Global Standards and Social Contracts: The Political Economy of Bibliographic Description

Author(s):  
Grant D. Campbell

This paper compares information description in library cataloguing, the Semantic Web and the Web 2.0. It relates them to three separate but related principles in classical political economy: Thomas Hobbes’s state of nature, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s social contract, and Adam Smith’s invisible hand.Cette communication compare la description de l’information dans les catalogues bibliographiques, le Web sémantique et le Web 2.0. Ces pratiques sont mis en relief avec trois principes distincts, mais connexes de l’économie politique classique : l’état de la nature de Thomas Hobbes, le contrat social de Jean-Jacques Rousseau et la main invisible d’Adam Smith.

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Alexander N. Dubyansky

The article deals with the Ricardian theory of rent as interpreted by one of the first Russian Marxists, Nikolai Sieber. Sieber made great efforts to popularize Marxʼs ideas in Russia. He believed it was his mission to make complex theoretical constructions of Marxism simpler and more understandable for the majority of readers. Sieber began his way to Marxism with the study and translation of the writings on classical political economy by D. Ricardo. Furthermore, Sieber’s texts focus on a wide range of opinions on land rent presented in the works of Russian and foreign economists of the XIX–XX centuries. This article also pays considerable attention to the political aspects of rent, which are perhaps crucial to the issue of rent. This is due to the fact that rent has been and remains an important tool for the redistribution of national income and, therefore, is an element of the political structure. Ricardian theory of rent came into being during the debate over high bread duties in England and was, in fact, an instrument of struggle against landowners who received rental super profits because of high grain prices. Subsequently, this theory was considered as a tool of struggle against the industrial bourgeoisie, which caused its fierce criticism from the apologists of the bourgeoisie.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
riska aprilia

Social contract is a conception about new power relationship between elite and people which is formulated in order tofulfill a demandforpolitical renewal which is need a continuity, not stagnation nor deterioration. We need to reconstruct any aspect o f social contract theory in order to understandabout social contract relevance with general election. The general election as a contract social guaranteed rights and obligation ofthe voters and the leaders. The contract mechanism between voters and political candidate is related by trust. The object of trust itself in general election is morality. The political contract consistency based on trust is afoundation for building a State as a moral entity, which is made by morally human being.Kinerja penguasa sistem dan pemerintahan negara Indonesia dalam lima tahun terakhir yang jauh dari harapan rakyat dan pemilih dalam pemilu pertama di era reformasi pada 1999, tampaknya melatari wacana politik tentang kontrak sosial menjelang Pemilu 2004. Diperbincangkan argumen penggunaannya untuk memperbaiki proses Pemilu dan terutama kinerja pemimpin yang terpilih dan berkuasa atas negara. Diperdebatkan kemungkinan formatnya yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan Indonesia dewasa ini. Dibahas pula strategi untuk menerapkannya dalam rangka pemilu.Sejauh ini berbagai gagasan sudah dikemukakan. Akan tetapi belum diperoleh kemajuan yang berarti, baik secara konsepsional maupun aplikatif. Karena itu, ada baiknya ditelusuri konsepsi tentang aspek-aspeknya sejauh berkaitan dengan Pemilu, dengan harapan berguna sebagai pemancing inspirasi.Kontrak sosial sebagai perjanjian di antara masyarakat dengan kaum elite yang diwakili oleh penguasa, berakar kepada pemikiran politik dari abad ke-16 sampai k e - 18 di Eropa Barat, terutama karya Thomas Hobbes, Jhon Locke, dan Jean Jacques Rousseau. M ereka adalah bagian dari golongan pem ikir besar Eropa yang merespons peralihan era revolusi pertanian pertama di pertengahan abad ke-16 menujurevolusi keagungan dan revolusi ilmu pengetahuan di akhir abad ke-18. Pemikiran mereka menapaki perjalanan panjang pergeseran kekuasaan dari raja dan kaum bangsawan kepada kaum feodal yang semakin mendominasi parlemen, sebagai imbalan bagi kontribusi pajak mereka yang semakin menentukan sumber keuangan kerajaan.Kontrak sosial merupakan konsepsi tentang hubungan kekuasaan baru di antara penguasa dengan rakyat, yang dirumuskan untuk menjawab tuntutan pembaharuan politik yangmemerlukan keberlanjutan, bukan kemandekan apalagi kemunduran. Itulah sebabnya maka para pemikir tersebut, mengetengahkan kontrak sosial guna menegaskan bahwa bukan raja, akan tetapi rakyat yang merupakan pemilik kedaulatan. Bahwa penguasa harus memperoleh kepercayaan rakyat supaya bisa memerintah secara sah. Bahwa untuk itu, baik penguasa maupun rakyat harus mempunyai tanggung


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Eriseld Kalemaj

This paper has in its focus the notion of 'Sovereign'. The discussion will be conducted within the "School of Natural Law", which we will focus on two representatives; Thomas Hobbes and Samuel Pufendorf. Through a comparative philosophical analysis, we are going to stop on the basics, the genesis of sovereign power. Political philosophy in the context of finding the source of sovereign power is a problem in the landmark of the unsolvable. ” Scool of Natural Law” referring to the natural condition has the solution to this problem. Compare lines will start from this premise, to know after, how the reason goas towards two different concepts of “Social Contract”. Contract which generates sovreigen person, it defines the nature and content of the power of this person. At this discourse, social contract as the core hub of transition, conversion to the state of nature in a civil context is rolling between the political and juridical character. Discussion, which essentially make us know the nature of the relationship between the Sovereign and members of society, sovereign and state, the member of society between each other. In other words, we will see how the political - legal forms of organization, the way of governing is determined by the nature of initial social contract


2010 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Ahlskog

<p>This article is an analysis of the Swedish abolitionist and Swedenborgian Carl Bernhard Wadstr&ouml;m&rsquo;s (1746&ndash;1799) writings in the British anti-slavery debate in the years between 1788 and 1795. Previous historical scholarship has seen Wadstr&ouml;m primarily as a Swedenborgian visionary on a quest for religious fulfilment in Africa. An alternative perspective on Wadstr&ouml;m&rsquo;s writings is offered in this article by highlighting his comparatively overlooked polemical publications and Parliamentary testimonies in the British anti-slavery debate. Instead of treating Wadstr&ouml;m&rsquo;s writings and colonial plans as manifestations of his Swedenborgian dreams, they are reassessed as contributions to the contemporary anti-slavery debate. The focus is on how Wadstr&ouml;m participated and argued in this debate in order to show the ideological tenets underlying his views. Wadstr&ouml;m is linked to the Scottish Enlightenment discourse by showing how he uses the concepts of classical political economy in his argumentation for the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade. Through this alternative reading of Wadstr&ouml;m&rsquo;s writings, it is possible to gain another entry point into the complex and motley character of late eighteenth-century political thought in Northern Europe.</p>


2012 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Kenneth C Werbin

In the last years, a series of automated self-representational social media sites have emerged that shed light on the information ethics associated with participation in Web 2.0. Sites like Zoominfo.com, Pipl.com, 123People.com and Yasni.com not only continually mine and aggregate personal information and biographic data from the (deep) web and beyond to automatically represent the lives of people, but they also engage algorithmic networking logics to represent connections between them; capturing not only who people are, but whom they are connected to. Indeed, these processes of ‘auto-biography’ are ‘secret’ ones that for the most part escape the user’s attention. This article explores how these sites of auto-biography reveal the complexities of the political economy of Web 2.0, as well as implicate an ethics of exposure concerning how these processes at once participate in the erosion of privacy, and at the same time, in the reinforcement of commodification and surveillance regimes.


Author(s):  
Jose Antonio Moreiro ◽  
Jorge Morato ◽  
Sonia Sanchez-Cuadrado ◽  
Anabel Fraga

Indexing languages have traditionally been an essential tool for organizing and retrieving documental information. The inclusion of indexing languages into the digital environment leads to new frontiers, but also new opportunities. This study shows the historical evolution of the indexing languages and its application in document management field. We analyze diverse trends for their digital use from two perspectives: its integration with other digital and linguistic resources, and the adjustment of it to the Web environment. Finally, it is analyzed how these languages are used in the Web 2.0, and the incorporation of ontologies in the Semantic Web.


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