scholarly journals HUMAN IMMUNO DEFICIENCY VIRUS AND TUBERCULOSIS COINFECTION AMONG PATIENTS ATTENDING HOLLEY MEMORIAL HOSPITAL OCHADAMU, OFU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KOGI STATE

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Abraham ◽  
Nwobodo ◽  
Ngwu ◽  
Onwuatuegwu ◽  
Nwaogwugwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Memorial Hospital ◽  
Full Blood Count ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Human Immuno Deficiency Virus ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli ◽  
Resource Limited

Tuberculosis and human Immuno-deficiency virus co-epidemics remain a major public health challenge particularly in resource limited settings. This study determined the prevalence of HIV co-infection among TB patients and the risk factors among patients attending Holly memorial Hospital Ochadamu, Ofu L.G.A., Kogi State, Nigeria. Two hundred (200) patients participated in the research, out of which one hundred and seventy three (173) were already confirmed to be HIV positive. Sputum samples were collected by experts into sample bottles aseptically for Acid fast Bacilli test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis; while blood samples were collected by trained nurses from the same candidates by venepuncture into anticoagulated bottles for HIV screening to re- confirm their status. Questionnaires were also administered to obtain some important demographic data. Sputum smear microscopy was carried out to test for Acid Fast Bacilli. Rapid haemagglutination assay was carried out to re-confirm the HIV status of the patients. Results showed that Twenty seven (27) patients signifying 13.5 % were TB/HIV co-infected. There was significant (p<0.05) relationship between TB and HIV status of the patients and clinical symptoms (dry cough, cough with sputum, weight loss and fever). There is need to study Immuno-haematological indices (CD4 count, Full Blood Count and ESR) routinely to monitor TB and HIV patients on regular basis in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with the diseases.

scholarly journals SeeTB: A novel alternative to sputum smear microscopy to diagnose tuberculosis in high burden countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikas Pandey ◽  
Pooja Singh ◽  
Saumya Singh ◽  
Naresh Arora ◽  
Neha Quadir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation ◽  
Case Identification ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Realistic Option ◽  
Viscous Polymer ◽  
Set Up

Abstract Microscopy-based tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis i.e. Ziehl-Neelsen screening still remains the primary diagnostic method in resource poor and high TB burden countries, however this method has poor sensitivity (~60%). Bringing three million TB patients who are left undiagnosed under the treatment has been a major focus as part of END-TB strategy across the world. We have developed a portable set-up called ‘SeeTB’ that converts a bright-field microscope into fluorescence microscope (FM) with minimal interventions. SeeTB, a total internal reflection-based fluorescence excitation system allows visualization of auramine-O stained bacilli efficiently with high signal-to-noise ratio. Along with the device, we have developed a sputum-processing reagent called ‘CLR’ that homogenizes and digests the viscous polymer matrix of sputum. We have compared the performance of SeeTB system in 237 clinical sputum samples along with FM, GeneXpert and liquid culture. In comparison with culture as gold standard, FM has sensitivity of 63.77% and SeeTB has improved sensitivity to 76.06%. In comparison with GeneXpert, FM has sensitivity of 73.91% while SeeTB has improved sensitivity to 85.51%. However, there is no significant change in the specificity between FM and SeeTB system. In short, SeeTB system offers the most realistic option for improved TB case identification in resource-limited settings.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF MODIFIED CYTOSPIN SLIDE MICROSCOPY FOR DETECTION OF ACID FAST BACILLI IN BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 920-23
Author(s):  
Anam Imtiaz ◽  
Aamer Ikram ◽  
Gohar Zaman ◽  
Luqman Satti ◽  
Fatima Sana
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Negative Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Becton Dickinson ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Objective: To evaluate the cytospin slide microscopy method for detection of acid fast bacilli (AFB) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid comparing it with concentrated smear microscopy. Study Design: Cross-sectional validation study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Rawalpindi, from Dec 2016 to Sep 2018. Methodology: BAL specimens from suspected tuberculosis patients who were sputum smear negative, submitted to AFIP for diagnosis were included in the study. Smears for microscopy were prepared with the modified cytospin method as well as the standard concentrated technique. The prepared smears from both methods were stained with Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) staining method and examined under 100 × oil immersion lens. TB culture performed on BACTEC MGIT 960 automated culture system (Becton Dickinson, USA) was taken as gold standard for TB diagnosis. The two methods were compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Results: Out of the 130 samples tested, 62 (47.7%) were positive on culture using MGIT 960 system. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of the modified cytospin method for pulmonary TB diagnosis was found to be 68.3%, 100%, 100%, 77% and 84.6%, respectively. Conclusion: The sensitivity of the modified cytopsin smear method was significantly higher than that of the concentrated method. The study concludes that this is a simpler and more accurate method for BAL fluid microscopy.

scholarly journals Improved Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis using Bleach (Sodium hypochlorite) Concentration Technique at Tertiary Care Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Saroj Kumar Thakur ◽  
Vishvesh Prakashchandra Bansal ◽  
Jyotsna Mishra ◽  
M.P. Bansal ◽  
Iswari Sapkota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli ◽  
Concentration Method

Introduction: In the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP), microscopic examination of sputum for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) is currently the backbone for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Studies have shown liquefaction and concentration of sputum by 5% sodium hypochlorite is useful in providing increased sensitivity and safety for the handling of specimens. Objective: To assess the utility of the 5% Sodium hypochlorite concentration method in increasing the sensitivity of smear microscopy for detection of AFB for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: The study included a total of 1000 sputum samples from 500 patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Direct smears were prepared from the sputum samples as per RNTCP guidelines. The remaining sputum was used for bleach concentration and smears prepared from the concentrated material. Both smears were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and screened for acid-fast bacilli and graded according to the RNTCP guidelines. Results: A total of 158 samples (15.8%) from 89 patients were positive by a routine direct method whereas by concentration method 236 samples (23.6%) from 143 patients were found positive diagnosing additional 54 patients. The gain in sputum smear positivity of 7.8% over the routine method is highly significant (p=0.0000, χ2= 270) with a 10.8% increase in case detection. Conclusions: Improvement in the sensitivity of smears microscopy will be useful in case detection of tuberculosis especially in resource-poor countries. The increased positivity of microscopy by bleach method indicates that would prove useful if included in the RNTCP to improve case detection. Keywords: Concentration; smear positivity; sodium hypochlorite; tuberculosis.

scholarly journals Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Biosensing Assay Quantitatively Enhances Acid-Fast Bacilli Count in Paucibacillary Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Biosensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Gordillo-Marroquín ◽  
Anaximandro Gómez-Velasco ◽  
Héctor Sánchez-Pérez ◽  
Kasey Pryg ◽  
John Shinners ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticle ◽  
Sputum Sample ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Tb Control ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli ◽  
Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Colorimetric Biosensing

A new method using a magnetic nanoparticle-based colorimetric biosensing assay (NCBA) was compared with sputum smear microscopy (SSM) for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in sputum samples. Studies were made to compare the NCBA against SSM using sputum samples collected from PTB patients prior to receiving treatment. Experiments were also conducted to determine the appropriate concentration of glycan-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (GMNP) used in the NCBA and to evaluate the optimal digestion/decontamination solution to increase the extraction, concentration and detection of acid-fast bacilli (AFB). The optimized NCBA consisted of a 1:1 mixture of 0.4% NaOH and 4% N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NALC) to homogenize the sputum sample. Additionally, 10 mg/mL of GMNP was added to isolate and concentrate the AFB. All TB positive sputum samples were identified with an increased AFB count of 47% compared to SSM, demonstrating GMNP’s ability to extract and concentrate AFB. Results showed that NCBA increased AFB count compared to SSM, improving the grade from “1+” (in SSM) to “2+”. Extending the finding to paucibacillary cases, there is the likelihood of a “scant” grade to become “1+”. The assay uses a simple magnet and only costs $0.10/test. NCBA has great potential application in TB control programs.

scholarly journals Comparison of a DNA based PCR method with conventional methods for the detection of M. tuberculosis in Jos, Nigeria

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (06) ◽  
pp. 470-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agatha Ani ◽  
Silvanis Okpe ◽  
Maxwell Akambi ◽  
Emeka Ejelionu ◽  
Bitrus Yakubu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Conventional Methods

Background: To achieve early diagnosis and effective treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, simple and sensitive methods that enhance the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) from clinical specimens are needed. This study compared the effectiveness and suitability of an insertion sequence (IS 6110) based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with conventional methods for the detection of M. tuberculosis from clinical specimens in a resource-limited setting. Methods: Sputa from 101 HIV-positive patients and 40 clinical specimens (sputa, gastic wash out, ascitic fluid, pleural fluid and cerebrospinal fluid) collected from children (HIV status unknown), all suspected for pulmonary tuberculosis at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, (JUTH) Nigeria, were examined by Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) smear microscopy, Lowenstein Jensen’s (LJ) egg-based culture, and PCR methods for the detection of M. tuberculosis. Results: Mycobacteria was detected in 45/101 (44.6%) of the specimens from the HIV-positive patients and comprised of 6% ZN+culture+PCR+, 4% ZN-culture+PCR-, 16% ZN-culture+PCR+ and 19% ZN-culture-PCR+. Twenty-two of forty (55%) children were positive with 0% smear microscopy; 4/40 (10%) culture+PCR+; and 18/40 (45%) culture-PCR+. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR for the HIV-positive patients were 85% and 74% respectively against 23% and 100% for ZN smear microscopy. Conclusion: The IS6110 PCR is a rapid and sensitive method that is specific for the M. tuberculosis complex group. It is simple in our experience and increased the detection of M. tuberculosis from the specimens examined. We suggest its use for the detection of M. tuberculosis in high TB and HIV burden areas.

scholarly journals Smear Microscopy for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Eastern Sudan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassir A. Shuaib ◽  
Eltahir A. G. Khalil ◽  
Ulrich E. Schaible ◽  
Lothar H. Wieler ◽  
Mohammed A. M. Bakheit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Background. In Sudan, tuberculosis diagnosis largely relies on clinical symptoms and smear microscopy as in many other low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the positive predictive value of a positive sputum smear in patients investigated for pulmonary tuberculosis in Eastern Sudan. Methods. Two sputum samples from patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of tuberculosis were investigated using direct Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining and light microscopy between June to October 2014 and January to July 2016. If one of the samples was smear positive, both samples were pooled, stored at −20°C, and sent to the National Reference Laboratory (NRL), Germany. Following decontamination, samples underwent repeat microscopy and culture. Culture negative/contaminated samples were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. A total of 383 samples were investigated. Repeat microscopy categorized 123 (32.1%) as negative, among which 31 were culture positive. This increased to 80 when PCR and culture results were considered together. A total of 196 samples were culture positive, of which 171 (87.3%), 14 (7.1%), and 11 (5.6%) were M. tuberculosis, M. intracellulare, and mixed species. Overall, 15.6% (57/365) of the samples had no evidence of M. tuberculosis, resulting in a positive predictive value of 84.4%. Conclusions. There was a discordance between the results of smear microscopy performed at local laboratories in the Sudan and at the NRL, Germany; besides, a considerable number of samples had no evidence of M. tuberculosis. Improved quality control for smear microscopy and more specific diagnostics are crucial to avoid possible overtreatment.

scholarly journals Decentralization of Acid Fast Bacilli(AFB) External Quality Assurance Using Blind Rechecking for Sputum Smear Microscopy in Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e0151366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muluken Melese ◽  
Degu Jerene ◽  
Genetu Alem ◽  
Jemal Seid ◽  
Feleke Belachew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
External Quality Assurance ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Sputum Smear Microscopy ◽  
External Quality ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli

scholarly journals Evaluation of TB Case Finding through Systematic Contact Investigation, Chhattisgarh, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kshitij Khaparde ◽  
Pawan Jethani ◽  
Puneet K. Dewan ◽  
Sreenivas A. Nair ◽  
Madhav Rao Deshpande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Case Detection ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Contact Investigation

Rationale. Contact investigation is an established tool for early case detection of tuberculosis (TB). In India, contact investigation is not often conducted, despite national policy, and the yield of contact investigation is not well described.Objective. To determine the yield of evaluating household contacts of sputum smear-positive TB cases in Rajnandgaon district, Chhattisgarh, India.Methods. Among 14 public health care facilities with sputum smear microscopy services, home visits were conducted to identify household contacts of all registered sputum smear-positive TB cases. We used a standardized protocol to screen for clinical symptoms suggestive of active TB with additional referral for chest radiograph and sputa collection.Results. From December 2010 to May 2011, 1,556 household contacts of 312 sputum smear-positive TB cases were identified, of which 148 (9.5%) were symptomatic. Among these, 109 (73.6%) were evaluated by sputum examination resulting in 11 cases (10.1%) of sputum smear-positive TB and 4 cases (3.6%) of smear-negative TB. Household visits contributed additional 63% TB cases compared to passive case detection alone.Conclusion. A standard procedure for conducting household contact investigation identified additional TB cases in the community and offered an opportunity to initiate isoniazid chemoprophylaxis among children.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis patients in south Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (09) ◽  
pp. 1299-1307
Author(s):  
Yared Merid ◽  
Elena Hailu ◽  
Getnet Habtamu ◽  
Melaku Tilahun ◽  
Markos Abebe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Drug Susceptibility ◽  
Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Acid Fast Bacilli

Introduction: Understanding the epidemiology of tuberculosis is limited by lack of genotyping data. We sought to characterize the drug susceptibility testing patterns and genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis isolates in southern Ethiopia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among newly diagnosed sputum smear positive patients with tuberculosis visiting nine health facilities in southern Ethiopia from June 2015 to May 2016. Three consecutive sputum samples (spot-morning-spot) per patient were examined using acid-fast bacilli smear microscopy with all smear positive specimens having acid-fast bacilli cultures performed. M. tuberculosis isolates had drug susceptibility testing performed using indirect proportion method and were genotyped with RD9 deletion analysis and spoligotyping. Mapping of strain was made using geographic information system. Results: Among 250 newly diagnosed patients with tuberculosis, 4% were HIV co-infected. All 230 isolates tested were M. tuberculosis strains belonging to three lineages: Euro-American, 187 (81%), East-African-Indian, 31 (14%), and Lineage 7 (Ethiopian lineage), 8 (4%); categorized into 63 different spoligotype patterns, of which 85% fell into 28 clusters. M. tuberculosis strains were clustered by geographic localities. The dominant spoligotypes were SIT149 (21%) and SIT53 (19%). Drug susceptibility testing found that 14% of isolates tested were resistant to > 1 first line anti- tuberculosis drugs and 11% to INH. SIT 149 was dominant among drug resistant isolates. Conclusions: The study revealed several clusters and drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis in the study area, suggesting recent transmission including of drug resistant tuberculosis. Wider monitoring of drug susceptibility testing and geospatial analysis of transmission trends is required to control tuberculosis in southern Ethiopia.

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