Farmers' Awareness of Agricultural Environmental Risks in Kalabshaw and Zayan Area in Dakahlia Governorate: وعي الزراع بالمخاطر البيئية الزراعية بمنطقة قلابشو وزيان بمحافظة الدقهلية

The research aimed to determine the level of farmers’ awareness about of agricultural environmental risks in new reclamation land association's in kalabshaw and zayan region, in dakahlia governorate by determining the level of farmers' awareness of causes of spread of agricultural environmental risks, as well as their awareness level of damage which caused by it, In addition to identify their awareness of spread rate agricultural environmental risks, and resulting damage from it, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges available to farmers to confront agricultural environmental risks in search area. The research was conducted on 337 farmers who were selected randomly and systematically from farmers of new reclamation landassociation's in kalabshaw and zayan region. Data were collected by using a questionnaire, pretest was done until it became valid for collected data during March and April 2021. Morgan and Krejcie equation had been used to determine the sample size. Frequencies, percentages, rang, mean, standard deviation were used to present and analysis study data. The main results are as follows 1- More than two- fifths of farmers 42.4 % Their awareness level of reasons agricultural environmental risks spread was high.. 2- Two- fifths of farmers 40.7 % Their awareness level of awareness of damage which caused by agricultural environmental risks was high. 3- Two- fifths of farmers 40.4 % Their awareness level of diffusion rate agricultural environmental risks spread was high. 4- More than one- third of farmers 38.3 % Their awareness level of extent damage caused agricultural environmental risks spread was high 5- The most important aspects of strengths of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: Be careful to adjust dates of cultvited some crops, especially vegetables, to reduce sides effects of climate change 89%. 6- The most important aspects of weaknesses of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: Climate changes led to decrease productivity of some crops and increase food prices by 88.4%. 7- The most important aspects of opportunities of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: attuide towards to contract farming to prevent the exploitation of traders 89%. 8- The most important aspects of the challenges faced of farmers to face agricultural environmental risks were: The difficult economic conditions such as rise in land rent and rise prices of production requirements by 90.5%.

How Does the Spatial Structure of High-Speed Rail Station Areas Evolve? A Case Study of Zhengzhou East Railway Station, China

The rapid development of high-speed rail (HSR) and station areas has shortened the spatial and temporal distances among cities, improved the accessibility of cities, and affected the spatial agglomeration and diffusion of populations and of social and economic activities. This has led to spatial reconfiguration of production factors within cities, which has the potential to drive the reconstruction of urban spatial structures. Based on POI and land-use data, this paper defines the spatial scope of the HSR station area and explores the characteristics and influencing factors of its spatial structure from the perspective of industry. The study area i is set at 2000 m. Since the opening of the HSR, the industrial distribution has exhibited a significant circular, multi-core, and axial belt spatial structure. The spatial structure of each sub-industry is different. On the whole, internal and external transport and agglomeration economies have significant impacts on the industrial spatial distribution, and land rent has gradually decreased in importance with the development of HSR station areas. The intensity of the effects of different factors varies among different industries. The mechanisms by which the spatial structure of the station area is formed are discussed and include location accessibility, micro-market factors, node station attributes, the availability of a sufficient amount of undeveloped land, the characteristics and needs of HSR passengers, and policies and systems.

Developing Competitive Advantages in the Agricultural Sector in the Context of Environmental Sustainability: Environmental Land Rent

Aim. The presented study aims to propose ways of developing new competitive advantages with allowance for the requirements of environmental sustainability by systematizing theoretical approaches and analyzing the institutional aspects of land rent.Tasks. The authors show systemic trends in the formation of environmental rents in the agricultural sector and propose a plan for developing competitive advantages in the context of environmental sustainability challenges by using the systemic effects of various forms of environmental land rent.Methods. This study uses the methods of comparison, systems analysis, systematization of information, and the monographic method.Results. A generalized scheme for developing competitive advantages in the context of new environmental sustainability challenges and requirements based on the use of the systemic effects of various forms of environmental land rent is presented.Conclusions. The greening of agro-industrial production is a prerequisite for achieving environmental, energy, food, and climate security. Companies that manage to effectively combine sustainability and strategy create value by changing their business model to form a new environmental and social resource associated with factors contributing to business advantage and value creation. The rent system in the agricultural sector expands the concept of land rent. The localization of agricultural rents makes it possible to use systemic effects for increased environmental and social impact, enhancing advantages for the business.

LAND RENT IN THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT OF A CITY AS A KEY FACTOR OF SOCIAL SERVICE DEVELOPMENT

This article summarizes different approaches to investigation of land rent in the central place system e.g. in the business district of a large city or agglomeration as a key factor of social service development. The main purpose of the study is increase of profitability and competitiveness of service enterprises due to improvement of their location in the business district centre. Systematization of literature sources and approaches to solving the problem of land rent in central business district development allowed to single out the works of domestic scientists such as Tkachenko T. I., Drapikovskyi O. I., Ivanova O. O., Gritsai O. V., Vakulenko V. M., Dekhtiarenko Yu. F., Zakharchenko V. I., Litvinenko R. I., as well as researches of foreign scientists such as Fujita M, Thisse J.-F., Henderson V., Herbert Giersch. The urgency of solving this scientific problem is that land rent in central place system e.g. in the business district of a large city became the main driver of service sector development. The study of land rent development in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: land rental development of trade objects in a monocentric city, retail locations, rent for trade in episodic demand goods, rent for trade in goods of constant demand, the main feature of the trading enterprises rent investigation, residential land rent of a city, two rent types of residential development estimation, rent function with replacement of production factors instead of output or rent gradient investigation. Methodical tools of the conducted research are methods of formalization, algorithm development, descriptive, analytical and synthetic. The object of the study is land rent development in the central business district of a large city or agglomeration. The article presents the results of an empirical analysis of land rent development in the central business district, which showed its influence on service sector location and growth. The study empirically confirms and theoretically proves procedures of land rent estimation for increasing profitability and competitiveness of service enterprises due to improvement of their location. The results of this study may be useful for different Tourism and Service Companies looking for the best location place in the central business district of a large city.

SUSTAINABILITY OF APPLE PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS USING LAND RENT ANALYSIS IN BATU CITY INDONESIA

Apples have gone through a long process of adapting to the Indonesian climate. Limited availability of non-renewable land creates fierce competition for land use. The purpose of this study was to a) determine the history and condition of apple farming, b) to analyze the land rent value of apple plants with plants that have the potential to replace them, namely oranges, guava, and seasonal plants, c) to determine the factors that affect the land rent value of citrus, guava, and seasonal plants. Data obtained through interviews with selected informants using a questionnaire and analyzed using land rent analysis to determine the value and factors that influence it. The results showed that apple plants' introduction has resulted in several varieties that have successfully adapted to the Indonesian climate. Indonesian apples' development is still 99.81% centered in East Java, with bad apples' sustainability because the land rent value is much lower than other commodities.

Can economic development policy trigger gentrification? Assessing and anatomising the mechanisms of state-led gentrification

This paper aims to bridge universality – as gentrification stands as a global threat to vulnerable communities – and local circumstances and geographies, by investigating structural factors, such as deindustrialisation and land rent gaps, as well as local political economies and socio-spatial structures, which are all common in the Global South. We conducted research in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, to investigate whether a neoliberal economic development policy acted as a trigger for gentrification, relying on mixed methods research to analyse evidence of economic restructuring, land rent creation, changes in resident profiles and major urban development trends in the region. Findings indicate evidence of economic restructuring and that the policy triggered higher land values. However, we did not observe evidence of gentrification in the area and attribute this to a still-relevant manufacturing sector, the extensive presence of large informal settlements, the growing numbers of suburban gated communities, the low proportion of renters, and the fact that local elites are moving southwards while the policy took place in the northern peripheries of the metropolis. Federal policies such as minimum wage increases and housing programs partially contradicted neoliberal state policies. This case study offers a lens to investigate gentrification in different latitudes and illustrates how social policies may prevent gentrification processes.

Land rent as an economic instrument of land payments differentiation setting the economically available agricultural lands to provide profitable commercial use

The article examines the system of agricultural land use and the impact of its elements on in-country spatial heterogeneity, and the spatial development of agricultural land use in the regional aspect – the expansion or contraction of arable lands. The geographic space of the agricultural land use of a country, a macro-region, a region-component of the agricultural industry and the socio-economic system of life are quantitative and qualitative changes in the use of the existing potential of productive agricultural lands, an increase or decrease of their boundaries under the combined influence of social, economic, institutional and infrastructural elements of the agricultural land use system. Among the elements of this system that affect the expansion or contraction of the area and boundaries of agricultural land use and their quality condition: bioclimatic potential; the level of innovative development, agricultural technologies; access to land, finance, and sales markets; effective demand for agricultural products; availability of development institutions (land information systems, monitoring of land use, land management, cadastre, land valuation, land redistribution fund - land bank). Decisive importance is the quality of state regulation of land relations (land and tax legislation) and state management of land use, and the topic of this article - the quality and level of state support for agricultural activities. The harmonization of the components of the agricultural land administration system is decision which, how and how much apply one or another regulation factor of land relations – the mechanisms of market self-regulation or direct state regulation.

Corn farming analysis in Babar Island, District of Babar Islands, Southwest Maluku Regency

Babar Island is corn production center in District of Babar Islands. Maize is the dominant food commodities and a major food source for the community. Corn is the dominant crop commodity in Barbar Island and become staple food for the community. The farming are traditional and subsystems to meet farmers household needs and the excess (if any) will be sold but in very limited quantities. However the sales purpose is not commercial but just to meet the households needs that can not be substituted by other goods and only by few farmers if necessary. The farming is carried out on slash and burn dry land by polyculture cropping pattern that is combination of annual and perrenial crops. This study aimed to examine the feasibility and profitability of corn farming in Barbar island, using survey methods with stratified random sampling technique. The results showed that the cost of corn production in Barbar Island, district of Barbar Islands, South West Maluku Regency is consisted of fixed cost and variable cost. The fixed cost components is including : equipment depreciation costs and land rent costs. The variable costs includes : inputs costs (seeds, fertilizers, chemical) and labor costs. Variable costs is the largest cost component for corn farming. Corn farming is profitable and viable, as indicated by the average income Rp.2.647.396 compared to the average cost incurred by farmers Rp.2.520.934 and BC ratio of 1.05. This means that the production costs of Rp.2.520.934 will generate benefit 1.05 times of the cost.

The “Sweet Spot” in the Middle: Why Do Mid-Scale Farms Adopt Diversification Practices at Higher Rates?

In the past few decades, farmers and researchers have firmly established that biologically diversified farming systems improve ecosystem services both on and off the farm, producing economic benefits for farmers and ecological benefits for surrounding landscapes. However, adoption of these practices has been slow, requiring a more nuanced examination of both barriers and opportunities to improve adoption rates. While previous research has demonstrated that both individual and structural factors shape farmers' decisions about whether to adopt diversification practices, this study aims to understand the interaction of these individual and structural factors, and how they relate to farm scale. Based on 20 interviews with organic lettuce growers on the Central Coast of California, as well as 8 interviews with technical assistance providers who work with these growers, we constructed a typology to help elucidate the distinct contexts that shape growers' decisions about diversification practices. This typology, which reflects the structural influence of land rent and supply chains, divides growers into three categories: limited resource, mid-scale diversified, or wholesale. In this economic context, limited resource and wholesale growers both experience significant barriers that constrain the adoption of diversification practices, while some mid-scale diversified growers have found a “sweet spot” for managing agroecosystems that can succeed in both economic and ecological terms. The key enabling factors that allow these farmers to choose diversification, however, are not directly related to their farm size, but have more to do with secure land tenure, adequate access to capital and resources, and buyers who share their values and are willing to pay a premium. By focusing on these key enabling factors with targeted policies, we believe it is possible to encourage diversification practices on farms at a variety of scales within California's Central Coast.