THE CHINESE ‘IDEOGRAPHIC’ SCRIPT: EVOLUTION OF PERCEPTIONS (BASED ON THE 19TH CENTURY AUTHORS)

2020 ◽  
pp. 210-218
Author(s):  
Ksenia A. Kozha ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Script ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Hieroglyphic Writing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Writing System ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Writing

The article explores briefly the history of research in one of the most arguable topics in Sinological linguistics — the definition of an ideographic script, i. e. the Chinese writing system perceptions in the Russian and Western sinology of the 19th century. J.-F. Champolion’s and T. Young’s discoveries of the nature of hieroglyphic script, its function and evolution, as well as their decipherment of the ancient Egyptians texts, naturally influenced the broad field of oriental linguistics, having stimulated researches of other hieroglyphic writing systems. The present article touches briefly upon works of the American scholars P. DuPanceau and S. Andrews, the British naturalist G. T. Lay, the French diplomat J.-M. Callery and the well-renowned Russian sinologists I. Bičurin and V. P. Vasilyev. Basing on the selection of works, relevant to the article’s subject matter, the author aims to illustrate the evolution of Sinological knowledge in one of its most arguable topics — the nature hieroglyphic script, its structure and modification over time. Selected passages from the above mentioned authors, their exchange of opinions and comments to each other’s works tend to demonstrate the development of the research methodology itself — the gradual shift from labelling the Chinese script with ideographic stamp to the recognition of its phono-semantic dimensions and its transformation towards a phonetic system of writing.

The Chinese Writing System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Galambos
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Script ◽  
Writing System ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Warring States ◽  
System P ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
Chinese Writing System ◽  
Chinese Writing

The Chinese script is one of the major writing systems of the world and has over three thousand years of recorded history. Native accounts of its origin have been extremely influential and remain part of the general discourse, even though newly discovered archaeological materials in many cases challenge the traditional view. The earliest known examples of Chinese characters survive on oracle bones, and these are essentially ancestral to all modern forms of written Chinese, even though the script went through great changes during the following millennia. One of the most important such changes was the Qin-Han transition from the scripts of the Warring States period to that of the dynastic era. In the medieval period, the Chinese script was adopted for other languages in East and Central Asia, and in some cases was modified to create new Sinoform scripts (e.g., Khitan, Jurchen, and Tangut).

scholarly journals Rozwój dziewiętnastowiecznego Szczecina w Geschichte der Stadt Stettin Martina Wehrmanna

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
Agata Łysakowska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
Cultural Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Martin Wehrmann uważany jest za przedstawiciela najważniejszych historyków zajmujących się dziejami Pomorza Zachodniego. Był członkiem towarzystw regionalnych, w tym Towarzystwa Historii i Starożytności Pomorza oraz Pomorskiej Komisji Historycznej. Pozostawił po sobie wiele prac, w tym dwutomowe Geschichte von Pommern i Geschichte der Stadt Stettin. W drugim z wymienionych dzieł Wehrmann w trzech rozdziałach (Stettins Franzosenzeit, Stettin im 19. Jahrhundert bis zur Aufgebung der Festung, Die neueste Zeit seit 1873) opisał rozwój Szczecina w XIX w. Jest to charakterystyka o tyle interesująca, iż autor pisze o mieście sobie współczesnym, zwracając uwagę na procesy, które ukształtowały Szczecin jako miasto nowoczesne, takie jak: odbudowa miasta po okupacji francuskiej, działalność Korporacji Kupieckiej, funkcjonowanie portu i żeglugi, rozwój przemysłu i komunikacji, modernizację ulic, działalność i aktywność kulturalną konkretnych osób czy wreszcie: zniesienie twierdzy. W artykule wykorzystano definicje miasta nowoczesnego zaproponowane przez Krzysztofa K. Pawłowskiego, Marię Nietykszę oraz Bohdana Jałowieckiego. The development of 19th-century Szczecin in Geschichte der Stadt Stettin by Martin Wehrmann Martin Wehrmann is considered one of the most prominent experts on the history of Western Pomerania. He was a member of various regional societies, including the Society of Pomeranian History and Antiquity, and the Pomeranian Historic Committee. He is the author of many works, including the two-volume Geschichte von Pommern and Geschichte der Stadt Stettin. In three chapters of the latter work (Stettins Franzosenzeit, Stettin im 19. Jahrhundert bis zur Aufgebung der Festung, Die neueste Zeit seit 1873), Wehrmann described the development of Szczecin in the 19th century. This description is quite exceptional, as the author writes about the city as it was at the moment of writing, pointing to the processes which shaped Szczecin and made it a modern town, such as the reconstruction of the city following the French occupation, the activity of the Trade Corporation, the functioning of the port and maritime transport, the development of industry and transport, modernization of streets, the activity of specific people, including cultural activity, and the disassembly of the fortifications. The article used a definition of a modern town by Krzysztof K. Pawłowski, Maria Nietyksza, and Bohdan Jałowiecki.

Information on the study of ancient Slavic monuments of writing in the mid-19th century in the correspondence of Spiridon Palauzov and Aleksey Viktorov

2020 ◽  
pp. 465-479
Author(s):  
Marina S. Krutova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Introductory Article ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Letters of 1869–1872 of the famous figure of the Bulgarian Renaissance Spiridon Nikolayevich Palauzov to the outstanding researcher and collector of manuscript books Aleksey Yegorovich Viktorov, stored in the Russian State Library’s manuscripts department, are published in full for the first time. The value of these epistolary documents for Russian and Slavic literature of the 19th century lies in the fact that they contain little-known information on the history of research, attribution and publication of handwritten monuments such as “The Life and Praise of Saint Philothei of Athens”, “The Commendation of Saint Euthymius of Tarnovo” by Gregory Tsamblak, the Service of Holy Venerable Theodosius of Tarnovo, and the writings of Saint Clement of Ohrid and Tsar Simeon I the Great, the Great Menaion Reader was compiled in the 1530s–1540s under the supervision of Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow, etc. An introductory article gives a brief description of the letters. The text of the epistolary documents is provided with historical, literary and real commentary.

scholarly journals O państwie prawa: uwagi filozofa

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-25
Author(s):  
Jan Woleński
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Negative Experience ◽  
Political Sciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second World

The concept of the state of law is not only of historical importance, but it also plays a significant role in the contemporary political and legal though. In particular, it has become one of the elements of the legal order that prevail in the European Union member States. The concept of the state of law originated in the German legal doctrine in the first quarter of the 19th century. It drew from the Kant’s idea of a reason-guided society. The fullest definition of the idea of the state of law was probably explained by Robert von Mohl in his work “Encyclopaedia of Political Sciences” published in 1859. The ideas it contained, however, had been known already in the thirties of that century. According to Mohl, the state of law is not a form of state, but rather a certain order of rights and duties of the state towards its citizens as well as the citizens towards the state. Hence it does not matter whether a state is a monarchy or a republic. There are many controversies when it comes to the history of the state of law. Among the main ones is the question whether the criteria of the state of law are of a formal or substantial character. The formal conception of the state of law prevailed in the 19th century Germany and the Weimar Republic. Since the Second World War and the negative experience with a totalitarian state, both fascist and communist, it has been accepted that there is no state of law without a minimum, rather broader than narrower, of citizen’s rights and institutions that secure them. The paper presents the origin and development of the concept of a state of law and compares it with the concept of the rule of law.

scholarly journals Review of semantic research of adverbs of place in Lithuanian

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Gintarė Judžentytė
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Semantic investigations of adverbs of place in Lithuanian started in 1653, when in the first grammar of the Lithuanian language Danielius Kleinas offered a classification of adverbs of place that consisted of four semantic groups: 1) In Loco; 2) De Loco; 3) Per Locum; 4) Ad Locum. This semantic division remained unchanged for over two centuries, i.e. 17th – 18th century.The comparative-historical method that was introduced in the 19th century influenced Lithuanian linguistics and, as a result, such figures as A. Šleicheris, the author of the first theoretical Lithuanian language grammar and F. Kuršaitis, another author of an important grammar volume focused more on the origin of adverbs (of place) rather than their semantics.The 20th century in Lithuanian linguistics had still retained some reverberations of the 19th century, the author of the first standard Lithuanian grammar J. Jablonskis still pays more attention to the origin of adverbs of place and not its meanings.The most significant semantic research of adverbs of place in this century is considered to be K. Ulvydas’ analysis in the academic “grammar of the Lithuanian language” as it was the first one to provide a comprehensive description of what an adverb is in general as well as a definition of an adverb of place. In comparison to other grammars written earlier, this work provides the most extensive semantic classification of adverbs of place; in addition, it provides a detailed account of the meanings of adverbs of place, the overlaps of those meanings, etc. Along with grammars of Lithuanian, adverbs of place were extensively investigated in other scholarly works. The most important of them is B. Forsman’s monograph “Das baltische Adverb” which, in comparison to other works devoted to Lithuanian adverbs of place, provides a detailed analysis and description of the semantics of adverbs of place in Lithuanian: 1. B. Forssman was the first one to apply the notion of space in the investigation of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to research Lithuanian adverbs of place by naming an object in relation to which the place/location is described; he was the first one to include the notion of deixis into the history of semantic research of Lithuanian adverbs of place; he was the first one to distinguish the meanings of Lithuanian adverbs of place according to the manner of localisation and division of space.

scholarly journals Music Textbooks and Manuals in Zagreb in the Last Two Decades of the 19th Century Represented by Vjenceslav Novak’s Work: a Contribution to the History of Music Pedagogy

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Benić Zovko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Music Pedagogy ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Comprehensive Curriculum ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Ultimate Purpose

There has not been a lot of musicological research on the 19th century music textbooks and manuals as historical sources for the development of musical didactics and pedagogy of the time. Vjenceslav Novaks textbook Introduction to Music Harmony, intended for students of the teachers school, is being analysed in correlation with Novaks text published in the report of Music Institutes school in 1891. Both the text and the textbook made significant contributions to the definition of theory of music (especially a part of it the author refers to as basic theory of music), defining pedagogical and didactical principles of teaching, and to the making of a comprehensive curriculum for theoretical disciplines. The author found the meaning and purpose of these disciplines in aesthetics, and the ultimate purpose of music in knowing God. In this sense he viewed the educational process as a path from the practical to the speculative. The textbook is also a reflection of the sociopolitical circumstances it was written in. Aesthetical and theological principles of Novaks concept of theory of music enabled teaching to be a medium for religious and moral upbringing, and the use of folk songs gave it the necessary element of national consciousness. Key words: aesthetics; Mažuranićs law; Music Institute; teachers school; theory of music

scholarly journals Requirements demanded of accounting practitioners by the market in the second half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (85) ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Angélica Vasconcelos ◽  
Adriana Silva ◽  
Patrik Gomes ◽  
Cilene Vieira
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Accounting History ◽  
Job Advertisements ◽  
Accounting Practitioners ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT This study aims to identify the requirements demanded of accounting practitioners by the market in the second half of the 19th century in the state of Pará. Standing out from the existing literature, this study broadens the understanding of the history of the accounting profession as an occupation, through the use of concepts derived from the sociological theory of professions. The relevance of the topic chosen lies in understanding the impact of the requirements demanded of accounting practitioners on the professionalization process and on the modeling of the limits of the occupational structure. The evidence provides the possibility of strengthening the research in the area of accounting history by demonstrating the difficulty of defining what an “accounting practitioner” was, since the expression covered an infinity of employment situations, the performance of various tasks, and included specialized sub-occupations. The study involves archival research, based on job advertisements published in newspapers that circulated in Pará in the period from 1859 to 1888, available from the National Library of Brazil. The requirements analyzed were demographic characteristics (sex, age, nationality, and marital status) and competences. The findings were compared with those of similar studies, as well as with studies that analyze a contemporary period. The results of this research indicate that the market required accounting practitioners to be male, between 12 and 16 years old, with good conduct confirmed by a reference provider, and practical knowledge that was not always restricted to the accounting universe. The findings demonstrate that there was no objective definition of the limits of the identity of the occupation and, in essence, the requirements demanded of accounting practitioners in the second half of the 19th century persist over time. The contribution of this research consists of broadening and deepening the historical understanding of the nature of the accounting occupation in Pará, an area of less commercial prominence during the second half of the 19th century.

Kontrast und Wissen

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-102
Author(s):  
Robin Rehm
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Circle ◽  
Black Cross ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

Kasimir Malewitschs suprematistische Hauptwerke ›Schwarzes Quadrat‹, ›Schwarzer Kreis‹ und ›Schwarzes Kreuz‹ von 1915 setzen sich aus schwarzen Formen auf weißem Grund zusammen. Der Typus des Schwarzweißbildes weist überraschende Parallelen zu den bildlichen Wahrnehmungsinstrumenten auf, die vom ausgehenden 18. bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in den Experimenten der Farbenlehre, physiologischen Optik und Psychologie verwendet worden sind. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht diese Parallelen in drei Schritten: Zunächst erfolgt eine allgemeine Charakterisierung des Schwarzweißbildes mit Hilfe des Kontrastbegriffs von Edmund Husserl. Des weiteren wird die Entstehung und Funktion des schwarzweißen Kontrastbildes in den Wissenschaften des 19. Jahrhunderts typologisch herausgearbeitet. Unter Berücksichtigung des Wissensbegriffs von Max Scheler wird abschließend die Spezifik des Wissens eruiert, das die Schwarzweißbilder sowohl in der Malerei Malewitschs als auch in den genannten Wissenschaften generieren. Malevich’s main Suprematist works, such as ›Black Square‹, ›Black Circle‹, and ›Black Cross‹ from 1915, consist of black shapes on white ground. Surprisingly this series of shapes strongly resembles scientific black-and-white images used for research on colour theory, physiological optics, and psychology throughout the 19th century. This paper examines the parallels between Malevich’s paintings and the scientific drawings in three steps: It first characterizes black-and-white images in general, using Edmund Husserl’s definition of the term ›contrast‹. Secondly, the paper investigates the development and function of black-and-white images as tools of perception in the sciences. It finally discusses the specific knowledge generated through Malevich’s art and through scientific black-and-white images, following Max Scheler’s phenomenological identification of knowledge.

MASJID BESAR RAJA HAJI ABDUL GHANI PULAU BURU KEPULAUAN RIAU

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurman Kholis
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
District Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chinese Buddhists ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Level Government

Abstract. Many Muslims in the Riau Islands do not know the history of the development of Islamic theory from the center of power to spread to various corners. This is as the existence of the Great Mosque of Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) on Buru Island, Karimun. Thus, to uncover the existence of this mosque, qualitative research methods are used so that history, architecture, and socio-religious functions can be known. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the establishment of MBRHAG was initiated by Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. He was the first Amir (sub-district level government) of the kingdom of Riau-Lingga on Buru Island, in the 19th century. The architecture is a Chinese. Therefore, on the right side of this mosque is around 200 m, there is also the Sam Po Teng Temple and the Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Thus, the close location of the mosque with Chinese and Confucian worship houses's shows a harmonious relationship between Malay Muslims and Chinese Buddhists. In fact, in the continuation of this relationship there was information that a Chinese Buddhist had joined a Muslim friend to fast for half a month of Ramadan.Keywords: Mosque, Malay Muslims, Chinese Buddhists/Confucians, Harmonious RelationsAbstrak. Umat Islam di Kepulauan Riau banyak yang tidak mengenal sejarah perkembangan ajaran Islam dari pusat kekuasaan hingga tersebar ke berbagai pelosok. Hal ini sebagaimana keberadaan Masjid Besar Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) di Pulau Buru, Karimun. Dengan demikian, untuk mengungkapkan keberadaan masjid ini digunakan metode penelitian kualitatif  agar dapat diketahui sejarah, arsitektur, dan fungsi sosial keagamaannya.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pendirian MBRHAG diprakarsai oleh Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. Ia adalah Amir (pemerintah setingkat kecamatan) pertama kerajaan Riau-Lingga di Pulau Buru, pada abad ke-19. Adapun arsitekturnya adalah seorang Tionghoa. Karena itu, di sebelah kanan masjid ini sekitar 200 m juga terdapat Kelenteng Sam Po Teng dan cetya Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Dengan demikian, dekatnya lokasi masjid dengan rumah ibadah umat Tionghoa dan Khonghucu ini menunjukkan hubungan yang harmonis antara muslim Melayu dengan Budhis Tionghoa. Bahkan, dalam kelangsungan hubungan ini terdapat informasi seorang Buddhis Tionghoa pernah ikut temannya yang beragama muslim untuk berpuasa selama setengah bulan Ramadhan.Kata Kunci: Masjid, Muslim Melayu, Buddhis/Khonghucu Tionghoa, Hubungan Harmonis

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