Mean annual green water footprint of national consumption per capita (1996-2005)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najet Guefradj
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Production ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Table Data ◽  
National Consumption

This layer represents estimation of the mean annual green water footprint of national consumption for the period 1996-2005. The water footprint is a measure of human’s appropriation of freshwater resources. The green water footprint is the volume of green water (rainwater) consumed, which is particularly relevant in crop production. Estimation are given in cubic meter per capita per year. In the table, data are also available disaggregated per sectors: agricultural production, industrial production and domestic water use. Methodology and results can be found in the main report: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report50-NationalWaterFootprints-Vol1.pdf . For more information, visit the Water Footprint Network website: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat Agriculture Supply Use/Reuse

Mean water footprint of national consumption per capita (1996-2005)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloé Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Table Data ◽  
National Consumption

This layer presents estimations of the mean annual water footprint of national consumption per capita for the period 1996-2005. The water footprint is a measure of human’s appropriation of freshwater resources; it has three components: green, blue and grey. Estimations are given in cubic meter per capita per year. In the table, data are also available disaggregated per sectors: agricultural production, industrial production and domestic water use. A detailed description of the methodology and results can be found in the main report available here: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report50-NationalWaterFootprints-Vol1.pdf . For more information, visit the Water Footprint Network website: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat Cost Use/Reuse

Mean annual blue water footprint of national consumption per capita (1996-2005)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najet Guefradj
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Table Data ◽  
National Consumption

This layer represents estimation of the mean annual blue water footprint of national consumption for the period 1996-2005. The water footprint is a measure of human’s appropriation of freshwater resources. The blue water footprint refers to consumption of blue water resources (surface and ground water). Estimations are given in cubic meter per capita per year. In the table, data are also available disaggregated per sectors: agricultural production, industrial production and domestic water use. A detailed description of the methodology and results can be found in the main report available here: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/Reports/Report50-NationalWaterFootprints-Vol1.pdf . For more information, visit the Water Footprint Network website: http://temp.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/WaterStat Agriculture Supply Use/Reuse

scholarly journals The Water Footprint of Kathmandu Metropolitan City

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Mohan Bikram Shrestha ◽  
Udhab Raj Khadka
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Water Project ◽  
Metropolitan City ◽  
Industrial Water Use ◽  
Per Capita

The water footprint is consumption-based indicator of water use. Water footprint is defined as the total volume of both indirect and the direct freshwater used for producing goods and services consumed by individuals or inhabitants of community. There are many studies regarding the direct water use but studies incorporating both direct and indirect water use is deficient. This study tries to estimate total volume of water based on the consumption pattern of different commodities by individuals of Kathmandu Metropolitan city using extended water footprint calculator. The average water footprint of individuals appears to be 1145.52 m3/yr. The indirect and direct water footprint appears to be 1070.82 Mm3/yr and 46.59 Mm3/yr respectively which cumulatively give the total water footprint of Kathmandu Metropolitan City of 1117.40 Mm3/yr. This volume is equal to 2.27 times the annual flow the River Bagmati. The indirect water footprint includes food water footprint of 1055.60 Mm3/yr or 2.14 times the annual flow and industrial water use of 15.22 Mm3/yr or 0.03 times the annual flow while the direct water footprint includes domestic water use of 46.59 Mm3/yr or 0.09 times the annual flow. In food water footprint, cereals consumption shared the highest contribution of 34.82% followed by meat consumption with share of 32.62% in total water footprint. Per capita per day water use of inhabitants appears to be 3138 liters which includes water use in food items of 2965 liters, industrial water use of 43 liters and domestic water use of 131 liters. The per capita per day domestic water use is 90 liters more than supplement of 41 liters by the water operator of Kathmandu Valley. Per capita per day domestic water use is already 5 liters more than expected improvement in water supplement of 126 liters per capita per day in 2025 after accomplishment of Melamchi water project. And, it is expected to increase further observing the rapid urbanization of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. The study showed water footprint of individuals is directly related to food consumption behavior, life style and services used therefore it is necessary to initiate water offsetting measures at individual level and water operator to find environmentally sustainable alternatives along with ongoing water project to fulfill demand. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 28, 2014: 73-80

scholarly journals The Water Footprint of Global Food Production

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2696
Author(s):  
Mesfin M. Mekonnen ◽  
Winnie Gerbens-Leenes
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Dietary Shifts ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Main Consumer ◽  
Future Population

Agricultural production is the main consumer of water. Future population growth, income growth, and dietary shifts are expected to increase demand for water. The paper presents a brief review of the water footprint of crop production and the sustainability of the blue water footprint. The estimated global consumptive (green plus blue) water footprint ranges from 5938 to 8508 km3/year. The water footprint is projected to increase by as much as 22% due to climate change and land use change by 2090. Approximately 57% of the global blue water footprint is shown to violate the environmental flow requirements. This calls for action to improve the sustainability of water and protect ecosystems that depend on it. Some of the measures include increasing water productivity, setting benchmarks, setting caps on the water footprint per river basin, shifting the diets to food items with low water requirements, and reducing food waste.

scholarly journals Water footprint in family farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. e26610615777
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Grateki Barbosa ◽  
Daniel Brasil Ferreira Pinto ◽  
Rafael Alvarenga Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Gray Water ◽  
The Family

Currently, the management of water resources has gained greater visibility and has become indispensable, with the need for different methodologies which consider all water used and incorporated in the processes and products. In this way, the water footprint concept has been introduced to calculate the appropriation of fresh water on the part of the humankind. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the water footprint in some sectors of family farming in the municipality of Teófilo Otoni – MG, analyzing the agricultural production of crops cultivated exclusively by the sector in 2017 in Teófilo Otoni. The cultivation of pumpkin, banana, chayote, beans, cassava, Maize, peppers, okra, cabbage, and tangerine were studied. Thus, the total water footprint for the year 2017 was 13,996,735.05 m3.t-1, in which the green water footprint represents 86%, the blue water footprint represents 12.5% and the gray water footprint equals 1.5%. The family farming sector of Teófilo Otoni demands an average of 196.73 liters for a production of R$ 1.00.

Assessment of Water Footprint for Koshi River Basin (KRB), Nepal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Deva Singh ◽  
Kumar Ghimire ◽  
Ashish Pandey
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Green And Blue Water ◽  
Koshi River Basin

<p>Nepal is an agrarian country and almost one-third of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is dependent on agricultural sector. Koshi river basin is the largest basin in the country and serves large share on agricultural production. Like another country, Nepalese agriculture holds largest water use in agriculture. In this context, it is necessary to reduce water use pressure. In this study, water footprint of different crop (rice, maize, wheat, millet, sugarcane, potato and barley) have been estimated for the year 2005 -2014 to get the average water footprint of crop production during study period. CROPWAT model, developed by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO 2010b).</p><p>For the computation of the green and blue water footprints, estimated values of ET (the output of CROPWAT model) and yield (derived from statistical data) are utilised. Blue and green water footprint are computed for different districts (16 districts within KRB) / for KRB in different years (10 years from 2005 to 2014) and crops (considered 7 local crops). The water footprint of crops production for any district or basin represents the average of WF production of seven crops in the respective district or basin.</p><p>The study provides a picture of green and blue water use in crop production in the field and reduction in the water footprint of crop production by selecting suitable crops at different places in the field. The Crop, that has lower water footprint, can be intensified at that location and the crops, having higher water footprint, can be discontinued for production or measure for water saving technique needs to be implemented reducing evapotranspiration. The water footprint of agriculture crop production can be reduced by increasing the yield of the crops. Some measures like use of an improved variety of seed, fertilizer, mechanized farming and soil moisture conservation technology may also be used to increase the crop yields.</p><p>The crop harvested areas include both rainfed as well as irrigated land. Agricultural land occupies 22% of the study area, out of which 94% areas are rainfed whereas remaining 6% areas are under irrigation. The study shows 98% of total water use in crop production is due to green water use (received from rainfall) and remaining 2 % is due to blue water use received from irrigation (surface and ground water as source). Potato has 22% blue water proportion and contributes 85% share to the total blue water use in the basin. Maize and rice together hold 77% share of total water use in crops production. The average annual water footprint of crop production in KRB is 1248 cubic meter/ton having the variation of 9% during the period of 2005-2014. Sunsari, Dhankuta districts have lower water footprint of crop production. The coefficient of variation of water footprint of millet crop production is lower as compared to those of other crops considered for study whereas sugarcane has a higher variation of water footprint for its production.</p>

scholarly journals Transforming Traditional Agriculture Redux

2019 ◽  
pp. 362-380
Author(s):  
Philip G. Pardey ◽  
Julian M. Alston
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Traditional Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Change ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
Supply Side Factors

In Transforming Traditional Agriculture T.W. Schultz (1964), envisioned a crucial role for investments in ‘nontraditional’ inputs such as knowledge and education, and improvements in the quality of material inputs and people, to help shift agriculture to a firmer footing and capitalize on agriculture as an engine of economic growth. However, the patterns of agricultural change over the subsequent half century have been uneven. Around the world today can be found countries at every stage of the transition that is now largely complete in the high-income countries. Global agricultural production has been dominated for a long time by a short (but changing) list of relatively large and populous countries. In 2011–13, just ten countries accounted for 55.7 per cent of the world’s cropland. The bulk of global crop production takes place in the temperate north (62.9 per cent). Supply side factors affect the location of production, but demand matters too. Food commodities are predominantly produced close to where they will be consumed. Consequently, calories produced from staple crops as a share of each country’s calories produced from all crops has a visibly negative relationship with average per capita income—an Engel effect on the national agricultural output mix.

scholarly journals Assessment of Crop Water Footprint for Different Varieties of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ramachandran ◽  
R. Lalitha ◽  
S. Vallal Kannan ◽  
K. Sivasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Different Levels

Background: Water Footprint is a recently used indicator which helps to reduce water depletion and alleviate water stress in areas of drought and proper crop cultivation. Hence a study was taken up to assess the crop water footprint of different groundnut varieties namely TMV 7, VRI 2, VRI 3, VRI Gn 5, VRI Gn 6, CO 3, CO Gn 4, ALR 3 and TMV Gn 13 cultivated during Kharif and Rabi seasons at Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil Nadu. Methods: The total water requirement, blue and green crop evapotranspiration, blue and green crop water use and total water footprint for different varieties of groundnut were estimated using CROPWAT 8.0 Windows. A comparison was made between the water footprint of groundnut varieties and the strategies to reduce water footprint is presented. Result: The total water footprint for groundnut varieties ranged from 2603 to 4889 m3 ton-1 (CV of 26%) during kharif season, while it was ranged from 1465 to 2470 m3 ton-1 (CV of 18%) during rabi season. It was found that in all groundnut varieties the blue water footprint is higher than the green water footprint, while VRI Gn 5 variety had minimum total water footprint. It was concluded that, the groundnut production is affected by different levels of blue water stress which requires effective irrigation practices and water management strategies to enhance the crop production.

scholarly journals The Water Footprint of Wood for Energy Consumed in the European Union

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joep F. Schyns ◽  
Davy Vanham
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) aims at increasing the share of renewable energy use, of which nearly half originates from wood sources currently. An energy supply from wood sources strongly relies on green water resources, which are limited and also essential for food security and terrestrial biodiversity. We have estimated the water footprint (WF) of wood for energy consumed in the EU-28 (WFwec) by combining data on energy produced from wood sources in the EU per member state for the year 2015 from the EU energy reference scenario 2016, extra-EU trade in fuelwood and charcoal, and country-specific estimates of the water footprint per unit of wood. We find that the WFwec is large (156 × 109 m3/y), 94% of this footprint is situated within the EU, and it is almost exclusively related to green water (99%). Adding WFwec to the WF related to the EU’s consumption of agricultural and industrial products as well as domestic water use (702 × 109 m3/y) signifies an increase of 22% to 858 × 109 m3/y. We show that over half of the internal WFwec is in member states that have a high degree of green water scarcity and hence very limited potential left to sustainably allocate more green water flows to biomass production. The results of this study feed into the debate on how the EU can achieve a sustainable and reliable energy supply. Policies on energy security should consider that increased use of wood or other biomass for energy increases the already significant pressure on limited green water resources.

scholarly journals GREEN WATER FOOTPRINT AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR ESPIRITO SANTO STATE

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Sidney Sara Zanetti ◽  
Maria Sueliane Santos De Andrade ◽  
Roberto Avelino Cecílio
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
The State ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Espírito Santo ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Coffee Cultivation ◽  
Espirito Santo

Water footprint is a relatively new concept of freshwater appropriation that considers its direct and indirect use by a consumer or producer and used as a comprehensive indicator of the appropriation of water resources. The objective of this study was to estimate the green water footprint and evaluate its sustainability in the state of Espírito Santo, using the land use information and indicators of water scarcity. The total green water footprint was estimated by the sum of the green water footprints of pasture, forest, coffee cultivation, forestry, and other agricultural uses. The state’s total green footprint estimated was 47.5 billion m³/year, and the pasture class represented 48.5% of this total, followed by forest (29.8%), coffee cultivation (10.1%), forestry (6.4%), and other crops (5.2%). The ratio between the mean annual total volume of precipitated water and the green WF in the state was 80%. The environmental sustainability assessment shows that the green footprint was unsustainable for most of the year, on average, mainly in the May to September.

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