarding Economic Growth and Monetary Policy in Romania

2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (s1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Mera ◽  
Monica Pop Silaghi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Sacrifice Ratio ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Potential Gdp ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Sacrifice

Abstract This study introduces some aspects regarding the link between monetary policy and economic growth, through a rule well known in the literature which is named Taylor’s rule and through the concept of sacrifice ratio which encompasses the impact of the cost of disinflation on the economic growth of a country. In this paper, we rely on estimates of the growth of potential GDP of the National Bank of Romania for the period 2003-2006 while for the period 2007-2012 we rely on the estimates reported by the International Monetary Fund. Thus, we carry a deterministic exercise for computing the interest rate on the period 2003-2012 as depicted from the Taylor’s rule and we compare it with the effective monetary policy interest rate used by the National Bank of Romania. In the same time, we calculate the sacrifice ratio for the period 1997-2013 so as to be able to form an opinion regarding the cost of disinflation and its comparison with the typical estimates for larger time spans and for other countries.

scholarly journals The relationship between the cost of labor and the efficiency of their use in transport

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Abroskin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Productivity ◽  
New Method ◽  
National Project ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Productivity Increase ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Main Factor

The article deals with the problem of low labor productivity in Russia and the possibility of its increase. The author analyzes the main parameters of the National project «Increasing labor productivity and supporting employment» and concludes about the lack of efficiency. It is proposed to bring the price of labor to the real cost of labor as the main factor of labor productivity increase in the economy as a whole and on land transport. The article presents a new method of its calculation developed by the author.

Estimating the real cost of adjuvant (A) trastuxumab (T) in patients(pts) with HER-2+ (H+) early stage breast cancer (ESBC)

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6081-6081
Author(s):  
E. Wilson ◽  
J. Crown ◽  
J. Ballot ◽  
D. McDonnell ◽  
E. Sheehan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Relapse Rate ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Molecular Therapies ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Dose Dense ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Risk Of Relapse

6081 Background: Pts with H+ metastatic (M) ESBC have a high risk of relapse. T has been reported to reduce the risk of relapse for pts with H+ESBC by approximately 50% when combined with A chemotherapy (CT). We attempted to study the real cost of AT in the context of current use of T in MBC (MT), and of the predicted reduction in the risk of relapse. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the mean per pt cost of AT and MT, and standard ACT in St. Vincent’s Hospital. The costs/pt for AT and MT were €34k, and €47k respectively, and for the listed agents in standard A: docetaxel(D)-8.8k, paclitaxel(P)-7.4 k, filgrastim(G)-9.3 k. Based on published/presented data (BCIRG 001), we assumed a 35% risk for relapse at five years for pts with H+BC receiving conventional A, and a 50% risk reduction (RR) for AT, giving an absolute benefit of 17.5%. We then devised an equation to calculate the Crp for AT: Crp=[a-M(NRA/104)]/[NRA/104] where a = cost per pt for treatment (Tx) with AT, M = cost per pt for Tx with T in MBC, N = % of pts relapsing after standard A, RA = % reduction in the risk of relapse after Tx with AT (over standard A). Results: The corresponding real T costs/100 pts for the following reductions in relapse rate would be:25%-€3.4m 50%-€2.6m-, 80%-€2.1m, 100%-€1.8m. The Crp for AT with a 50% reduction in relapse rate is €147k. With a 100% reduction in the RR we estimate the Crp to be €50k. We studied D (D-BCIRG 001), P (P-CALGB 9344) and G (G-CALGB 9741 dose-dense), and noted the following published absolute relapse reductions for these tx: D-7%, P-5% and G-4%. The following costs per relapse prevented were calculated: P-148 k; G-231k; D-126k. Conclusions: Using the equation, the real cost per relapse prevented of AT can be calculated, and comparisons made with the cost-effectiveness of other accepted A. Assuming no re-treatment with MT, AT appears to be a relatively cost-efficient means of reducing relapses. Reports of the efficacy of short AT regimens suggest the possibility of even greater cost-effectiveness. This equation could possibly be used to calculate the cost effectiveness of other novel A molecular therapies. [Table: see text]

Estimating the real cost of adjuvant (adj) trastuzumab (T) in patients (pts) with HER-2+ (H+) early stage breast cancer (ESBC): Potential impact of reduced use of expensive oncology drugs (EOD) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC)

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6534-6534
Author(s):  
R. O'Cearbhaill ◽  
E. Wilson ◽  
A. deFrein ◽  
Z. Qadir ◽  
D. McDonnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Societal Cost ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

6534 Background: Pts with H+ early stage BC have an approximately 35% risk of developing MBC (BCIRG001). T has been reported to reduce this risk by 33–50%, but costs approximately €;30k per pt, a burden some health systems deem unsustainable. This risk reduction might however result in decreased utilization of EOD in MBC, lowering the societal cost of adjT. We attempted to estimate the cost per relapse prevented (Crp), and the real cost of adjT, allowing for potential savings in prevented cases of MBC. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the mean cost per pt of AdjT (1 year) and of EOD in MBC in St. Vincent's University Hospital. We devised an equation to calculate the Crp for adj T. Crp=[A-M(NRA/104)]/[NRA/104] where A = cost per pt for adjT, M = EOD cost per pt with MBC, N = % of pts relapsing after standard adj treatment, RA = % reduction in the risk of relapse after adjT (over standard adj). Results: H+ pts with MBC received T (average 34 cycles €;2,400 each) with a combination of the following drugs: docetaxel (x8 €;1,500), gemcitabine (x5 €;1,215), capecitabine (x8 €;400), vinorelbine ( x19 €;187). Only 2 pts received bevacizumab (Bev) (x15 €;3,000). In our unit the mean EOD cost per pt with MBC was €;108k. The cost per relapse prevented for a 33% and a 50% reduction in relapse rate would be €;152k and €;63k, respectively. Furthermore, assuming a 50% reduction in the rate of relapse (from 35 to 17.5%) the real cost of adjT per pt treated is not €;30k, but approximates €;11k (€;30k×100-{17.5x €;108k}). Conclusions: The reduced utilization of EOD in MBC likely has a very beneficial impact on the societal cost of adjT. Confirmation of the efficacy of shorter adjT (e.g. FinnHer) would produce further benefit. The increasing use of novel EOD in MBC e.g. Bev would make adjT even more cost-effective. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Who Is Voting for Low Inflation and Why?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Granville
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Inflation Rate ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
Nominal Anchor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Real Challenge ◽  
Latin American Countries

This chapter analyzes the impact of low inflation. It argues that despite repeated efforts by governing authorities to initiate anti-inflationary policies, long-lasting stabilization can prove elusive. Reducing inflation is one thing, but keeping it down is the real challenge. The chapter highlights the experiences of some Latin American countries in the 1970s and 1980s, Russia in the 1990s, and Argentina in the 2000s. One typical mistake was to choose the exchange rate as the nominal anchor, which allows the inflation rate to be reduced quickly, but its effect is temporary, as governments often use lower inflation as a reason to delay the necessary fiscal tightening, eventually leading to the collapse of the exchange rate peg and inflation striking back with a vengeance.

The Cost of World War II to the Soviet People: A Research Note

1978 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Millar ◽  
Susan J. Linz
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
National Income ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
World War ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Cost ◽  
Soviet People ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Although the total real cost of World War II to the Soviet people has yet to be fully tallied, there can be little doubt that it exceeds that of any other major participant, per capita as well as absolutely. The objective of this paper is to compare and evaluate the real war costs reported by the Soviets with those implied by Soviet pronouncements and those using Soviet national income data. Our purpose is to determine the reasonableness of the Soviet claim that World War II cost the Soviet economy two Five-Year Plans.

scholarly journals IMPORT AND TELECOM SECTOR REVENUE IN EXPLAINING THE MOTIVES TO INVEST IN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY BY ARMENIAN OPERATORS

2022 ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
Mariam Poghosyan
Keyword(s):  
Econometric Model ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Innovative Technologies ◽  
The Real ◽  
Use Of Services ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Telecom Sector ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact

By estimating the impact of real imports of innovative technologies and non-innovative equipment on the real revenue of the telecommunications operators; and the impact of real imports of non-innovative equipment and the real revenue of the telecommunications operators on the real revenue of the telecommunications operators in Armenia from the second half of 2014 till the end of 2020, we have identified which factors will mainly lead to the growth of the sector and force them to invest in innovative technology. According to the analysis of the econometric model #1, it can be said that companies increase the cost of importing innovative technologies and equipment by 6.11%, on average, as soon as revenue decreases by 1%. Secondly, import of non-innovative equipment, like phones, once every 24 months, could lead to an increase in import of innovative equipment. According to the model #2 the costs of importing non-innovative equipment have a statistically significant impact on the revenue of telecom companies, however, the import of new generation phones does not lead to a huge increase in the use of services offered by operators. 11 months after the introduction of innovative technologies, their impact on the revenue of the telecom companies becomes statistically significant and negative. We conclude that the decrease of telecoms revenue leads to the growth of real imports of innovative technologies. The model results will enable telecoms to overcome the situations that would decrease companies’ revenue, to revise the periods set for importing equipment and innovative technology.  

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